Umbukiso Homeland iqale isizini yayo yesithathu nge izilinganiso eziphula irekhodi. Abadali bohlelo u-Alex Ganza no-Howard Gordon, abake bake basebenza wabambisana ochungechungeni oludume kakhulu 24, kubonakala sengathi isebenze ukulandisa okuyimpumelelo kweMpi Yezobushokobezi ngesikhathi sika-Obama. Uma 24 ibonise indlela yokuphatha izinkomo yabaphathi bakaBush, i-shoot-em-up (futhi ibahlukumeza), Homeland imayelana nempi ka-Obama โehlakaniphe kakhuluโ.
New York Times Umhlaziyi we-TV u-Alessandra Stanley Ubeke amazwana, "Homeland is 24 kubantu abadala.โ Akumangalisi ukuthi uMongameli Obama uthanda Homeland, ukuyifaka ohlwini njengowodwa wemibukiso emibili โokufanele uyiboneโ. UDick Cheney naye ubonakala ekhona buka uhlelo, esho ukuthi angahlobene netulo lesizini yesibili, lapho iphini likamongameli libulawa abagebengu bamaphekula abalawula i-defibrillator yakhe. Ngo-2007, uCheney wacela udokotela wakhe ukuthi anqamule uhlelo olungenawaya kumshini wakhe omusha wokukhipha i-fibrillator njengendlela yokuzivikela ezinsongweni ezinjalo, elindele. HomelandIndaba ngeminyaka ethile.
Ababhali nabahlaziyi bavame ukuphawula izindlela imikhiqizo yamasiko eyakhiwe ngayo yi-War on Terror ajenda yosopolitiki, i-CIA, kanye nePentagon. Nokho, okungahlolisiswa kancane, indima edlalwa imboni yezamasiko ekuhlinzekeni isikhungo sokuphepha ngomcabango wamasiko odingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinhloso zayo ngemikhiqizo efana Homeland.
I-Media-State Nexus
Ama-ejensi kahulumeni anomlando omude wokuba nomthelela izethulo zamasiko nokunquma ukuthi umphakathi uwuqonda kanjani umsebenzi wombuso wezokuvikela kuzwelonke. Emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1930s, i-FBI yamisa ihhovisi ukuze lilolonge futhi libe nesithombe sayo efilimini, emsakazweni, nasemidlalweni yethelevishini. Kuze kube manje, izikhulu zezindaba ze-FBI zifuna ukungaqondakali ukusebenza kwe-Bureau ngokukhuthaza izithombe eziqanjiwe ezikhazimulisa imisebenzi yayo.
Ezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni - uMnyango Wezokuvikela, Amasosha, Amasosha Asolwandle, Amasosha Asemoyeni - alandela ukuhola kwe-FBI ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, futhi asungula amahhovisi abezindaba okuhloswe ngawo ukuzuza ngokuhlelekile abakhiqizi bezindaba ukuvezwa okunozwela. I-CIA kanye noMnyango Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya basanda kujoyina lo mkhuba.
Imvamisa, le mikhankaso yobudlelwano bomphakathi egameni lombuso wezokuphepha kuzwelonke ibandakanya uxhaso lukahulumeni olungaqondile lwamafilimu asakazayo nezinhlelo zethelevishini. Ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe ukuvezwa kwama-Arabhu eHollywood, isazi sezindaba uJack Shaheen kuphawulwe iphethini yamafilimu ama-Arab-bashing afana Lies weqiniso, Isinqumo Esiphezulu, Futhi Isiteleka Senkululeko ukuthola amathuluzi, abasebenzi, kanye nosizo lwezobuchwepheshe oluvela eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Ngo-2000, iPentagon yaze yachitha u-$295,000 ukuze isingathe isidlo sakusihlwa esigcwele inkanyezi yokuhlonipha uMongameli we-Motion Picture Association uJack Valenti.
Okhulumela iPentagon uKenneth Bacon Ubeke amazwana ngaleso sikhathi, โUma singaba nezinhlelo zethelevishini namabhayisikobho abonisa isasasa nokubaluleka kwempilo yezempi, angasiza ekukhiqizeni umoya omuhle wokuqasha.โ
Lo mzamo ube nezithelo ngokwakhiwa kwenqwaba yamafilimu nezinhlelo zethelevishini ezicasha amasosha kanye nezikhungo zokuphepha kazwelonke, okuhlanganisa namafilimu akamuva afana Imithetho Yokuzibandakanya futhi Argo, kanye nemibukiso Jag futhi Izindaba Zesembozo.
Isikhuthazo sabenzi bamafilimu nabakhiqizi bethelevishini ukuthi, uma benikeza ukulawulwa okuthile kokuhlela, bayakwazi ukushutha endaweni, basebenzise abasebenzi bakahulumeni njengokwengeziwe, bathole izithombe eziqoshiwe zesitoko, basebenzise amathuluzi abizayo, futhi bakwazi ukufinyelela kochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe - ngaphandle izindleko ezivela kwisabelomali sokukhiqiza. Ngokombono wemithombo yezindaba yezinkampani, kushibhile ukuhambisana nethonya likahulumeni kunokuqasha imikhumbi-ngwenya yabo kanye nabathwali bebutho lezindiza.
Lokhu kuholela ohlelweni lapho ifilimu nethelevishini kuba yimithambo lapho umbuso wezokuphepha kazwelonke usakaza izinkanuko zawo zakamuva. Ngesikhathi evakashele i-CIA yakamuva, Homeland umdidiyeli u-Alex Ganza ucele iziphakamiso zezindawo zezindaba zesikhathi esizayo. I-ejensi wabonisa waqonda eNyakatho ne-Afrika, okuyinto egxile kakhulu emizamweni yokulwa nobuphekula yase-US.
Kodwa lokhu akubanga nje ubudlelwano bendlela eyodwa, lapho ukusungulwa kwezokuphepha kunqume ukukhiqizwa kwamasiko. Kuphinde kube nomphumela ohlanekezelwe, obandakanya ama-akhawunti asesinema nawethelevishini obuphekula kanye nokulwa nobuphekula abuyela emhlabeni wokwenza inqubomgomo.
Umbiko weKhomishini ka-9/11, owakhishwa ngo-2004, owaziwa kakhulu kukhonjisiwe "ukwehluleka komcabango" njengenkinga eyisisekelo ngenqubomgomo yezokuphepha kazwelonke yase-US. โUkucabanga akusona isipho esivame ukuhlotshaniswa neziphathimandla,โ kuphawula ababhali balo mbiko. Ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula esikhathini esizayo kungadinga โindlela yokwenza isimiso, ngisho nokumisa isimiso sokuphatha, sokusebenzisa ingqondo.โ Kwaphawulwa ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi inoveli kaTom Clancy ka-1994 Isikweletu Sokuhlonishwa base bevele becabanga ukuthi umshayeli wendiza endizeni i-Boeing 747 eya e-US Capitol ngesikhathi somhlangano weCongress, nokho abezobunhloli ngokwabo bebengakulindele lokhu.
Ku-War on Terror, kubonakala sengathi, ukungakwazi kwangaphambili kwezikhulu zezokuphepha ukucabanga ngezimo ezingase zibe usongo kungase kulungiswe ngokudweba ubuciko bababhali bescript baseHollywood kanye namanoveli aphiko lwesokudla. Okwakudingeka, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi, kwakuwukusungula indlela yokusungula izinsongo ezingase zibe khona, kanye nokwephula imibono eyayivele ikhona yokuthi ingavinjelwa kanjani kangcono. IHollywood yaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu njenge-Arlington, i-Fort Meade, ne-Langley endaweni yesifunda sezokuphepha sikazwelonke sase-US.
Icala elilodwa elibhaliwe lalo mphumela ohlanekezelwe lenzeke ngochungechunge lwe-Fox TV 24. Empeleni, umbukiso unikeze isithangami senqubomgomo samasonto onke esizweni mayelana nezinsongo eziningi okuthiwa i-US ibhekene nazo kanye nendlela engcono yokubhekana nazo. UJoel Surnow, umdidiyeli wohlelo kanye nomdidiyeli omkhulu, utshele intatheli uJane Mayer, โiMelika ifuna impi yobushokobezi elwiwa nguJack Bauer. Ungumuntu othanda izwe.โ Njengoba iqhinga lika-Bauer eliyinhloko kulo mbukiso liwukuhlukumeza, incazelo yayicacile.
Ekwindla ka-2002, abameli bakahulumeni abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokugunyaza amasu amasha okuphenywa babenomuzwa wokuthi isizini yesibili 24, ngaleso sikhathi eyayisakazwa, yabanikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza ukuze bagunyaze izindlela zokuhlukumeza ezazibhekwa njengeziwukuziphatha okubi ngokuyisisekelo. Imikhawulo yokwamukeleka yabuye yacatshangelwa kabusha ngokuhlanganyela, kwakha โumqondo ovamileโ omusha wokuphepha kwezwe. Iqiniso lokuthi ifilimu like I-Zero Emnyama Emashumi amathathu yethula ukusetshenziswa kokuhlushwa njengesihloko esamukelekayo sengxoxo kunokuba kube okungalungile ngokuphelele kuyinkomba enhle yokuthi impi yamaphekula ishintshe unomphela izimiso zokuziphatha zangaphambili egameni "lokucaca kokuziphatha" elifakwe eHollywood ngokumelene nobuphekula.
Nokho, ukwehluleka kwempi yase-Iraq, ukwehla kokwethembeka kwe-United States emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nokuhlehla okuphambene nendlela kaGeorge W. Bush kwadinga ushintsho. Faka u-Obama kanye neminyaka "yamandla ahlakaniphile." Umbuso wezokuphepha kuzwelonke wase-US manje uthi unentshisekelo yokuzuza โizinhliziyo nezingqondoโ โnjengokwethuka nokwesaba.โ Ulwazi lwezamasiko, iziteleka ezihlosiwe, kanye nokuqoqwa kobuhlakani kwesiguli kufanele kube izindlela ezintsha ze-War on Terror, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amademoni ngengubo, imisebenzi yezempi, kanye nezizathu ezakhiwe zempi.
Izwe lasekhaya kanye ne-Liberal Imperialism
Ukusuka okumakiwe kusuka 24's ticking time-bhomu zimo, Showtime's Homeland ihlanganisa izindaba ezigxile ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo okuholela kulokho izikhulu zezokuphepha zasekhaya ezikubiza ngokuthi โukuguquguquka,โ ikakhulukazi uma kuhilela abantu baseMelika abaguqukela kumaSulumane. CIA consultants kubikwa ukuthi bayabandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni kombhalo wohlelo.
Ngesizini yokuqala, sifunda ukuthi uNick Brody, usolwandle waseMelika omhlophe, wabanjwa waboshwa yi-al-Qaeda iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Ukulandisa ngeziqephu zokuvulwa kwalolu hlelo kuqhutshwa uBrody efihla ukuthi useguqukele ku-Islam. Ababukeli bayagconwa ukuze bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi u-Brody usephenduke umshokobezi - okugcine kusenzeka.
UCarrie Mathison weCIA - okubikwa ukuthi umlingiswa wakhe usekelwe kumhlaziyi we-CIA wangempela owagqugquzela ukuhola. I-Zero Emnyama Emashumi amathathu - usola u-Brody bese eqala umsebenzi wokuqapha ofakazela ukuthi uqinisile. UMathison ubukela konke akwenzayo u-Brody, ngisho nasendlini yangasese, okumholela ekukhuliseni imizwa yothando ngaye. Umugqa wecebo awugcini nje ngokuthethelela ukugada okuhlaselayo ngokombono wokulwa nobuphekula, kodwa futhi ukhombisa ukuthi kungaba yisisekelo sothando.
Impela, u-Brody no-Mathison bangabalingiswa abayinkimbinkimbi, futhi isizini yokuqala yahlaba umxhwele izethameli ngokulandisa kwayo okungaqageleki nokuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwengeza, ukuma kombukiso ngokusobala okukhululekile kanye nokufakwa kwezigcawu ezifana nalesi lapho indodakazi ka-Brody igxeka khona inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US futhi ivikela izinkolelo zikayise zenkolo kwenza indaba ibe nzima. Kodwa emqondweni wayo, Okwasekhaya okufeziwe okubalulekile wukwenza ukusebenza kombuso wezokuphepha kuzwelonke ngesikhathi sika-Obama.
Uma ngabe inqubomgomo ka-Obama ibandakanya ukushintshwa kokugxila kuphekula โlasekhayaโ, u-Brody weza wazenza samuntu okwenzeka kubantu baseMelika abalungile uma bemukela i-Islam. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ungumSulumane omhlophe, onempilo yomndeni yamaMelika ehlukene ngokwesiko, akafani nomjikijeli waseHollywood ongenangqondo, one-dimensional (brown) Jihadist. Umgomo kaBrody wokuzibulala wokubulala iphini likamongameli ushiywe ngemuva kwengxoxo ethinta inhliziyo ngomzuzu wokugcina nendodakazi yakhe. UBrody ube esevuma kuMathison ngesikhathi ephenywa, futhi uyavuma ukusebenza njenge-ejenti ephindwe kabili.
Esikhathini sesibili, izethameli zitshelwa ukuthi i-Israel iqhume ibhomu i-Iran ukuze ivimbele yona ekuthuthukiseni izikhali zenuzi; lokhu kuba izaba zokugxila ku-Hezbollah, eye yasebenzisana ngokusobala ne-al-Qaeda ekufuneni ukuhlasela i-US iziphindiselela. I-Beirut iguqulwe yaba yindawo yamaphekula acatshangelwayo, futhi isizini ifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwezimoto ekomkhulu le-CIA.
Like 24 ngaphambi kwalo, uchungechunge lubonisa izwe lendabuko elisengozini yokuhlaselwa kusuka ezinsongweni ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Akugcini nje ngokwenza ihaba ngezinga lalezo zinsongo, kuthethelela ukuphendukela kwe-CIA ekuvikelekeni kwasekhaya (okungaphezu kwamandla ayo) kanye nesidingo sama-ejenti afana noMathison.
Ukuthatheka kukaMathison ekuxhumaniseni amachashazi ezingelwa u-Abu Nazir, ungqondongqondo ekuhlaselweni okuhlukahlukene, kumholela ekubeni inhloli futhi abone inqwaba yabantu base-US. I-National Security Agency (NSA) yakamuva iphuzu lokukhuluma ukuze kuthethelelwe ukugadwa kwayo okuphelele kusebenzise umqondo ofanayo: ukuthi ikusasa lika-9/11 lingavinjelwa kuphela ngokuqoqa โamachashaziโ amaningi olwazi mayelana nezakhamizi zase-US.
Kule sizini yamanje, yesithathu, umbukiso ugxilisa ukunaka kwawo kwezezimali zamaphekula, lapho isikhulu sezobunhloli sase-Iranian sixhasa ngemali yobuphekula ngokumelene ne-US evela eCaracas, eVenezuela, lapho uBrody ecashe khona. Lesi sihloko sithathwe ngokungemthetho kuma-neoconservatives, akwenzile eminyakeni yamuva nje fantasized ukuthi i-Iran ingase isebenzise iLatin America โnjengesisekelo sokusebenza ukulwa ne-United States,โ ngokwamazwi ombiko we-American Enterprise Institute. U-Hugo Chรกvez wase-Venezuela kuthiwa ujoyine le eksisi entsha yobubi obupinki nobuluhlaza. E-US ngakwesokudla, i-phantasm ye-Latin American Hezbollah iyindawo efanelekile yokwesaba, ehlanganisa izinsongo zobuphekula, i-leftism, kanye nokufika kwabantu baseSpain esithombeni esisodwa sobubi.
Umeluleki kaMathison we-CIA ocabangayo, uSaul Berenson, uyiqhawe langempela le Homeland kanye nomlingiswa ohlanganisa ngokugcwele ukuphikisana nemikhawulo yeMpi Ka-Obama Yokwesaba. Unkosikazi wakhe waseNdiya, ulwazi lwamasiko eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye nokukhuluma kahle isi-Arabhu kuyagcizelelwa, njengeziqu zikaMongameli Obama wamasiko ahlukahlukene. Lezi zici zimenza akwazi ukuphishekela izitha zamaphekula ngokuphumelelayo, ngokuhlakulela izimpimpi ezinokwethenjelwa kanye nokuthatha izinqumo ngokucophelela, kunokuba 24's ohambweni lwe-gung-ho.
U-Berenson unolwazi oluningiliziwe lwebhola likanobhutshuzwayo lase-Iranian, ulwazi oluba usizo lapho igama lomdlali lisetshenziswa njengobunikazi bekhava ngumnikazi weqembu lebhola laseVenezuela elibandakanyeka ebuphekula. (Lolo lwazi lwamasiko, ithuluzi โlamandla athambile,โ nalo luyisihluthulelo sesikhathi esibalulekile Argo lapho isikhulu senxusa laseMelika esikhuluma isiFarsi sikwazi ukukholisa iRevolutionary Guards esikhumulweni sezindiza saseTehran ukuthi sivumele iqembu laso ukuthi ligibele indiza yeSwissair futhi libaleke ezweni.)
Njengoba ethatha ubuholi be-CIA ngesizini yesithathu, u-Berenson uvezwa eqaphile futhi enemba ekuthatheni izinqumo kangangokuthi ucishe ahoxise uchungechunge lokubulala okuhleliwe okuhleliwe nokudidiyelwe kwabasolwa abayisithupha abangamaphekula ngoba umuntu oyedwa akanakuba. itholakala. Lesi yiso kanye isithombe uMongameli Obama anaso wayefuna ukuziveza njengomphathi wokuhlakanipha kokuziphatha ocabanga ngemibuzo yefilosofi njengoba egunyaza โuhlu lokubulala.โ Akumangalisi ukuthi u-Obama ukhona kubika utshele umlingisi uDamian Lewis, odlala indawo kaBrody, ukuthi uluthole lukholakala lolu hlelo.
Nokho uBerenson uphinde akholelwe ekubhalweni ngezinhlanga uma kunesidingo, ngesinye isikhathi enikeza ithimba lakhe imiyalelo yokuthi kumele kwenziwe kanjani uphenyo: โSibeka phambili. Okokuqala abansundu.โ Lapho enikezwa umsizi, uFara, ogqoke i-hijab, uBerenson uthi kuye: โUgqoke leyo nto ekhanda lakho โ โiwukuhlanyaโ okukhulu kubantu abebengaba osebenza nabo.โ Ukucwasa ngokwebala kuyisu elidabukisayo kodwa eliqondakalayo ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu zezokuphepha ezinomgomo kakhulu eMelika zingase zinqotshwe lapho ziphenya izinsongo zobuphekula.
Ukuhlukunyezwa akusona isixazululo sawo wonke umhlaba okwakukhona 24, kodwa isengaba yinto ebalulekile kuyo HomelandIkhithi yamathuluzi yokulwa nobuphekula, inqobo nje uma isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana namakhono athambile ka-Mathison kanye no-Berenson. UBrody ugwazwe ngumphenyi esandleni, kodwa kuphela ukuze uMathison angene ngemva kwalokho futhi azethule njengephoyisa elilungile, esebenzisa uzwela kunokuba aphoqelele ukuzuza ukubambisana kwakhe.
Izinqubomgomo zase-US ku Homeland bangabantu abanobuntu kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile bacekelwa phansi yizigelekeqe ezikhohlakele, eziholela uhulumeni ekuphambukeni ezenzweni ezeqisayo. Lo mdlalo unikeza uMathison noBerenson amathuba okuthi bazwakalise ukukhathazeka kwabo mayelana nokweqisa okunjalo okuvela ohlelweni lwezokuphepha lukazwelonke. Kepha ngokuhambisana nokulandisa okusemthethweni kwe-radicalization, ukungaboni ngaso linye kwezepolitiki kanye nobuphekula kushayisana: Okuwukuphela kwezwi lamaSulumane yizwi lamaphekula.
Khona-ke, ezingeni elijulile, imibono esekelayo Homeland's War on Terror isalokhu ifana kakhulu ne 24's, noma nje umbukiso uveza iziqinisekiso ezikhululekile. Howard Gordon kusho ukuthi โwaphazanyiswaโ yizinsolo zika 24 "Ukwenza i-Islamophobia kanye nokuba umbelethisi ekwamukeleni ukuhlukunyezwa emphakathini," bethi "babambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo futhi bacubungula ukuthi sizixoxela kanjani izindaba." Impendulo yalezi zinsolo eziphazamisayo iwumbukiso onenkululeko eyengeziwe futhi onokuphimisela okucashile kwendaba efanayo eyisisekelo yokulwa nobuphekula, kodwa leyo ehlala iyi-Islamophobic esakhiweni sayo esiyisisekelo.
ekugcineni, Homeland isebenza ngendlela efanayo 24, ihlinzeka ngendlela yokuthi izwe elivikelekile likazwelonke liveze amaphupho okusabisa kwamaphekula, kuyilapho libeka imikhuba emisha yokwamukeleka ezindabeni ezinjengokugadwa nodlame lwezombusazwe. Ayithengisi nje umphakathi ngombono wokuthi i-War on Terror isiphenduke isimo esiphuthumayo unomphela, kodwa ukuthi abantu abafundile, abahluzekile, abanesimilo, nabahlakaniphile yibona abaphethe nokuthi kufanele sibethembe ukuthi bazosiqapha. Futhi uma labo basebenzi abangenangqondo ngezinye izikhathi bebona iphrofayela yezinhlanga noma ukuhlukunyezwa kudingekile, kufanele sithembe ukwahlulela kwabo. I-CIA, inhlangano enezimbangi ezimbalwa ekusetshenzisweni kodlame lwezepolitiki, iqanjwe kabusha futhi yethulwa njengenhlangano kuphela ezosivikela ku-al-Qaeda ne-Hezbollah, iVenezuela ne-Iran - konke manje kuhlanganiswe esithombeni sokushiseka ngokweqile.
Homeland inikeza i-War on Terror ka-Obama i-liberal veneer entsha. Ngaphandle kwalomcabango wamasiko wuzwelo, nokuthi lunjani kulabo abasesiphethweni sodlame lombuso.
Lesi sihloko saqala ukuvela ku-Jacobin. Deepa Kumar unguprofesa ohlangene weMedia Studies kanye ne-Middle East Studies e-Rutgers University. Ungumbhali muva nje we I-Islamophobia kanye Nezepolitiki Zombuso (Haymarket, 2012) kanye namabhulogi at I-Empirebytes.com. Arun Kundnani ufundisa e-NYU kanye namabhulogi at kundnani.org; yakhe AmaSulumane Ayeza! I-Islamophobia, I-Extremism, kanye neMpi Yasekhaya Yobuphekula iphuma ku-Verso Books ngo-March, 2014.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela