Umthombo: Counterpunch
Isithombe sika-Tรบpac Katari esiboniswe emanxiweni e-Tiwanaku ngesikhathi somcimbi wokuvulwa kwe-Evo Morales ngoJanuwari 22, 2015. Lo mfanekiso wenziwe ngamakhoba ommbila, ubhontshisi, izaqathi, namazambane. Umthwebuli wezithombe: Benjamin Dangl.
Umahamba-nendlwana wamabhasi, izimoto zonogada, abaholi bomdabu, nabapakishi abanezikibha ze-Che Guevara behla emgwaqeni onodaka benqamula amasimu abalimi beya edolobheni langaphambi kobukoloni i-Tiwanaku. Umculo wesintu wadlala usuku lonke olupholile lwangoJanuwari 22, 2015, njengoba abapristi bomdabu benza amasiko ayinkimbinkimbi ukulungiselela umongameli wokuqala wendabuko waseBolivia, u-Evo Morales, ihlandla lesithathu esikhundleni. Umkhosi wakhe wokuvulwa emanxiweni aleli dolobha lasendulo wawuphawuleka ngezingqimba eziningi zencazelo engokomfanekiso.
"Namuhla usuku olukhethekile, usuku oluyingqophamlando oluqinisekisa kabusha ukuthi singobani," kusho uMorales enkulumweni yakhe, ayinikeze phambi komnyango wamatshe oqoshwe kahle. โSekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu sihlushwa ubumnyama, inzondo, ukucwasa, ukucwaswa, nokuzenzela abantu ngabanye, selokhu kwafika amadoda angajwayelekile [aseSpain], esitshela ukuthi kufanele senze izinto zibe zesimanjemanje, kufanele sizithuthukise... thina, ukuze basithuthukise, okokuqala kwadingeka benze abantu bomdabu emhlabeni banyamalale.โ
UMorales uqokwe kabusha ngo-Okthoba odlule ngamavoti angaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-60. Ukuduma kwakhe kudalwe kakhulu impumelelo yeqembu lakhe le-Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) ekwehliseni ubumpofu, enikeza amandla imikhakha yabantu ababencishwe amathuba emphakathini, kanye nokusebenzisa izimali ezivela ezimbonini eziphethwe uhulumeni ezibhedlela, ezikoleni, kanye namaphrojekthi emisebenzi yomphakathi ayedingeka kakhulu kulo lonke elaseBolivia.
โNgithanda ukunitshela, bafowethu nodadewethu,โ kuqhubeka uMorales, โikakhulukazi labo abamenywe lapha emhlabeni wonke, babevame ukuthini? 'AmaNdiya, abantu bomdabu, ngabokuvota kuphela hhayi abokubusa.' Futhi manje abantu bomdabu, izinyunyana, sonke sesikhombisile ukuthi nathi siyakwazi ukubusa kangcono kunabo. โ
Kuningi lalabo ababekhona, lo mcimbi bekuyisikhathi sokuzindla ngenqubekelaphambili yezomnotho nenhlalakahle ejatshulelwa ngaphansi kokuphathwa kweMorales kanye nokubona ukuthi izwe selihambe ibanga elingakanani ekunqobeni iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu yokubusa kweningi labomdabu kusukela ekunqotshweni kwezwe. AmaMelika.
โLo mcimbi ubaluleke kakhulu kithi, kubantu base-Aymara, isiQuechua, nesiGuaranรญ,โ wangitshela u-Ismael Quispe Ticona, umholi womdabu waseLa Paz. โ[U-Evo Morales] ungumfowethu osesikhundleni manje ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu ebugqila. Ngakho-ke, lo mcimbi ubaluleke kakhulu kithiโฆ Siwuthatha njengomkhosi omkhulu lo.โ
Kwabagxekayo ngakwesokhohlo sezepolitiki, umcimbi weTiwanaku ubuhlanganisa ukungqubuzana kukamongameli owayelwela amalungelo abomdabu ngasikhathi sinye lapho avala khona futhi wabukela phansi amabanga aphansi. abantu bomdabu abangahambisani nalo, nabakhuluma ngokuhlonishwa kukaMama Womhlaba ngenkathi bejulisa umnotho wokukhipha osekelwe ezimbonini zegesi nezezimayini. Impela, indlela i-MAS esebenzise ngayo amanxiwa e-Tiwanaku ngezinjongo zepolitiki, njengoba yayinzile ekugcotshweni kwangaphambilini, ibonakale iyihlazo futhi isomathuba kwabanye abagxeki.
Kepha ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwezimpawu zomlando nguMorales kwakuyingxenye yesiko lezepolitiki elide eBolivia. Kusukela ku-campesino (isisebenzi sasemaphandleni) kanye nezinhlangano zomdabu ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kuya ephathini ye-MAS namuhla, izishoshovu zomdabu kanye nosopolitiki abangakwesobunxele baye bafuna izixhumanisi nemilando yomdabu yengcindezelo kanye nokumelana nokwenza kube semthethweni izimfuno zabo nokuqondisa izinqubo zabo eziphikisanayo zokuqeda ubukoloni.
Ngenkathi u-Evo Morales engena eminyango yaseTiwanaku phakathi kokubhenywa kwempepho kanye nemithandazo yabapristi base-Andean, kubantu abaningi baseBolivia kwaba umzuzu obalulekile wokumaka ihlandla lesithathu likamongameli wokuqala wendabuko wezwe. Bekungolunye nje usuku ezweni lapho ipolitiki yamanje igcwele khona kudala.
Uhulumeni waseMorales uvame ukuziveza njengamandla ezombusazwe afeze amaphupho abhuntshile esihlubuki somdabu sangekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili u-Tรบpac Katari, owahlela ukuvukela umbuso ngokumelene namaSpanishi emzamweni wokubuyisela umbuso wendabuko e-Andes. Lokhu kugcizelelwe ekuqanjweni kwakamuva kwesethelayithi yokuqala yaseBolivia, i-Tรบpac Katari. Ukwethulwa kwesathelayithi kwasakazwa bukhoma enkabeni yePlaza Murillo eLa Paz, umcimbi owawuhambisana nabaholi bomoya base-Andean abenza amasiko okuhlonipha uMama Womhlaba. Uhulumeni uphinde waqamba izindiza zikahulumeni ngegama likaKatari. Ukuthi ifa likaKatari lingasetshenziswa ngendlela enjalo kukhuluma nenhloko-dolobha ehlala njalo yezombangazwe yomholi womdabu.
Ukubuya Okungokomfanekiso ka-Tรบpac Katari
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni waseMorales ethule isathelayithi enegama lakhe, umhlubuki wendabuko wase-Aymara uKatari wahola ekuvinjezelweni kweLa Paz kwezinsuku eziyi-109 okwaxova umbuso wamakoloni waseSpain. Ukuvukela kukaKatari kwakuyingxenye yokuvukela umbuso onqamula i-Andes owaqalwa ngo-1780 esuka eCuzco nasePotosรญ, futhi wasakazwa uKatari waya eLa Paz ngoMashi 1781. Isidingo esiyinhloko salokhu kuvukela kwakuwukuthi ukubusa kwesifunda kubuyiselwe ezandleni zabomdabu.
Ekugcineni abaseSpain bakuqeda ukuhlubuka futhi bathumba uKatari. Kuyaziwa kabanzi ukuthi ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, uKatari wathembisa, โNgizobuya njengezigidi.โ Ngempela, nakuba iphupho lakhe lokuketula abantu baseSpain futhi athole ukuzibusa kwendabuko lashabalala, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka edlule kusukela abulawa, lo mfelโ ukholo nomzabalazo wakhe kuye kwathathwa njengezimpawu zokuphikiswa kwabomdabu yinqwaba yabahlanganyeli benhlangano, isishoshovu. -izazi, nabaholi bezinyunyana eBolivia.
Izishoshovu zakhe izithombe ze-Katari, igama lakhe nesithombe sakhe sihlobise izingqwembe nezihloko zezinyunyana ze-campesino, futhi ifa lakhe liye labhebhethekisa inqwaba yemibono yomdabu, i-manifesto, namaqembu ezombusazwe. Amasu kaKatari okuvimba umgwaqo asephinde athathwa abahlubuki bekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili nanye, futhi isathelayithi eqanjwe ngaye izungeza imbulunga yonke.
Uphawu lukaKatari luhamba kahle. Ngo-April 2000, i-specter ye-Katari yabuya ngendlela yochungechunge lwemibhikisho eholwa yi-Aymara ephikisana nokuthengiswa kwamanzi kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal. Imibhikisho ibibandakanya ukuvinjwa kwemigwaqo okunqamule iLa Paz ezweni lonke. UMarxa Chรกvez, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu sama-Aymara esinezimpande zasemaphandleni, wahileleka ekuvukeleni. Wangitshela ukuthi izishoshovu zazishintshana ngokugcina izivimbelo futhi zenze imilindelo emigwaqweni emikhulu ukuze zibonise lapho kufika abantu bendawo, izivakashi namasosha.
Sona kanye isenzo sokuvala imigwaqo ukuze kuklinywe uLa Paz sikhumbule umzabalazo kaKatari. "Ukuvinjwa kuyindlela yokukhumbula ukuvinjezelwa," kuchaza uChรกvez. Inhlangano yenhlangano yokuvinjwa kwemigwaqo yasebenzisa ulwazi olusebenzayo โolwaludluliselwa ngokuyisisekelo inkumbulo yomlomo.โ Ngokwesibonelo, โkwakunohlobo oluthile lokuhlanganisa abantu ekuvukeleni kwaseTรบpac Katari okwakuwukubasa imililo emagqumeni ukuze eminye imiphakathi ibabone, futhi kwakuwuphawu lokuphaphama.โ Ezivimbeni ngo-2000, izishoshovu zasebenzisa isitayela esifanayo somlilo ukubiza abantu. โKungakho amakhulu abantu kamuva afika [edolobhaneni lase-Akhakhakhi elisezintabeni ezobhekana namasosha, ngoba ayewubonile umusi.โ Ubeke umsuka walolu hlelo โkwinkumbulo engabhaliwe emiphakathini.โ
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ukuvinjezelwa okunye kwakuzozamazamisa iLa Paz, kulokhu kuholwa imiphakathi efanayo yasezintabeni futhi kwasakazekela e-El Alto. Kwaphela amasonto amaningi, izishoshovu ze-Aymara zagcina izivimbelo ezizungeze i-La Paz ukuze zibhikishele ingcindezelo kahulumeni kanye nohlelo lokusungula nokuthekelisa igesi yaseBolivia. Imibhikisho yaxosha umengameli we-neoliberal uGonzalo Sรกnchez de Lozada futhi yangenisa isigaba esisha sokuhlela kanye nepolitiki yamanxele eyavula indlela yokhetho lukaMorales ngo-2005.
Ukuhlubuka Kweminyaka Engamakhulu amahlanu ikhombisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kanye nokugqugquzelwa komlando wabantu bomdabu yizishoshovu zaseBolivia kwaba yinto ebaluleke kangakanani ekunikezeni amandla, ukuqondisa, kanye nokuqinisekisa umnyakazo wendabuko kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 ngemva kokuguquguquka eBolivia kuya ekuvukeleni kweminyaka yawo-2000 kuze kube namuhla. Kulezi zishoshovu, isikhathi esedlule sasiyithuluzi elibalulekile elisetshenziselwa ukugqugquzela izakhamuzi ukuthi zithathe izinyathelo zokushintsha umphakathi, ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi ezombusazwe amasha kanye neziphakamiso, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezibonelo ezihlukile zokubusa, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, kanye nobudlelwane bomphakathi. Ukuvuselelwa kwabo kwezehlakalo zomlando, ubuntu, kanye nezimpawu emibhikishweni, ama-manifesto, amabhanela, umlando oxoxwayo, amapheshana, kanye nemigoqo emigwaqweni kwasiza ekuqaliseni igagasi lezinhlangano zomdabu kanye nezombusazwe ezisanyakazisa izwe.
Njengoba ipolitiki yamanje yaseBolivia kanye nezinhlangano zibonisa, umzabalazo wokusebenzisa imilando yabantu njengamathuluzi enkululeko yomdabu usekude ukuphela.
I-Coca Fields kanye ne-Street Rebellions
Umgwaqo oya okhethweni luka-Evo Morales wawumude futhi unezinxushunxushu, owakhiwe emasimini e-coca kanye nokuvukela emigwaqweni. UMorales wayengumlimi we-coca wangaphambili nomholi wenyunyana owasuka emazingeni aphansi njengesishoshovu esilwa nempi yase-US endaweni etshalwa yi-coca eshisayo e-Chapare maphakathi nezwe. (Nakuba kuyisithako esiyinhloko ku-cocaine, iqabunga le-coca lisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha namasiko e-Bolivia.) UMorales nabanye abalimi be-coca babone impi yezidakamizwa eyayiholwa yi-US ezweni njengomzamo wokubukela phansi ukunyakaza kwezombusazwe okuqinile, okufana noku. njengoba bekuholwa yizinyunyana zecoca uMorales. Waba ngowokuqala kanye nelungu leCongress eliphikisayo eqenjini lezepolitiki le-MAS, elakhula ngokwengxenye ezinyunyaneni ze-coca futhi laqhuba isicelo sikamongameli esicishe saphumelela sikaMorales ngokumelene nomongameli we-neoliberal uSรกnchez de Lozada ngo-2002.
I-MAS ihlale izichaza njengethuluzi lepolitiki lezinhlangano zomphakathi ephuma kuzo. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2000, iBolivia yaba nezibhelu eziningi. NgeMpi Yamanzi Yase-Cochabamba ka-2000, abantu balelo dolobha bavukela ukuthengiswa kwamanzi abo ngaphansi kwe-Bechtel, inkampani yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngemuva kwamasonto emibhikisho, inkampani yaxoshwa edolobheni, futhi amanzi abuyela ezandleni zomphakathi. NgoFebhuwari 2003, amaphoyisa, abafundi, abasebenzi bakahulumeni, kanye nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezweni lonke bahola ukuvukela umbuso owawuphikisana nohlelo olwalusekelwe yi-IMF lokunciphisa amaholo kanye nokwenyusa intela yeholo kubantu abampofu. Ukuvukela kwaphoqa uhulumeni kanye ne-IMF ukuthi bazinikele ezidingweni zenhlangano futhi bahoxise izinqubomgomo zamaholo omphakathi kanye nentela, kwaqala isikhathi esisha sobumbano nobumbano phakathi kwezinhlangano njengoba ukunganeliseki kwabantu kuqubuka ukushisa, kwafinyelela ezingeni elibilayo ngesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi Impi Yegesi.
Impi Yegesi, eyenzeka ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba 2003, kwaba ukuvukela kuzwelonke okwavela phakathi kwezinhlaka ezahlukene zomphakathi ngokumelene nohlelo lokudayisa igesi yemvelo yaseBolivia ngeChile iye e-United States ngamasenti ayishumi nesishiyagalombili ku-cubic feet eyinkulungwane, kodwa izodayiswa kabusha. e-United States cishe ngamadola amane ngenkulungwane yama-cubic feet. Esinyathelweni ebesijwayeleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini zezwe elidume ngezinto zalo zokusetshenziswa ezishibhile, uhulumeni wophiko lwesokudla iSรกnchez de Lozada usebenze nezinkampani ezizimele ukwenza uhlelo lapho amabhizinisi aseChile nase-US azohlomula khona kakhulu engcebweni yemvelo yaseBolivia kune Izakhamizi zaseBolivia ngokwazo zingakwenza. Abantu baseBolivia abavela kuzo zonke izigaba nezinhlanga babumbene emibhikishweni ezweni lonke, ezitelekeni, nasekuvinjweni kwemigwaqo bephikisana nohlelo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe. Bafuna ukuba le gesi ifakwe ezweni futhi yenziwe izimboni eBolivia ukuze inzuzo evela embonini iye emisebenzini yentuthuko kahulumeni nasezinhlelweni zomphakathi.
Imikhandlu yomakhelwane edolobheni lase-El Alto, eminingi enabavukuzi njengamalungu, yahlangana yavala imigwaqo edolobheni labo. Ukuphakama kweMpi Yegesi kukhumbule ukuvinjezelwa kukaKatari njengoba kwakuhilela izinkulungwane zezakhamizi zase-El Alto, ezazihlelwe ikakhulukazi ngemikhandlu yangomakhelwane, zivimba iLa Paz ezweni lonke futhi ekugcineni zibheke phansi kwezempi. Ukuhlasela kukahulumeni kwashuba njengoba amabutho ombuso ezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ngaphezulu adubula izakhamuzi ngezansi, kwashiya abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha beshonile. Ingcindezelo yaqhubeza ukunyakaza kwedolobha kwaba nentukuthelo eyabaqinisa idolo. Maphakathi no-Okthoba, abantu baxosha ngempumelelo i-Sรกnchez de Lozada futhi benqaba uhlelo lokuthunyelwa kwegesi kwamanye amazwe, bekhomba indlela eya ekufakweni kukahulumeni.
Uhulumeni we-Evo Morales
Imibhikisho enjalo kanye nokunye okugqugquzela ukuguqulwa komhlaba kanye nokufuna umthethosisekelo omusha, onenqubekela phambili kwavula izikhala ezintsha zezinye izindlela eziqinile esikhundleni sombuso weniyokoloniyali, obeka ubukhosi baseBolivia kanye nokwenqaba ngokuphelele imodeli ye-neoliberal enkabeni yepolitiki yezwe. I-MAS kanye ne-Morales baqhamuke kulesi sikhathi sokungeneliseki njengabahlakaniphe kakhulu ekudluliseleni amandla nezimfuno emazingeni aphansi ngenkathi bezulazula kuzwelonke lezwe lezombusazweโowayebuswe amaqembu epolitiki aphiko lwesokudla ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngo-2005, uMorales wawina ukhetho lukamongameli, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendawo yezepolitiki kanye nethemba elidumile eligqugquzelwe ukunqoba kwenhlangano yezenhlalo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Ngenxa yokuthi wayengumongameli wokuqala womdabu waseBolivia, ukukhethwa kwakhe kwabonakala njengesikhathi esinzima esizweni lapho iningi lalimpofu futhi lingabantu bomdabu. Ukuthi uMorales angakhethwa endaweni yezenhlalakahle, ephikisana nama impiriyali ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amabili ye-neoliberalism kwaba umlando. Mhlawumbe okuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthi, esizweni esigcwele ukucwasa ngokwebala kanye ne-neocolonialism, indoda yomdabu evela endaweni ephansi ingase ihlale esigodlweni sikamongameli.
Kungekudala ngemuva kokungena esikhundleni, uMorales washesha wafaka izikhungo eziningi zokunqoba kwenhlangano yezenhlalo ezazinqotshwe emigwaqweni. Wenza imikhakha yemboni yegesi ecebile yaseBolivia ngaphansi kukahulumeni, wabiza umhlangano ukuze abhale kabusha umthethosisekelo wezwe, futhi walandela eziningi zezithembiso zakhe zomkhankaso zokuqeda ubumpofu kanye nokunika amandla abantu abampofu kanye nabomdabu abahlala ezindaweni eziseceleni komphakathi. Ukukhethwa kwakhe ngokuphawulekayo kwenzeka ngesikhathi eLatin America lapho abanye omongameli abaqhubekayo bephethe; kusukela e-Argentina kuya eVenezuela, uMorales wayengeyedwa ekugomeleni ubukhosi bezwe futhi enqabela impiriyali.
Izinguquko zezomnotho ezweni zikhomba ezinye zezizathu ezenza uMorales adume kakhulu phakathi nesikhathi sakhe esiningi ehhovisi. I-GDP yaseBolivia yenyuka kancane kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2013, okunomthelela kulokho i-UN ekubiza ngokuthi izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokunciphisa ubumpofu esifundeni, nokwehla ngamaphesenti angu-32.2 phakathi kuka-2000 no-2012. ukwanda kwamaholo. Ingxenye enkulu yale mpumelelo yezomnotho ingaboshelwa kuhulumeni obeka izimboni namabhizinisi amaningiโkusukela ezimayini kuya ezinkampanini zocingoโngaphansi kokulawulwa kukahulumeni, ngaleyo ndlela akhiphe izimali zezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezidumile zikahulumeni we-MAS, okuhlanganisa amaphrojekthi afuna ukuphakamisa omama, izingane kanye nabantu abadala. ekusweleni. Ngenxa yohlelo lokufunda nokubhala oluyimpumelelo, i-UNESCO isimemezele ukuthi izwe alinakho ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Uxhaso oluningi oludalwe wukufakwa kuzwelonke luphinde lukhokhele ingqalasizinda nokuthuthukiswa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, njengoba amaphesenti ali-20 kuphela emigwaqo yezwe enetiyela.
Iphrojekthi yezepolitiki ye-MAS ine ibingenazo izingibe nezinkinga zesakhiwo. Eminye yemiphakathi yomdabu kanye neyasemakhaya uhulumeni waseMorales afuna ukuyeseka ngezinhlelo zayo zenhlalo yomphakathi kanye nepolitiki isichithiwe ngenxa yezimboni zokukhiqiza. Izinsimu zesoya ye-GMO, ehambisana nezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi, ziyanda ezindaweni zasemakhaya engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe ngosizo lukahulumeni. Ukuhushula isisu kusesemthethweni e-Bolivia, futhi izinga lokuhlukunyezwa kwabesifazane nokubulawa kwabesifazane liyenyuka. Amahlazo amakhulu enkohlakalo ahlasele i-MAS kanye nabalingani bayo benhlangano, okuhlanganisa i-CSUTCB kanye nenhlangano kaBartolina Sisa. UMorales uphokophele phambili ngesikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi esiyimpikiswano esizokwakhiwa eduze kweLa Paz evame ukuzamazama, kanti i-MAS ihlela ukwakha umgwaqo omkhulu onqamula e-Isiboro-Sรฉcure Indigenous Territory and National Park (TIPNIS), okuyisinyathelo esisuse imibhikisho. (Muva nje, Morales usehlaselwe ngezinqubomgomo eziholele ekuqubukeni kwemililo ezweni lonke.)
Ukungqubuzana okukhona esinqumweni sokuphatha i-Morales sokujulisa amaphrojekthi okukhishwa kwezimayini, igesi, kanye namadamu amakhulu ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo i-cheerleading i-Mother Earth izoba nomthelela esizweni kanye nokunyakaza kwaso kwendabuko emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
"I-Open Veins yaseLatin America isaphuma igazi"
Ngenkathi ngihlala phansi e-Cochabamba, e-Bolivia, ngo-2003 ngengxoxo yasekuseni no-Evo Morales, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumholi womlimi we-coca kanye ne-congressman, wayephuza ijusi yewolintshi egayiwe futhi ekushaya indiva ukukhala njalo kocingo lwasendlini ehhovisi lenyunyana yakhe. Emasontweni ambalwa nje ngaphambi komhlangano wethu, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ezweni lonke yafuna ukuba indawo egcina igesi yemvelo yaseBolivia ibuswe uhulumeni. Ukuthi ingcebo engaphansi komhlaba yayingabazuzisa kanjani abantu abaningi abampofu ngaphandle komhlaba kwakusengqondweni yawo wonke umuntu. Mayelana nezifiso zakhe zezombangazwe, uMorales wayefuna imithombo yemvelo โyakhe ithuluzi lezombusazwe lenkululeko nobunye beLatin America.โ Ubethathwa njengomuntu obengenele ukhetho lobumongameli futhi kwacaca ukuthi ipolitiki yomdabu ayefuna ukuyihlanganisa njengomholi yayihambisana nombono wokuthi iBolivia ibuyise ingcebo yayo yemvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izwe. "Thina, abantu bomdabu, ngemuva kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu yokuphikisa, sithatha amandla," esho. "Lokhu kuthathwa kabusha kwamandla kuqondiswe ekubuyiseni ingcebo yethu, imithombo yethu yemvelo." Ngemva kweminyaka emibili wakhethwa njengomongameli.
Dlulisela phambili kuNdasa wezi-2014. KwakuwuMgqibelo ekuseni libalele edolobheni laseLa Paz, futhi abathengisi basemgwaqweni babelungisa izitebele zabo zosuku eduze nebhendi ye-rock eyayihlela ikhonsathi encane endleleni yabahamba ngezinyawo. Bengihlangana noMama uNilda Rojas, umholi woMkhandlu Kazwelonke ka-Ayllus kanye noMarkas waseQullasuyu, inhlangano yomdabu ngaleso sikhathi eyayibhekene nengcindezelo evela ku-MAS ngenxa yokugxeka kwayo inqubomgomo kahulumeni. U-Rojas, kanye nozakwabo kanye nomndeni, babeshushiswe uhulumeni wakwaMorales ngokwengxenye ngenxa yobushoshovu bakhe obumelene nezimayini nezinye izimboni zokumba.
Wathi: โIzindawo zabomdabu azifani, ngoba imithambo evulekile yaseLatin America isaphuma igazi, isamboze umhlaba ngegazi. Leli gazi lithathwa yizo zonke izimboni zokukhiqiza.โ Ngenkathi uMorales ebona ingcebo engaphansi komhlaba njengethuluzi lenkululeko, u-Rojas wabona umongameli njengomuntu owayephokophela phambili ngezimboni ezikhiqizayo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nokuxoshwa kwemiphakathi yendabuko yasemakhaya abayishiya ngenxa yabo. โLo hulumeni unikeze inkulumo engamanga emazweni ngamazwe, evikela iPachamama, evikela uMama Womhlaba,โ kuchaza uRojas, kuyilapho iqiniso eliseBolivia liyindaba ehluke kakhulu: โUMama Womhlaba ukhathele.โ
Ukugxeka kwe-MAS kanye ne-Morales kugcwele phakathi kwezinhlangano zomdabu zaseBolivia eziphikisayo nezihlakaniphi.
"Nganginethemba elikhulu ngesikhathi u-Evo Morales engena kuhulumeni," Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseBolivia uSilvia Rivera Cusicanqui sachaza. โKepha useze walangazelela amandla okubusa, osekuyingxenye yesiko laseBolivia kusukela ngenguquko yango-1952. Umbono wokuthi iBolivia iyizwe elibuthaka futhi idinga ukuba izwe eliqinileโlona umqondo ovela njalo, futhi usuphenduka ukuzibulala ngokuvukela umbuso. Ngoba uguquko yilokho okwenziwa abantuโfuthi lokho abantu abakwenzayo kuhlukaniswa nezindawo.โ Waqhubeka, โNgingasho ukuthi amandla eBolivia akusona isimo kodwa abantu.โ
Amandla Esikhathi Esidlule
Ngenkathi izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo nezomdabu zaseBolivia zisebenzisa amandla emigwaqweni, i-MAS ne-Morales igcine ngempumelelo futhi yajulisa ithonya layo ngokwengxenye ngokuhlanganisa ubunikazi bomdabu kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi njengesandiso sepolitiki yeqembu. Iqabunga le-coca livamise ukusetshenziswa yi-MAS emkhankasweni wezepolitiki njengophawu lomlando wendabuko kanye nokulwa ne-US imperialism. Ngokunjalo, ukulwela kukahulumeni isiko lomdabu kabanzi, nokuxhumanisa lelo siko nephrojekthi yobuzwe yenkululeko nentuthuko, kuzwakala kubavoti abaningi ababenomuzwa wokuthi babekhohliswe abaholi bezombusazwe bangaphambili abathi, esikhundleni sokufuna ukuqeda ubukoloni nokuvuselela isizwe. ngesisekelo sezimpande zayo zomdabu, esikhundleni salokho wayefuna ukuguqula iBolivia ibe umfanekiso wesibuko saseNtshonalanga.
Imilando eminingi efanayo, izinkulumo zokuphikisa kwabomdabu, kanye nezimpawu zokuhlubuka ezikhiqizwa futhi zathuthukiswa kusuka ngezansi ukunyakaza komdabu esikhathini esihlolisiswe lapha manje sekugujwa njengengxenye yenqubomgomo yombuso esemthethweni kanye nezinkulumo ngaphansi kukaMorales. Abaphathi benze i-wiphala yaba ingxenye yefulegi lezwe elisemthethweni, banikeza amalungelo amasha namandla emiphakathini yendabuko, eqanjwe yisathelayithi nge-Katari, futhi bashicilela izinhlelo ezintsha zesazi sefilosofi yomdabu u-Fausto Reinaga kanye nabanye ongqondongqondo nosomlando ababengavumelani.
Ezinye zalezi zindlela zikahulumeni zenze zanda kakhulu izithombe zikaKatari njengenhloko yezwe ehlonishwayoโukuze ifanele isikhundla sikaMoralesโkunokuba njengomholi wamavukelambuso. U-Katari uvezwe ngezindlela eziningi kuwo wonke umlando waseBolivia: ngesikhathi soguquko lwe-MNR kwesinye isikhathi wayevezwa emidwebeni ephethe isibhamu, futhi amaKatarista ambona njengophawu oludelelayo, olugqashulwa yiketango lomzabalazo wabo.
Ezinyangeni zayo zokuqala ehhovisi, uhulumeni we-MAS wakhetha enye inguqulo emele uKatari njengomholi onohlonze, hhayi umguquli. Le nguqulo yeKatari yacelwa ngo-2005 ngumongameli wangaphambili uCarlos Mesa, hhayi uMorales. Esithombeni, izazi uVincent Nicolas noPablo Quisbert ziyachaza, โUKatari akasamelelwa njengesihlubuki, kodwa uyisihlonishwa soMbuso, egqoke uhlobo lwebhantshi nehembe lesimanje, embozwe iphoncho eliwubukhazikhazi elihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yendwangu, futhi ebambe udondolo olukhethekile lwegunya, uphawu. ngamandla akhe.โ Nakuba senziwa ngaphambi kokhetho lukaMorales, lesi sithombe sathathwa ngabaphathi bakhe futhi sasakazwa kabanzi ukubopha uMorales neKatari. "Ukuhlangana kwe-Evo-Katari," kubhala uNicolas noQuisbert, "kusekelwe kakhulu kulesi sithombe, futhi kubekwe njengohlobo lwasemuva kuMorales ngokwakhe."
Ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwezimpawu zesikhathi esedlule kanye nezomlando kungalandelelwa ngokwengxenye kuPhini Likahulumeni Lokuqeda Ikoloni, elasungulwa ngo-2009 futhi lisebenzisana nezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni ukukhuthaza, isibonelo, ukufundisa ngezilimi zomdabu, ukulingana ngokobulili kuhulumeni, abomdabu. izinhlobo zobulungisa, izinhlelo zokulwa nokucwasa, ukuzibusa kwendabuko, kanye nokuqiniswa kwamasiko, izimpawu, nemilando yendabuko.
Omunye wabantu ababehilelekile emizamweni enjalo yokususa amakoloni enkonzweni yephini likangqongqoshe kwakungu-Elisa Vega Sillo, owayengumholi wenhlangano kaBartolina Sisa futhi eyilungu lesizwe somdabu saseKallawaya. Wangitshela ngenqubo yokususa umlando wabomdabu eBolivia.
"Sizama futhi siphinde sithole umbono we-anticolonial ngaphezu kwakho konke," esho, egxile ekutheni abantu bomdabu, emakhulwini eminyaka okumelana, "bahlubuka kanjani ukuqeda ingcindezelo, ubugqila ema-haciendas, ukuthatha umhlaba, komcebo wethu ICerro Rico ePotosรญ, izihlahla zethu, ulwazi lwethuโbakuvukela konke lokhu. Kodwa emlandweni osemthethweni, umlando wamakholoni, basitshela ukuthi ababi kwakungabantu bomdabu, nokuthi babebafanele lokho ababekuthola.โ Wachaza, โSibuyisela umlando wethu, umlando wokuthi sasihlubuka kanjani njalo nokuthi abakwazanga kanjani ukusinqoba.โ
Njengengxenye yale mizamo, amasiko aholwa nguhulumeni manje ayenzeka njalo ngoNovemba 14 ukuphawula ukushona kukaTรบpac Katari. Nokho, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uPablo Mamani siyabuza, kungani nikhumbula uKatari njalo ngo-November 14 kuphela, njengokungathi ufile? โKufanele silubeke ngemuva lolu hlobo lwesiko ukuze singene esikweni lansuku zonke,โ uyachaza. UMamani akasiboni isidingo sokukhumbula uKatari usuku olulodwa nje ngonyaka, ngoba โUTรบpac Katari ubuyile futhi uphakathi kwethu, futhi thina, ngokwethu, siyizinkulungwane zamadoda nabesifazane esinazo kulezi zindawo, futhi simi ngezinyawo, ukuhamba.โ
Lesi sihloko sicashunwe encwadini kaDangl, Ukuhlubuka Kweminyaka Engamakhulu amahlanu: Ukunyakaza Komdabu kanye Nokuqedwa Komlando E-Bolivia
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Nikela