“Ngokuvamile, ukuqothulwa kohlanga akusho ukubhujiswa ngokushesha kwesizwe. Kuhloswe ngakho ukukhombisa uhlelo oludidiyelwe lwezenzo ezahlukene okuhloswe ngalo ukucekela phansi izisekelo ezibalulekile zempilo yamaqembu ezizwe, ngenhloso yokuqothula amaqembu ngokwawo. Izinjongo zalolu hlelo kungaba ukuhlakazeka kwezikhungo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo zamasiko, ulimi, imizwa yesizwe, inkolo kanye nokuba khona kwezomnotho kwamaqembu ezizwe, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kokuphepha komuntu siqu, inkululeko, impilo, isithunzi, ngisho nezimpilo. kwabantu bamaqembu anjalo.” (Kucashunwe kuRobert Davis kanye noMark Zannis, The Genocide Machine in Canada, p. 9)
Abalweli abaningi bokuketula umbuso eHaiti ngo-February 29, 2004 bathi u-Aristide “wayengumashiqela,” “umashiqela,” noma “wayehlomisa amaqembu ezigelekeqe,” futhi “wayekhohlakele.” Abaningi bathi wabuswa “ukuvukela umbuso” okwakuzomqeda amandla. Ngokwalokhu kulandisa - okunanelwa futhi kugcinwa yimithombo yezindaba yezinkampani, ohulumeni baseNtshonalanga, kanye nombuso wamakhasimende aseHaiti phakathi kwabanye - i-US Marines ibonakale ngesikhathi esifanele phakathi kwezibhelu zombango ezibhebhetheke ngempela ebezingaholela ekutheni “ukuchitheka kwegazi” noma okubi nakakhulu, impi yombango.
Ngakho-ke, i-Marines kanye nenxusa laseMelika banikeze ukuhlakanipha nokuhlakanipha okufika ngesikhathi ku-Aristide owayexabene, emqinisekisa ukuthi "ashiye phansi" futhi avume ukundiza eCentral African Republic (enye eyayiyikoloni yaseFrance), ngaphandle kokuqala ukuthola ithuba lokukhuluma nabantu baseHaiti. isakhamuzi. Sitshelwa ukuthi lokhu bekungekona ukuketula umbuso, kodwa ukuthi u-Aristide wesula ngamabomu, ukuphela kwendaba. Senza iqiniso, uhlala kulo.
Iqiniso elisha
Umbuzo wawuwukuthi (futhi uhlala): ubani ozimisele ukwamukela leli qiniso?
AbaseCanada ngokuqinisekile banjalo. Bangena kuyo ngokushesha, njengoba kwenza amaFulentshi, i-EU, iBrazil, iChile, iRussia, iChina, namanye. Emiphakathini yala mazwe, kwakungekho ukuphikisana okukhulu naleli qiniso elisha. Wonke umuntu obhalisele iqiniso elisha unikezwe iskripthi azoprakthiza kuso futhi amfunde imigqa yakhe emisha. Yebo, manje sinenzuzo yonyaka wokucwaninga okujulile, uphenyo oluzimele, kanye nokubika okujwayelekile, okubonisa ukuthi leli qiniso elisha lalimane liwumphumela onengqondo weminyaka yokulungiselela ukuwa kokugcina kuka-Aristide kanye neLavalas ethandwayo. ukunyakaza.
Kukhona nalabo abangazange baqale bamukele leli qiniso, futhi baqhubeke bengalamukeli. Ngaphandle kuka-Aristide, owathi ngokushesha waketulwa esikhundleni “sosuku lwanamuhla,” futhi uphila njengoMongameli waseHaiti owadingiswa eNingizimu Afrika, abanye abaningi bayaphikisana nalezi zimo ezintsha. Labo abaqhubeka nokuphikisana neqiniso elisha lombuso, akumangalisi ukuthi lawo mazwe angaba sengozini enkulu kwakuyilolu hlobo lokungenelela ukuze abe inkambiso yamazwe ngamazwe. 'Uma behluleka eHaiti, ubani ongasho ukuthi asilandeli?' kubuza i-Caribbean Community yezizwe eziyi-14, i-African Union enamalungu angama-53 (emele cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyi-1), eCuba, futhi mhlawumbe ngezwi elikhulu, uHugo Chavez waseVenezuela.
Ku-World Social Forum (WSF) yakamuva e-Porto Alegre, u-Chavez wayekhuluma ngesikhundla sakhe eHaiti. Ngokombiko weWorkers' World, wathi “…ukuthi uJean-Bertrand Aristide ungumongameli osemthethweni, owathunjwa yi-US ngendlela efanayo naleyo ayethunjwe ngayo ngesikhathi sokuketula umbuso ngo-April 2002 eVenezuela. Uveze ukuthi emhlanganweni wokugcina womongameli besifunda, wathi noma yisiphi isixazululo senkinga eHaiti kuzofanele sifake u-Aristide, ukuthi isixazululo asinakuba sezandleni zeNhlangano Yezizwe noma yiliphi iqembu lomongameli - okungafanele zigxambukela ezinkingeni zezinye izizwe – kodwa ezandleni zabantu baseHaiti.”
Abantu baseHaiti
Iqembu elibaluleke kakhulu labantu ukuthi lingalamukeli leli qiniso elisanda kubekwa, yiqiniso, abantu baseHaiti. Kube nemizamo eminingi yokuhlanganisa abantu abaningi abafuna ukubuya kuka-Aristide selokhu asuswa. Amaphoyisa aseHaiti noma amalungu ebutho langaphambili ahlakaze iningi lale mibhikisho ngokudubula ngokungakhethi ezixukwini zababhikishi abangahlomile. Imibhikisho eminingana iye yahlakazwa ukuba khona nje kwamabutho e-UN, abantu abaningi baseHaiti ababona njengebutho elibusayo, hhayi eligcina ukuthula. Okukodwa okuphawulekayo kulokhu kwaba ngomhlaka-16 kuZibandlela eCap Haitien, lapho amabutho aseChile lapho ehlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kwababhikishi abangaphezu kwe-10,000 abafuna ukubuyiselwa kwe-Aristide kanye nokuhleleka komthethosisekelo. Izithombe namavidiyo alo mboniso kanye nemininingwane yangaphambilini kuyatholakala ku-www.haitiaction.net.
Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wokuqala wezempi kwakuwukuqothula abalandeli abaningi bomthethosisekelo ngokucatshangelwa ukuletha “uzinzo” “ngokukhishwa kwezikhali.” Kwathatha inyanga eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ukufunda mayelana nezibhicongo ezazenziwe ezindaweni ezimpofu, namahemuhemu amaningi kanye nemibiko yofakazi bokuzibonela efaka amasosha angaphandle ekubulaweni okuhlosiwe, nokudala ukuchitheka kwegazi uColin Powell agcizelela ukuthi u-Aristide wayekugwema ngokusula esikhundleni.
Kube nomuzwa oqinisekile wokuphuthuma owazisa imizamo ehloselwe ukwesabisa abantu. Emasontweni amathathu kuphela ngaphambi kokuba u-Aristide agumbuqelwe (ngoFebruwari 7, 2004), abantu baseHaiti abangaphezu kuka-100,000 5 bangena emigwaqweni bahlangana eSigodlweni Sikazwelonke besekela igunya lakhe lomthethosisekelo leminyaka emihlanu. Nakhu lapho ukuvukela kwangempela okwaduma kwenzeka. Kodwa awekho amakhamera avamile ayezobika ngakho, njengoba cishe wonke ayeseGonaives ehlanganisa ukuhlasela kwamasosha aseMelika aqeqeshiwe ayengene evela e-Dominican Republic.
Umbiko owodwa ojwayelekile lapho imiboniso ifanelwe ukukhulunywa ngawo, wawusohlelweni lwe-NPR lwangoFebhuwari 9 lwethi "Zonke Izinto Zicatshangelwe." Ngesikhathi usokhaya uMichele Norris ebuza intatheli uGerry Hadden ngokuthi hlobo luni lokwesekwa u-Aristide, uHadden uthe, “Kubukeka sengathi, uyazi, usaqinile enhlokodolobha. Ngomhla ziyisi-7 kuNhlolanja, okugubha iminyaka emithathu agcotshwa, kwakukhona amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abaphumela emigwaqweni yasePort-au-Prince bezolalela inkulumo yakhe. Ubonakala esakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinkumbi zabantu okungenani lapha enhloko-dolobha.”
[Izithombe ezinabile zombukiso wangoFebhuwari 7, 2004 zingatholakala kudokhumentari kaKevin Pina ethi “Haiti: Betrayal of Democracy”, futhi izithombe ziyatholakala ku-www.haitiaction.net]
Kwakuyilokhu kusekelwa okukhulu, okwakhetha no-Aristide ngoNovemba
2000, okwakudingeka "kulungiswe" ngokushesha ngomzamo ohlangene wamabutho anobudlova eHaiti. Akukaqedi, lokhu kuthula kuyaqhubeka ngenkathi umhlaba ubukele.
Ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda
I-National Lawyers Guild (NLG, bheka i-www.nlg.org) ikhiphe imibiko emibili esekelwe ophenyweni olwenzeka ngo-March 29-April 12, 2004. Ngamafuphi, “ithimba lithole ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi izisulu zokusatshiswa nodlame ziye zaba khona. abalandeli bakahulumeni okhethiwe kaMongameli u-Aristide kanye neqembu lika-Fanmi Lavalas” nokuthi “[T] ukusabisa kuye kwenziwa amasosha angaphambili namalungu e-FRAPH kanye nabanye abalandeli bamaqembu aphikisayo.”
Ngokusekelwe ezingxoxweni ezenziwa emakhazeni kahulumeni ePort au Prince, i-NLG ithi: “[Umqondisi wamakhaza] uvumile ukuthi izidumbu 'eziningi' sezingene emakhazeni kusukela ngo-March 1, 2004, okuyizinsizwa eziboshwe izandla emhlane. , opulasitiki abadutshuliwe emakhanda abo.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, “Umqondisi uvumile ukuthi izidumbu ezingu-800 'zalahlwa futhi zangcwatshwa' emakhazeni ngeSonto, ngo-March 7, 2004, nezinye izidumbu ezingu-200 zalahlwa ngeSonto, ngo-March 28, 2004. Inani 'elivamile' elachithwa lingaphansi kwekhulu inyanga.” (Bheka i-Griffin ku-Democracy Now!, Ephreli 100, 12)
Le mibiko yachithwa yiziphathimandla futhi ngenxa yalokho yacindezelwa abezindaba zebhizinisi. Ukuzingela abathakathi ngokumelene nabasekeli abaziwayo noma abasolwa baka-Aristide akuzange kuthathwe njengezindaba ezimnandi. Abasekeli bophiko lwesokudla lokuketulwa umbuso, njenge-Haiti Democracy Project ezinze eWashington, baze bahlola imibiko ye-NLG ngemva kokuyithumela kuwebhusayithi yabo, bethi uphenyo olubanzi lube nomphumela onqunywe kusengaphambili ngakho-ke lwaluchema futhi lungcolile.
Ukucutshungulwa kwalolu phenyo oluzimele (imibiko ye-NLG ibibanzi kakhulu futhi iyingcaca phakathi kwezinye ezimbalwa, njengemibiko ye-Quixote Center, EPICA, kanye ne-IA Centre) kuveza ikakhulukazi manje ukuthi imibhalo ethile yangaphakathi yeBhange Lomhlaba iputshuziwe. Le mibiko iqinisekisa ukubalwa kwendikimba ephezulu elinganiselwa izinhlangano ezizimele zamalungelo abantu njenge-NLG's. Omunye umbiko onjalo, Umbiko Wokugada Waminyaka Yonke Ngamazwe Athinteke Izingxabano wangomhla ziyi-17 kuNhlaba wezi-2004, ohlanganisa isikhathi sikaSepthemba 2003-March 2004, usho amaqiniso abandayo ngaphakathi kokulandisa okubhaliwe:
“Ukwanda kwezibhelu zomphakathi okwalandelwa ukuvukela umbuso kuhlonyiwe…ngoFebhuwari 2004 kwagcina ngokuthi uMengameli u-Aristide esule esikhundleni futhi abaleke ezweni. Umthelela wenhlalonhle yezomnotho wezinxushunxushu ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule usacutshungulwa. Izibalo zokuqala zibonisa ukuthi abantu abangaba ngu-1,000 XNUMX babulawa ubudlova ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile.”
Umbiko wakamuva, wango-July 2, 2004, owawulungiselela umhlangano webhodi leBhange Lomhlaba owawungo-July 8, othi, “Haiti Briefing Note,” ubonisa isimo esibucayi esijulile futhi uyavuma ukuthi izinto ziye zaba zimbi selokhu u-Aristide axoshwa: “Ingxabano yezombangazwe kanye nezingxabano zezombangazwe. ukuvukela kuhlonyiwe ekuqaleni kuka-2004 kwenza isimo saseHaiti sezenhlalo nezomnotho saba sibi kakade. Kwafa izinkulungwane zabantu futhi ingxenye enkulu yabantu yathonywa ukungabi namthetho nobudlova.”
Usizo nezikweletu
Ngokwesisekelo salokhu kuhlaziya, ingqungquthela yabaxhasi lapho iBhange Lomhlaba linikeza lezi zifingqo ukuze kukhishwe idokhumenti ende echaza “ukwakhiwa kabusha” kweHaiti, futhi yaqoqa izithembiso ezingaphezu kwesigidigidi samaRandi ezivela emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga; ikakhulukazi eCanada, e-US nase-EU. Ngo-December, iCanada, eyengamele ukuqhutshwa kwe-“Haiti Interim Cooperation Framework” eyaba umphumela, yanikeza umbuso wopopayi amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-1 ukuze ukwazi ukukhokha isikweletu esikhona seBhange Lomhlaba, ukuze kutholwe esisha esingaba amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-43. .
Ohulumeni abaningana, okuhlanganisa i-US, Canada, kanye ne-EU, bagodle ngamabomu amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi osizweni oluvela kuhulumeni waseHaiti kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 kwaze kwaba nguFebhruwari wezi-2004, esikhundleni salokho besebenza nama-NGO athandwayo. Manje, naphezu kwesimo esibi samalungelo abantu, wonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga kanye nezinhlangano zinqume ukuthi zizophinde zihlanganyele nohulumeni wesikhashana waseHaiti ngosizo oluqondile.
IFES
Isungulwe ngokuyikho uphenyo lwakamuva lwamalungelo abantu lukaThomas Griffin, egameni leNyuvesi yaseMiami School of Law, olunesihloko esithi Uphenyo Lwamalungelo Abantu baseHaiti: Novemba 11-21, 2004 (landa ku-www.haitiaction.net) ukuthi I-United States yasebenzisa izinhlangano zaseHaiti ukwenza umbono ka-Aristide njengomhlukumezi wamalungelo abantu owayengamele uhlelo lwezobulungiswa olukhohlakele. Inhlangano exhaswe ngezimali yi-USAID, i-International Federation of Electoral Systems (IFES), yasebenza ngaphansi kwesiqubulo “sokuqinisa imibuso yentando yeningi yezinguquko.”: “Isisekelo sohlelo lwezobulungiswa lwe-IFES kwakuwukuthi uMongameli u-Aristide 'wayelawula yonke into' futhi, ngalokho, wayelawula amajaji e-Haiti…Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lwezokwahlulela lwalukhohlakele, kanjalo kwavela umbono, u-Aristide kufanele ukuthi uyena okhohlakele kakhulu.”
I-IFES ihlanganise ngempumelelo izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, abameli, nezintatheli, futhi "yabeka isisekelo" sokwakhiwa kweQembu le-184 eliholwa amabhizinisi aphikisayo ezombusazwe eliholwa ngu-Aristide. Usihlalo we-IFES, uWilliam Hybl, naye uhlala eBhodini labaqondisi be-International Republican Institute (IRI), nabo abebehlinzeka ngosekelo lwezezimali nolwezobuchwepheshe eqenjini eliphikisayo lezepolitiki lika-Aristide, ngoxhaso lweNational Endowment for Democracy (NED). Abaphathi ababili be-IFES eHaiti bathi, "izisebenzi ze-IFES/USAID eHaiti zifuna ukuzitholela udumo ngokuxoshwa kuka-Aristide, kodwa ngeke ngenxa yokuhlonipha izifiso zikahulumeni wase-US."
Ungqongqoshe wamanje wezobulungiswa uBernard Gousse, usebenze eduze ne-IFES phakathi neminyaka emibili ngaphambi kokuketulwa kuka-Aristide, kanye ne-USAID iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kwalokho. Ungqongqoshe weKhabhinethi kaGousse, uPhilippe Vixamar, naye uxoxisane ne-IFES. Engxoxweni noThomas Griffin eHaiti, uVixamar uthe njengamanje uhola uhulumeni waseCanada. Ummeleli we-CIDA (i-Canadian International Development Agency) kamuva ukuqinisekisile lokhu, wathi u-Vixamar usebenza ngendlela "yokweluleka" ngaphakathi kwenkonzo yezobulungiswa yaseHaiti, egameni likahulumeni waseCanada. UNdunankulu wesikhashana waseHaiti uGerard Latortue, kanye noMongameli wesikhashana uBoniface Alexandre "bobabili babambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zobulungiswa ze-IFES."
Indima yaseCanada
Ngokucwayiza nokunqekuzisa ikhanda, izikhulu zaseCanada zimemezela ukuthi zizimisele ukulungisa uhlelo lwezobulungiswa lwaseHaiti. Iqhaza eliholayo laseCanada ekuphathweni komsebenzi waseHaiti akufanele liqiniswe. Amasosha aseCanada aqondisa ukuhanjiswa kwezempi kwe-UN, kanti iphoyisa laseCanada liyalela ithimba lamaphoyisa anamandla ayi-1,400. Amaphoyisa ayi-100 aseRoyal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) asebenzisana eduze namaphoyisa aseHaiti - abekhipha izigwebo ezifingqiwe emigwaqweni evulekile.
Inyanga eyodwa ngemuva kokuketula umbuso, ngo-Ephreli 1, 2004, kwembulwa ezigcawini zephalamende ukuthi i-US icele iCanada ukuthi ibambe iqhaza eHaiti, ngoba:
"IWashington inezandla zayo ezigcwele i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq ... Akukho khono lokugxila ... Leli yithuba lokuthi iCanada ikhuphuke futhi inikeze lolo hlobo lokunakwa nobuholi, futhi abaphathi [bakaBush] bangakwamukela lokhu. …[Mina] kuwuphawu lwentshisekelo nokuvuleleka e-United States ukuthi iCanada ihole kulokhu.”
Ebhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi ubuholi baseCanada buzonikeza nesiqinisekiso sokufaneleka komsebenzi, uCarlo Dade we-FOCAL, isikhungo sokucwaninga senqubomgomo ye-hemispheric exhaswe nguhulumeni (bheka i-www.focal.ca), uthi: “ICanada nayo iyawujabulela umbono isifunda njenge-counterweight kulokho okubhekwa njengokubandakanyeka okunzima kwe-US esifundeni, izwi lokulinganisela ...".
I-Canada inezintshisekelo ezibanzi zezomnotho e-Haiti futhi, ezixhunywe kumaphrojekthi anenzuzo emangalisayo aqhubekayo e-Dominican Republic (DR). Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani yezimayini yaseCanada iPlacer Dome, inemvume yeminyaka engu-25 yePueblo Gold Mine Project, “engenye yezindawo zokugcina igolide ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni.” Ngasohlangothini lwaseHaiti, i-St. Genevieve Resources kanye ne-KWG Resources zinamalungelo akhethekile okuxhaphaza izinqolobane zethusi negolide zase-Haiti, ezinenani elingamakhulu ambalwa ezigidi zamadola. Esinye sezibonelo eziningi sithola umbuso wezikibha u-Gildan Activewear udlula ukusebenza kwawo ngaphesheya komngcele we-Haiti-DR, nokutshalwa kwezimali okusha okulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-$160 million maduze. Usonkontileka oyinhloko kaGildan eHaiti ngu-Andy Apaid, Jr., ongagcinanga ngokuhola iQembu le-184 eliphikisa u-Aristide, kodwa manje usexhasa ngezimali amaqembu ezigebengu ezilwa namaLavalas emijondolo yasePort au Prince.
Isikweletu nokuncika
Nakuba iqiniso elibekwa kubantu baseHaiti namuhla, ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, lisha, imvelo yalo iyahambisana nenqubomgomo yaseNtshonalanga ngeHaiti kusukela yathola inkululeko yayo njengeriphabhulikhi yokuqala yabantu abamnyama emhlabeni ngo-1804. usongo lwesibonelo esihle,” iHaiti yabizwa ngokuzenzakalelayo njengezwe elihlulekile, njengoba amazwe aqhuba ubugqila azabalaza ukulondoloza izimo zokuzithoba ukuze enze inzuzo enkabeni yezwe. Abazange bafise ukubona enye iHaiti, futhi benza ukweqisa okukhulu ukuze bavimbele lokhu.
Ngo-1825 uhulumeni waseFrance, egameni lalabo ababengabanikazi bezigqila, wabeka i-Haiti isinxephezelo ukuze ithole ukuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni. Emadola anamuhla, lesi sikweletu silingana namaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-21.7. Ngo-April 7, 2003, ngosuku lwesikhumbuzo sokushona kuka-Toussaint L'Ouverture, uyise wenguquko yaseHaiti, u-Aristide wacela iFrance ukuthi ikhokhele iHaiti izinxephezelo ngokubeka lesi sinxephezelo. Ngokommeli ka-Aristide, u-Ira Kurzban, iFrance yakuthatha ngokungathi sína lokhu, yazi futhi ukuthi u-Aristide wayengelona neze iphutha futhi empeleni wayesenecala eliqinile. Ibhekene nolunye “usongo lwesibonelo esihle,” okungenzeka lusakazekele nakwamanye amazwe ayengamakoloni, iFrance yaphindela kabili imizamo yayo yokuwisa u-Aristide.
I-US ayizange ibone inkululeko yaseHaiti kuze kube ngu-1863, njengoba nje izifiki zaseMelika ezanda entshonalanga zazilwa impi yokuqothula abantu bomdabu. Besekelwa izimiso ze-Monroe Doctrine, abantu baseMelika abanxanela igazi bahlasela iHaiti ngo-1915, badla izwe iminyaka engu-19. Ngokomlando, lokhu kwaba isikhathi eside kunawo wonke amasosha angaphandle eHaiti, kodwa esamanje, ngokufanayo sisekelwe embonweni wokuthi abantu abamnyama baseHaiti abakwazi ukuzibusa ngakho-ke badinga ukufundiswa kanjani, izibalo zibe zinde futhi.
Abaholi abaningi bomhlaba basonta izandla zabo bekhala ngokuthi “njengezwe elihlulekile” iHaiti idinga ukuba khona isikhathi eside ukuze iyifake emgudwini ofanele unomphela. Inkolelo iwukuthi lobu bukhona besikhathi eside bungase ngandlela thize 'buphule umjikelezo' wodlame, inkohlakalo, nokuketula umbuso.
Amaqembu amaningi acabangayo enqubomgomo yezangaphandle axoxile 'ngokungenzeka' kokusungulwa 'kokuvikela' e-Haiti, njengezinsuku zakudala. Okuxakayo lapho, yiqiniso, ukuthi lokhu bekulokhu kuwuhlelo ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi iqiniso langempela lithola ukuthi iHaiti ayibuswa abantu baseHaiti.
Ubumbano olusha
Uhlobo olusha lwenhlangano yobumbano luvela ekuqwashiseni okukhulayo kwezinqubomgomo ezenziwa e-Haiti, izinqubomgomo ezingachazwa kuphela njengezokubulala abantu. Yonke imibuso yaseNtshonalanga inomlando wokunqotshwa kohlanga. Okuxakayo ukuthi le nqubo yaqala kuso kanye isiqhingi esihlala abantu baseHaiti, ngo-1492. Akufanele kusithukuthelise kodwa kungasimangazi ukuthi ohulumeni abafana neCanada ne-United States, asebefeze izindlela zokwenziwa kwamakholoni ngaphakathi ngokucindezela nokululaza abantu bomdabu, kufanele ikhiphe lezi zindlela eHaiti. Indima yethu wukuqonda la maqiniso futhi sakhe izindlela zokuwahlakaza.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela