Ekuvakasheleni kwakhe eHiroshima ngoMeyi odlule, u-Obama akazange, njengoba abanye babenethemba lokuthi angase axolise ngo-August 6, 1945 ngebhomu le-athomu ledolobha. Kunalokho wethula inkulumo ebabazekayo emelene nempi. Lokhu wakwenza njengoba elwa impi eqhubekayo ye-drone ngokumelene nezitha ezingenakuzivikela emazweni akude futhi egunyaza nezinhlelo zokusebenzisa imali. izigidigidi zamadola ukuthuthukisa izikhali zenuzi zase-US.
Ukuxolisa bekungaba yize njengenkulumo yakhe. Amagama angenalutho awashintshi lutho. Kepha nansi into eyodwa u-Obama abengayisho ebingaba nomthelela wangempela: ubengakhuluma iqiniso.
Wayengase athi:
โAmabhomu e-athomu awazange ajikijelwe eHiroshima naseNagasaki โukuze asindise ukuphila ngokuqeda impiโ. Kwakungamanga asemthethweni lawo. La mabhomu ajikijelwa ukuze kubonwe ukuthi asebenza kanjani futhi abonise umhlaba ukuthi i-United States inamandla angenamkhawulo okubhubhisa.โ
Lalingekho ithuba lokuthi u-Obama angakusho lokho. Ngokusemthethweni, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu "kusindise izimpilo" ngakho-ke, bekufanelekile. Njengamadolobhana aseVietnam esiwacekele phansi ukuze siwasindise, njengezingane ezingenakubalwa zase-Iraq ezashona ngenxa yenswinyo yase-US, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabesifazane nezingane ezihlukumezekile emadolobheni amabili aseJapan asalokhu esohlangothini lokudonswa kwemali kuma-akhawunti ase-United States. ubuntu, abangakhokhelwa futhi abangajeziswa.
โKwakufanelekileโ
Isinqumo sokucekela phansi iHiroshima neNagasaki kwakuyisinqumo sezepolitiki hhayi sezempi. Okuhlosiwe kwaba hhayi ezempi, imiphumela yaba hhayi ezempi. Ukuhlasela kwenziwa ngokumelene izifiso zabo bonke abaholi bezempi abakhulu. U-Admiral William Leahy, usihlalo Wezikhulu Ezihlangene Zabasebenzi, wabhala encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo ukuthi โukusetshenziswa kwalesi sikhali esinonya eHiroshima naseNagasaki kwakungelona usizo oluphathekayo empini yethu neJapane. AmaJapane ayesehluliwe kakade futhi elungele ukuzinikelaโฆโ UJenene Eisenhower, uJenene MacArthur, ngisho noJenene uHap Arnold, umkhuzi weButho Lasemoyeni, baphikisa. I-Japan yayisivele ichithekile ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamabhomu, ibhekene nendlala enkulu kusukela ekuvinjweni kwemikhumbi yempi yase-US, idangele ngokuzinikela komngane wayo waseJalimane, futhi yesaba ukuhlasela kwaseRussia okuseduze. Eqinisweni, impi yayisiphelile. Bonke abaholi abaphezulu baseMelika babazi ukuthi iJapan yehluliwe futhi ifuna ukuzinikela.
Isinqumo sokusebenzisa amabhomu e-athomu kwakuyisinqumo sezombangazwe esithathwe cishe kuphela osopolitiki ababili kuphela: umongameli odlala i-poker nomeluleki wakhe, uNobhala Wezwe uJames F. Byrnes.[1]
UMongameli uHarry S. Truman wayehlangana noChurchill noStalin endaweni engaphansi kweBerlin yasePotsdam lapho kufika izindaba eziyimfihlo zokuthi ukuhlolwa kweNew Mexico kwebhomu leathomu kwaba yimpumelelo. Izibukeli zikhumbula ukuthi uTruman "wayengumuntu oshintshile", ejabule ngokuba namandla anjalo. Nakuba amadoda ajulile ayethuthumela ngenxa yemiphumela yala mandla abhubhisayo, kuTruman noNobhala Wezwe โoyinhlanganoโ yakhe, uJames Byrnes, umyalezo wawuthi: โManje sesingakwazi ukubalekela yonke into.โ
Baqhubeka nokwenza kulowo mcabango - okokuqala ebudlelwaneni babo noMoscow.
Esabela ekukhuthazeni kwezinyanga zase-U.S., uStalin wathembisa ukungena empini yase-Asia ezinyangeni ezintathu ngemva kokunqotshwa kweJalimane lobuNazi, okwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-May 1945. Kwakwaziwa kahle ukuthi amabutho amaJapane ayehlala eChina naseManchuria awakwazanga ukumelana neRed Army. . Kwaqondakala ukuthi izinto ezimbili zingase zilethe ukuzinikela kweJapane ngokushesha: Ukungena kweRussia empini kanye nesiqinisekiso sase-US sokuthi umndeni wasebukhosini wawungeke uphathwe njengezigebengu zempi.
Zombili lezi zinto zenzeka ezinsukwini nje ngemva kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki.
Kodwa basibekela ibhomu le-athomu.
Futhi lokho kwakuyiphuzu.
Ngaleyo ndlela, amabhomu e-athomu ase-U.S. athola udumo olugcwele ngokuqeda impi.
Kepha akupheleli lapho.
Ukubonakaliswa kwalesi sikhali kwanikeza uTruman noByrnes umuzwa wamandla kangangokuthi bangashiya izithembiso zangaphambili kumaRussia futhi bazame ukuhlukumeza iMoscow eYurophu. Ngalowo mqondo, amabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki awazange nje abulale ngokukhululekile amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Baphinde baqala iMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
I-Hiroshima kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi
Ukubhekwa okubaluleke kakhulu emiphumeleni yebhomu le-athomu kuthiwa kwenziwa kuGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower. Njengoba indodana yakhe ilandisa, yayicindezeleke kakhulu lapho ifunda ngomzuzu wokugcina wezinhlelo zokusebenzisa ibhomu. Ngokushesha ngemva kukaHiroshima, u-Eisenhower kubikwa ukuthi wathi ngasese:
โNgaphambi kokuthi kusetshenziswe ibhomu, bengizothi yebo, nginesiqiniseko sokuthi singakugcina ukuthula neRussia. Manje, angazi. Kuze kube manje bengizosho ukuthi thina sobathathu, iBrithani nemikhumbi yayo enamandla, iMelika enombutho wezomoya onamandla kunawo wonke, kanye neRussia enamandla amakhulu ezwenikazi, thina sobathathu besingakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthula komhlaba isikhathi eside, eside. ukuza. Kodwa manje, angazi. Abantu bethukile futhi baphazamisekile yonke indawo. Wonke umuntu uzizwa engalondekile futhi.โ[2]
Njengomkhuzi ophakeme ohlangene eYurophu, u-Eisenhower wayefunde ukuthi kwakungenzeka ukusebenzisana namaRussia. Izinhlelo zezomnotho nezepolitiki zasekhaya zase-US ne-USSR zazihluke ngokuphelele, kepha emhlabeni zazingabambisana. Njengabambisene, umehluko phakathi kwabo ikakhulukazi kwakuyindaba yokungathembani, izinto ezazingase zilungiswe.
ISoviet Union enqobile yacekelwa phansi impi: amadolobha aba amanxiwa, afa izigidi ezingamashumi amabili. AmaRussia ayefuna usizo lokwakha kabusha. Ngaphambilini, ngaphansi kukaRoosevelt, kwakuvunyelwene ngokuthi iSoviet Union izothola ukunxeshezelwa eJalimane, kanye nezikweletu ezivela e-United States. Kungazelelwe, lokhu kwaphuma ohlelweni. Njengoba zazifika izindaba zokuhlolwa okuyimpumelelo kweNew Mexico, uTruman wababaza: โLokhu kuzogcina abantu baseRussia beqondile.โ Ngenxa yokuthi ngokuzumayo bazizwa benamandla onke, uTruman noByrnes banquma ukulwa namaRussia.
UStalin watshelwa ukuthi iRussia ingathatha izinxephezelo kuphela engxenyeni esempumalanga yeJalimane evame kakhulu kwezolimo ngaphansi kombuso weRed Army. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlukaniswa kweJalimane, okuyinto iMoscow empeleni eyayiphikisana nayo.
Njengoba amazwe amaningana aseMpumalanga Yurophu ayehlangene neJalimane lamaNazi, futhi equkethe izinto eziqinile ezimelene neRussia, isimo sikaStalin kuphela salawo mazwe (ngaleso sikhathi ayethathwe yi-Red Army) kwakuwukuthi ohulumeni bawo akufanele balwe ne-USSR. Ngenxa yalokho, iMoscow yathanda ifomula ethi โPeople's Democraciesโ okusho imifelandawonye engafaki amaqembu anelungelo eleqile.
Izizwa inamandla onke, i-United States yacijisa izimfuno zayo โzokhetho olukhululekileโ ngethemba lokufaka ohulumeni abamelene namakhomanisi. Lokhu kwabuyisela emuva. Kunokuba ivumele usongo lwe-athomu olungaguquki, iSoviet Union yazibambela mathupha. Esikhundleni sokuxegisa ukulawulwa kwezepolitiki eMpumalanga Yurophu, iMoscow yabeka imibuso yeQembu LamaKhomanisi - futhi yasheshisa uhlelo lwayo lwebhomu le-athomu. Umjaho wezikhali zenuzi wawuqhubeka.
โIdla Ikhekhe Lethu Ulidleโ
UJohn J. McCloy, obhalwe umlobi wakhe uKai Bird โnjengosihlalo wenhlangano yase-U.S.โ ongakahleleki, utshele uNobhala Wezempi uHenry Stimson ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi: โBengithatha isikhundla sokuthi kufanele sibe nekhekhe lethu futhi sidle. nayo; ukuthi kufanele sikhululeke ukusebenza ngaphansi kwaleli lungiselelo lesifunda eNingizimu Melika, ngesikhathi esifanayo singenelele ngokushesha eYurophu; ukuthi akufanele sinikeze noma iyiphi impahla ... "[3] UStimson waphendula wathi, โNgicabanga kanjalo, ngokuzimisela.โ
Ngamafuphi, i-United States bekufanele igcine umkhakha wayo wethonya eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, okushiwo yi-Monroe Doctrine, kuyilapho iphuca iRussia indawo yayo ye-buffer.
Kuyadingeka ukuqaphela umehluko obukhali phakathi kwenqubomgomo yasekhaya kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphandle. Isimo sombuso wangaphakathi waseSoviet kungenzeka ukuthi sasibi njengoba sivezwa, kodwa uma kukhulunywa ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle, uStalin wazihlonipha ngobuqotho izivumelwano ezenziwa namadlelandawonye aseNtshonalanga - elahla, ngokwesibonelo, amaKhomanisi angamaGreki njengoba echotshozwa yi-Anglo. -AmaMelika ngemva kwempi. Kwakuyi-United States eyahoxa ezivumelwaneni ezenziwa e-Yalta, ezabe sezikhishwa inyumbazane njengezithengiswa โkunyanzeliso lwamakhomanisiโ. U-Stalin wayengenaso nhlobo isifiso sokukhuthaza inguquko yamaKhomanisi eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ingasaphathwa eyokuhlasela lawo mazwe. Eqinisweni ukwehluleka kwakhe ukukhuthaza inguquko yomhlaba kwaba yisisekelo somkhankaso wokulwa ne-โStalinismโ wamaTrotskyists โ okuhlanganisa namaTrotskyist ukuzinikela kwawo ekuguquguqukeni komhlaba manje sekushintshele ekukhuthazeni izimpi โzokushintsha kombusoโ wase-US.
Kunemfundiso ebusayo yaseNtshonalanga yokuthi ubushiqela benza impi, futhi imibuso yentando yeningi yenza ukuthula. Abukho ubufakazi balokho. Umbuso wobushiqela (cabanga ngeFranco Spain) ungahle ubambelele futhi ubukeke ngaphakathi. Imibuso emikhulu yama-impiriyali, iBrithani neFrance, kwakungamademokhrasi. IDemocratic America ikude nokuthula.
Ngenkathi iSoviet Union isungula eyayo izikhali zenuzi, i-United States ayikwazanga ukuphazamisa ngempumelelo eMpumalanga Yurophu futhi yabuyela ezitheni ezincane, yagumbuqela ohulumeni base-Iran naseGuatemala, yabhajwa eVietnam, ngombono wokuthi laba babengabameleli bamazwe ngamazwe. Isitha samaKhomanisi aseSoviet. Kepha manje njengoba iSoviet Union isiwa, ishiya indawo evikelekile yaseRussia eMpumalanga Yurophu, kubonakala sengathi kukhona ukuphindeka kohlobo lokuzethemba olwanqoba iTruman: injabulo yamandla angenamkhawulo. Kungani futhi iPentagon ingenza uhlelo lwamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ukuze ivuselele izikhali zenuzi zaseMelika, kuyilapho imisa amasosha nemishini yezempi enolaka eduze ngangokunokwenzeka nomngcele waseRussia?
Encwadini yakhe yango-1974 ekhuluma ngobudlelwano bakhe nomfowabo uDwight, UMongameli Uyafona, uMilton Eisenhower wabhala: โUkuqashwa kwethu kwaleli butho elisha eHiroshima naseNagasaki kwaba intukuthelo enkulu kwezinye izizwe, ikakhulukazi iSoviet Union.โ Ubuye wengeza wathi, "Impela okwenzekile eHiroshima naseNagasaki kuzoba kunembeza wabantu baseMelika kuze kube phakade."
Maye, ubufakazi kuze kube manje buphambene. Abagxeki abakhathazekile bakhishwe inyumbazane. Isikhulu esihlelekile siqamba amanga mayelana "nesidingo sokusindisa izimpilo zaseMelika" sishiye unembeza waseMelika ohlangene ucace ngokuphelele, kuyilapho amandla eBhomu edale umuzwa ongapheli wokuzibona belungile "okukhethekile" kubaholi besizwe. Thina bantu baseMelika sisodwa singenza lokho abanye abangakwazi ukukwenza, ngoba โsikhululekileโ futhi โsiyintando yeningiโ futhi bona - uma sinquma kanjalo - abanjalo. Amanye amazwe, angewona โamademokhrasiโ, angabhujiswa ukuze akhululwe. Noma wamane wabhujiswa. Lona umnyombo โwokukhethekileโ othatha indawo eWashington esikhundleni โsonembeza wabantu baseMelikaโ ongavuswanga uHiroshima, kodwa waphelelwa umoya.
Ubuthongo Bokuziphatha
Njengesivakashi e-Hiroshima, u-Obama uveze ngekhono:
โIzimpi zesikhathi samanje zisifundisa leli qiniso. UHiroshima ufundisa leli qiniso. Inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwenqubekelaphambili efanayo ezikhungweni zabantu ingasibulala. Inguquko yesayensi eyaholela ekwehlukaneni kwe-athomu idinga nenguquko yokuziphatha.โ
Yebo, kodwa akukho ukuguquguquka okunjalo kokuziphatha okuye kwenzeka.
โโฆinkumbulo yasekuseni yango-Agasti 6, 1945, akumele iphele. Leyo nkumbulo isivumela ukuthi silwe nokunganeliseki. Kuthuthukisa ukucabanga kwethu ngokuziphatha. Kusivumela ukuthi sishintshe.โ
"Ushintsho" luyisipesheli sika-Obama. Kodwa akenzanga lutho ukuguqula inqubomgomo yethu yezikhali zenuzi, ngaphandle kokuyiqinisa. Alukho uphawu โlokucabanga kokuziphathaโ okucabanga ngomonakalo le nqubomgomo esiholela kuwo. Ayikho imibono eqanjiwe yokuletha ukuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. Uthembisa nje ukuthi ngeke abavumele abantu ababi bababambe. Bangabethu.
โFuthi kusukela ngalolo suku olubi,โ kuqhubeka u-Obama, โsenze izinqumo ezisinika ithemba. I-United States neJapane awazange akhe umfelandawonye kuphela kodwa ubungane obuye bazuzela abantu bakithi okuningi kunalokho ebesingakusho ngempi.โ
Kubi lokhu. Eqinisweni, kwaba ngempi impela lapho i-US yakha khona lo mfelandawonye kanye nalobu bungane - i-United States manje ezama ukuyilwa "ku-pivot yase-Asia". Kusho ukuthi singakwazi ukuqeda amadolobha amabili ezwe ngezikhali zenuzi futhi sigcine "singagcini nje ngokuba nomfelandawonye kodwa nobungane". Pho kungani ume manje? Kungani ungenzi โabanganeโ abanjalo ngendlela efanayo, ngokwesibonelo e-Iran, u-Hillary Clinton azwakalise ngayo ukuzimisela โukushabalalisaโ uma izimo zilungile.
โLelo ikusasa esingalikhetha,โ kusho u-Obama, โikusasa lapho iHiroshima neNagasaki zingaziwa njengesiqalo sempi ye-athomu kodwa njengesiqalo sokuvuka kwethu kokuziphatha.โ
Kepha kuze kube manje, uHiroshima noNagasaki basekude kakhulu nokumaka "ukuqala kokuvuka kwethu kokuziphatha". Ngokuphambene nalokho. Inkohliso yokuba namandla angenamkhawulo yasusa noma isiphi isidingo sokuzihlola ngokujulile, noma yisiphi isidingo sokwenza umzamo wangempela wokuqonda abanye abangafani nathi nabangafuni ukufana nathi, kodwa abangahlanganyela iplanethi ngokuthula uma singahamba. bodwa.
Njengoba sinamandla onke, kumelwe sibe amandla okwenza okuhle. Eqinisweni, asinjalo. Kodwa sibonakala singakwazi ukuqaphela imingcele โyekhetheloโ lethu.
Amabhomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki afaka ubuholi baseMelika ebuthongweni bokuziphatha okungakavuki kubo.
Amanothi.
[1] Konke lokho kwaziwa ngongoti. Ubufakazi bamadokhumentari bonke babekwe nguGar Alperovitz emakhasini angama-800 encwadi yakhe yango-1995, Isinqumo Sokusebenzisa Ibhomu Le-athomu. Kodwa-ke, isikhulu siqamba amanga ngokuphikiswa okubhaliwe.
[2] I-Alperovitz pp 352-3.
[3] Ibid p.254.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela