“Asifisi ukunqoba ukhetho ngoba inxele eGuatemala ishayeke kakhulu. Lokhu kumayelana nokuthatha igxathu elilodwa eliya phambili ekukhulumeni ukumelana nomfelandawonye omusha phakathi kwemifelandawonye yakudala ye-paramilitary/oligarchy kanye nomnotho wakamuva osekelwe ezenzweni zobugebengu,” kuchaza uMario Godínez, uprofesa wasenyuvesi kanye nelungu le-MNR (New Republic Movement). I-MNR iyingxenye ye-Frente Amplio [Broad Front] yezinhlangano ezingamanxele ezakhelwe ukhetho lukamongameli lwangoSepthemba.
U-Godínez ucabanga ukuthi izwe lakhe lingase libe yindawo yokuketulwa umbuso ngaphambi kokhetho. Uyilungu lenhlangano yezemvelo i-Ceiba, eyeseka umphakathi ukumelana nezimayini zamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi inqubo "yokubonisana nomphakathi" lapho abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi bezwakalise ukungahambisani nemiklamo emikhulu yezimayini emihlanganweni yomnyango, yomphakathi kanye ne-canton. amazinga.
Engxoxweni yakamuva uchaze ukuthi usho ukuthini ngokuthi "i-recolonization" ye-Central America kusukela ekusayinwe kwesivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala ne-United State (CAFTA), okuyinto, phakathi kwezinye izinkinga, eye yabukela phansi ubukhosi bokudla "ngokudla okushintshwe izakhi zofuzo." usizo” ngendlela yezinsalela zezolimo ezivela eWashington.
Abezindaba babike ngokwanda kwempi emphakathini waseGuatemala, nodlame oluningi oluhlobene nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa.
Ukwandiswa kwemodeli yonxiwankulu kuza kithi ngezindlela ezimbili: Ukukhula kwebhizinisi lezolimo, ngaphezu kwakho konke umoba kanye nesundu sase-Afrika, kanye nokwanda kwezimayini, kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi angasese okuhambisana nakho. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izwe seliphendulwe indawo yokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa ukusuka eningizimu kuya e-United States, kunombango omkhulu ngendawo esemngceleni ophakathi kweGuatemala neMexico. Konke lokhu kudala isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-oligarchies amadala angenele imifelandawonye nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa kanye nabahwebi. Lokho kuchitha umbuso owawuvele untekenteke, kokubili mayelana namalungelo ezakhamuzi kanye nangokwezokuphepha. Ingxenye enhle yodlame lwamanje lucasulwa “abaqaphisi blancas,” njengoba sesivele sinamasosha azimele angama-60,000 namaphoyisa ayi-15,000. Eqinisweni, lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi ukuphepha kwangasese-okusemthethweni noma okungekho emthethweni-kuvikela ama-mafias ngenqubo yokulwela kabusha izwe.
Ingabe izivumelwano zokuthula zango-1996 zakwazi ukunqanda udlame?
Yehla phakathi kuka-1996 no-2006, kodwa indawo yezempi izalwa kabusha ezifundeni lapho imithombo yemvelo iyinsada futhi kunamaphrojekthi amakhulu ezimayini. Kungakho singasho ukuthi lokhu kuyimpi esebenzela amafemu amakhulu ezizwe ngezizwe.
Ukuchaza kanjani ukwanda okukhulu kodlame oluhambisana nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa?
IGuatemala yaphila ngenqubomgomo yokuqothulwa kohlanga: amadolobhana angama-440 acekelwa phansi, izinkulungwane zabantu zanyamalala, nokufa kwabantu abangu-200,000. Lolo dlame oluqoqiwe aluzange luxazululwe izivumelwano zokuthula. Manje ezokuphepha sezenziwe ezizimele ngomfelandawonye phakathi kwamaqembu ezigebengu ayesebenza ngeminyaka yawo-1980, akhiwa amasosha amelene namakhomanisi kanye nentsha ekhokhelwa ukucekela phansi inhlangano edumile. La maqembu amasosha siwabiza ngokuthi “ama-Guardias blancas.” Abazange banyamalale nezivumelwano. Bazitholela awabo amandla, manje abonakala ehlobene namaqembu ezigebengu zomhlaba wonke, ama-maras, axhumene nabafuduki e-United States nakwamanye amazwe aseMelika Ephakathi. Kukhona ukuhlukana kwabasebenzi: amaqembu anobudlova axhumene nokuthengiswa kwezidakamizwa ezingeni lezitolo kuyilapho ukushushumbiswa kuhlelwa izinkampani ezinkulu, njengenkampani yeSinaloa eMexico, esezibeke eGuatemala. Amasosha aseGuatemala, amaqembu ama-elite afana nama-kaibiles, kanye nabaseMexico bakha inqola yeZeta. Banikwe inkontileka yi-cartel ukuthi banakekele ibhizinisi.
Ubhekisele kunqubo yezivumelwano zokuthula zokuthunyelwe.
Yebo. Okwenzekile kuyafana nalokho esasiphila kukho ngeminyaka yawo-1970: Amasosha ayenganelisekile ngokugcina ukuhleleka kwe-oligarchy futhi agcina esebhizinisini. Yingakho bethathe izintambo zombuso. Manje amaqembu afana ne-Zetas akasafuni ukunikeza ukuvikelwa kwama-narcos, afuna ukubamba iqhaza ngokuqondile ebhizinisini. Amasosha amaningi aqeqeshwa u-Israyeli phakathi nempi yombango ayingxenye yala maqoqo, ngoba lapho amasosha encishiswa, athuthela kulawa mabhizinisi amasha futhi anikeza nokuvikeleka emisebenzini yezimayini yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukubona kanjani ukumelana nemiphakathi yasemakhaya kumaphrojekthi amakhulu ezimayini?
-Kunomkhankaso onamandla omelene nokumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile kanye nokunwetshwa kwe-petroleum. Endaweni yaseSan Marcos bakwazile ukuthola omasipala abangama-30 ukuthi banqabe ukumbiwa kwezimayini. Le nkampani yenza inkontileka nabezokuphepha abazimele abangazange bafihle ukuthi babengama-Israel ukuthi bahlukumeze inhlangano. Kwenzeke okufanayo nge-Union Fenosa [inkampani yamandla yaseSpain], enezixhumanisi zenkampani eyenza umsebenzi wayo ongcolile. Le nkampani yaba nengxabano enkulu nabantu ababeyeke ukukhokha izikweletu zabo, iSan Marcos Resistance Front against Transnationals, kwathi ekupheleni konyaka odlule, kwase kubulawe abantu ababili, bebulawa ngamaqembu ahlomile axhumene nale nkampani.
Usungula ubudlelwano phakathi kokwanda kodlame kanye nezimayini ezinkulu?
Ngicabanga ukuthi sisekuqaleni kokuthile okubucayi nakakhulu. UJenene Otto Pérez Molina osethathe umhlalaphansi nePatriot Party yakhe unethuba elihle lokuwina ukhetho. Ukulwa nokuvukela umbuso ngeminyaka yawo-1980s ukuzibandakanya kwezombusazwe kanye nokuphusha umthetho omusha wokwabiwa kwamanzi, okusho ukubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo okunzima kakhulu.
Ukuchaza kanjani ukwesekwa okudumile kwe-ultra-right, eyabangela ukufa kwabantu abaningi kangaka phakathi nempi?
Kungumphumela wenqubo eqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi. Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule kube nodlame olushubile, njengokuhlaselwa kwabagibeli bamabhasi, okwenza abantu baphelelwe ithemba. Umbuso awukwazi nokuncane ukunqanda lokhu ngoba amaphoyisa namasosha yiwo abangela lezi zenzo zodlame. Kodwa okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi emadolobheni amaningi asemakhaya nasezigodini lapho kwenzeka khona ukuqothulwa kohlanga, abalungile bayawina ngoba kuyisu lokusinda lapho bengakwazanga ukugqashula izibopho nengcindezelo ngenxa yokwesaba.
Ibonwa kanjani iphrojekthi ye-US Southern Command mayelana nokungenelela kwamasosha emngceleni weMexico-Guatemala?
Akuyona into entsha, ukuhluka nje kwe-Plan Colombia kanye ne-Plan Puebla-Panama, ezahlangatshezwana nokuphikiswa okuqinile ngenkathi u-George W. Bush ethula. Imishini ye-New Horizons [Nuevos Horizontes] enezinjongo zokusiza abantu yethulwa cishe ngo-2000, nango-2003 lapho kusayinwa i-CAFTA. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, iWashington yayinezingalo ezingokomthetho zokuvikela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwasayinwa isivumelwano sezempi namazwe akulesi sifunda. Kodwa ngezenzakalo zaseHonduras, amasu ashintsha futhi ashintsha impi. Manje amanxusa aseMelika angenelela ngokusobala kwezombusazwe zangaphakathi. EHonduras baphinde bavula isizinda sePalmerola, bakha esisha e-la Mosquitia, futhi banquma ukuthi i-El Salvador kufanele ibe ihhovisi lesifunda le-Interpol.
Ukulwela impi akuyona into ngokwakho.
Kunokumelana okuqinile nezinkampani zezimayini zamazwe ngamazwe, kokubili phakathi kwemiphakathi yendabuko kanye nama-campesino. Kubikezelwa ukuthi eminyakeni ezayo izinxushunxushu zizokwanda kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi imiklamo yezimayini ihamba ngesivinini esikhulu. E-Cabañas, e-El Salvador, abantu bakwazile ukumisa ukuhlola kwezimayini futhi besaba ukuthi lokhu kuzodlulela nakwezinye izindawo. EGuatemala kunomasipala abangama-56 abazimemezele ukuthi abasasebenzi ngenxa yezimayini ngoba abantu bathatha izinyathelo ezibalulekile, manje sebevikela imithombo yemvelo njengamanzi. Kodwa bangase bagcine sebezitshela ukuthi bakhululekile kuHulumeni ongabamele.
Bekungahamba kude kangakanani?
Sibhekene nokuhlehla maqondana nobushiqela, nakuba kunokhetho. EGuatemala bazama izindlela zokuvikela ukutshalwa kwezimali ngokunciphisa umbuso. Futhi akuzona izinkampani zase-US kuphela. Kunezinkampani eziningi zaseCanada, zaseYurophu naseShayina ezingene endaweni esogwini ukuze zikhishwe i-titanium kanye nokubeka indawo yezepolitiki ePacific ukuze zimbe ogwini.
Ingabe lokhu kuhlaziywa kweGuatemala kunganwetshwa naseMelika Ephakathi?
Yonke i-Central America iphikiswana ngabalingisi abambalwa: amafemu amakhulu ezizwe ngezizwe, amandla ezempi amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni kanye namandla asafufusa, izinhlangano ezishushumbisa izidakamizwa. Kukhona iqoqo elikhulu lemihlathi elisizungezile. Ngaphambi kokuthi sazi ukuthi ingcindezelo ivela kuphi, kodwa manje isintekenteke kakhulu ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi inhlangano yezidakamizwa ekuhlaselayo egameni lenkampani ethile. Noma kungaba yona leyo nkampani enonogada bayo abazimele. Noma uMbuso ngokwawo ungathi uyisigebengu. Bangu-250 abaholi bezenhlalakahle, kusukela kubaholi bomdabu kuya kwabashisekeli bezemvelo, abanezincwadi ezigunyaza ukuba baboshwe ngoba bevikela umhlaba wabo.
Ingabe ohulumeni abathuthukayo eNicaragua nase-El Salvador bakwazile ukukunqanda lokhu ukuba kungenzeki?
Inkinga babhekene namandla amakhulu kazwelonke. Lapho uhlelo lwezezimali luwa eGuatemala abashushumbisi bezidakamizwa bababoleka imali, futhi uma kuyindaba yokubhekana nemikhakha edumile, bonke bayahlangana. Kukhona umfelandawonye we-de facto phakathi kwama-oligarchies amadala asethuthuke manje, anemali yesifunda kanye nohlelo lwezezimali lwesifunda, kanye namafemu amakhulu ezizwe ngezizwe. Lokho kuvimbela noma yikuphi ukungabaza kwemodeli [yezomnotho], ngoba banamandla amakhulu okuvimba uhlelo lwezepolitiki.
Kuyini iphuzu lokungenela ukhetho kulesi simo?
Kuyindlela yokuphonsela inselelo amandla, nakuba abakwesokunxele bengakwazi ukunqoba eGuatemala. Kuyindlela yokuvuselela ukuxhumana nabantu abalahlekelwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Miningi imiphakathi esivele ikhuluma ngokudala kabusha uMbuso, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi kunemikhakha yabantu abasezingeni eliphakathi nayo emelene nephrojekthi yebhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuxoxisana nomphakathi ngokumelene nokumbiwa kwezimayini kwaveza inqubo yokuphikisa eyasixaka, futhi isisabalele ezweni lonke. Kunento entsha eyakhiwayo efaka amabhuleki ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe.
SIDEBAR
Uhulumeni Akayilaleli I-CIDH
Yenqaba Ukuthinta Izimayini
Uhulumeni waseGuatemala uwuchithile umbono wokuvala imayini yaseCanada esolwa ngokudala ukungcola endaweni yaseSan Marcos, naphezu kokuthi i-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH) yayikhiphe umyalelo wokuthi kumiswe ukusebenza.
Noma kunjalo, iPhini likaNgqongqoshe Wezamandla kanye no-Mies, u-Ricardo Pennington, utshele abezindaba ukuthi azikho izizathu zokumiswa kwemayini i-Marlin I (inkampani engaphansi kwenkampani yaseCanada iGoldcorp). Leso sinqumo senziwa ungqongqoshe “ngemuva kokubonisana nomthetho [waseGuatemala]” ukuze kutholakale ukuthi sasikhona yini isizathu sokumisa ukumiswa.
Umbiko osemthethweni wenziwe ngaphambi kwetafula lezingxoxo elidalwe ngonyaka odlule ngemuva kokuthi isinqumo se-CIDH ngoMeyi 2010 siyalele ukuvalwa kwemayini yase-Marlin, e-San Miguel Ixtahuacán, e-San Marcos, njengesinyathelo sokuvimbela. Imiphakathi engu-XNUMX isola ukuthi ibe nezinkinga zempilo ngenxa yokungcola.
NgokukaMagalí Rey Rosa, isishoshovu sezemvelo enkampanini iSaviaguate, iSchool of Ecological Thought, isinqumo somnyango “siwuphawu lokungabaza kukahulumeni ngoba uthobela umyalelo we-CIDH, awuphikisani ngaso.”
Ulwazi oluvela kwa-Goldcorp lubonisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-2005 no-2010, ngesikhathi imayini isebenza eGuatemala, inkampani yazuza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.416 ngokuthengiswa kwegolide nesiliva elikhishwe kuleyo ndawo yomdabu.
U-Raúl Zibechi ungumhlaziyi wamazwe ngamazwe we-Brecha yaseMontevideo, e-Uruguay, uthisha nomcwaningi wezinhlangano zomphakathi e-Multiversidad Franciscana de América Latina, kanye nomeluleki wamaqembu omphakathi amaningana. Ubhala ikholomu yanyanga zonke yoHlelo LwaseMelika (www.cipamericas.org).
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