Umholi wokugcina weSoviet Union, uMikhail Gorbachev, ubekwe endlini yakhe yokugcina ngoMgqibelo eMoscow. Awuzange uqokwe ngokusemthethweni njengomngcwabo kahulumeni, nakuba "unezici zomngcwabo wombuso," kanye nomongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin. weqa.
I-snub ayimangazi. Uhlelo lukaGorbachev lwe i-perestroika (ukuhlela kabusha) kanye glasnost (ukuvuleleka) bekumele umzamo wokukhulula uhlelo lweSoviet ngaphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wavumela amazwe eSivumelwano saseWarsaw eMpumalanga Yurophu ukuba anqume ikusasa lazo. Njengomdlwembe waseRussia oyisishoshovu owengamele umphakathi ongalingani ngesihluku esimakwe yizinsalela ezimbalwa zesikhathi esidlule sobusoshiyali, uPutin unesizathu esincane sokukhumbula uGorbachev ngothando.
Imithombo yezindaba yaseNtshonalanga, ngezizathu zayo, ibonakala ingaqiniseki ukuthi izomkhumbula kanjani. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sakhe sokubusa, uGorbachev wayesedume kakhulu eNtshonalanga ngoba waqeda iMpi Yomshoshaphansi futhi wasusa okwakuyingozi ehlala ikhona yokucekelana phansi. Kepha eminyakeni yakhe yakamuva, wahlambalaza ukwanda kwe-NATO futhi waxwayisa ngokuthi ukuncintisana kwamandla amakhulu okuvuselelwe kungabuyisela leyo ngozi ebhongayo - umlayezo okungenzeka ukuthi uthintane nezintatheli ezifaka amafulegi ase-Ukraine ku-Twitter bios yazo. Phela, ngisho noma wayefuna ukuguqula ubuKhomanisi baseSoviet, yena kwaba iKhomanisi.
Ngokombono walabo bethu abanethemba lohlobo olungcono lwe-socialism kunalolo olwalukhona eSoviet Union, uGorbachev angaba ebhekwa njengomuntu odabukisayo, phansi phakathi “kwama-oligarchs alindile” ayeconsa amathe ekubuyeni konxiwankulu kanye nama-hard-liners aseBrezhnevite ababecabanga ukuthi uhlelo lwezomnotho olunamandla nolungasebenzi kahle lwe-USSR, olwalucasulwe kabuhlungu iningi labantu bakhona, lungantengantenga ngendlela olwaluyiyo phakade. Uhlelo lwakhe lwezinguquko lwehlulekile, futhi iqembu lokuqala laqala ukubusa - umphumela owadala ukuqhuma kokungalingani kwezomnotho nokuhlupheka okukhulu kwabantu.
Mhlawumbe uGorbachev akakwazanga ukuphumelela. Kungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo lumane lungenazo izinsiza zangaphakathi zokuguqula ngempumelelo. Kodwa okungenani yena wazama ukuthola indlela yesithathu. Ngalokho kukodwa, ufanelwe ukukhunjulwa ngemfudumalo kunabanduleli bakhe bobu-Stalinist noma abalandela abalandela ubungxiwankulu bakhe.
Khonamanjalo, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi uhlobo lwesocialism okufanele lulwelwe namuhla luncane kakhulu olufana nohlelo olwatholwa uMikhail Gorbachev ngo-1985, noma inguqulo ekhululekile eyabhidlika ngo-1991. Uma sike saba nenhlanhla yokuzuza ngokugcwele ikusasa lezenhlalakahle, kuzomele kube uhlobo lwesocialism oluthembisayo Okuningi inkululeko, Okuningi ukuchuma, kanye nohlobo olujulile lokuzibusa kwentando yeningi kunalokhu okukhona emibusweni yentando yeningi yonxiwankulu baseNtshonalanga, uma nje kungenxa yokuthi yilolo kuphela uhlobo oluyoba nethuba lokuthola ukwesekwa okuthandwayo.
Inhlekelele Gorbachev
Encwadini yakhe Ngaphandle kwePerestroika, isazi semfundiso kaMarxist esimelene noStalinist u-Ernest Mandel siphawula ukuthi emhlanganweni wePolitburo - indikimba ebusayo yeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseSoviet Union - lapho uGorbachev ephakanyiselwe esikhundleni sakhe njengonobhala jikelele, ukungenela kwakhe kwahlongozwa ngokusemthethweni u-Andrei Gromyko, elinye lamalungu ePolitburo asebesebenze isikhathi eside. Kungenzeka ukuthi u-Gromyko wakhethwa kulo msebenzi ngoba wayazi ukuthi angaqinisekisa kanjani ama-hard-liners ka-Brezhnevite ukuthi u-Gorbachev wayengeke ashintshe ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi wayezozimisela ukuvikela uhlelo ngenkani uma ukusunduza kufika ukusunduza - inkulumo kaGromyko kufanele sifake umugqa okhuluma ngoGorbachev "namazinyo ensimbi" ngemuva "kokumomotheka okuhehayo."
Kodwa indima kaGromyko kulo mcimbi iphinde ibe wuphawu olunamandla lokuthi abaholi beqembu asebenesikhathi eside njengaye babekuqonda lokho. okuthile kuzomele ishintshe. Umnotho waseSoviet ubulokhu uwohloka isikhathi eside, ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwawo okukhiqizwa ngaphakathi kanye nokudonsa amanzi okwabekwa umjaho wezikhali weCold War ne-United States. Ngaphakathi kweSoviet Union ngokwayo, futhi ngezinga elikhulu nakakhulu emazweni eSivumelwano saseWarsaw, okuthiwa “izifunda zezisebenzi” zazicasulwa yizisebenzi zangempela ngaphansi kwezithupha zazo. Ukukhuphuka kwenhlangano yezinyunyana zasePoland Ubumbano yayiqedwe eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, kodwa ukuqhuma okwengeziwe okunjalo kwakungenakugwenywa. Isimo se-quo asikwazanga ukuhlala unomphela.
Uhlelo lokuguqulwa kukaGorbachev lwalunama-prong amathathu. Eyokuqala, futhi ebaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni ukudelela kukaPutin ngenkumbulo yakhe, ukuthi walimaza umbuso we-de facto weSoviet Union. Waqeda impi yaseSoviet e-Afghanistan - eqondisa, njengoba uchwepheshe wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle engakwesokunxele u-Kuba Wrzesniewski ebhala I-sublation "Ukuphuma okuhlonipheke ukwedlula i-Biden eyaphathwa ngo-2021" - kanye nokuxoxisana ngesivumelwano sokulawula izikhali ne-United States, okuyisenzo esikhulu sobunxusa uma kubhekwa ukuthi "wayenoklebe omkhulu uReagan njengozakwabo." Okubaluleke nakakhulu, wayishiya ngokusemthethweni iMfundiso kaBrezhnev eyayiqinisekisa ukulawula kweSoviet phezu kwezizwe zaseMpumalanga Yurophu. Lokhu kwaphinde kwaqinisa ubuzwe ngaphakathi kwe-USSR ngokwayo futhi ekugcineni kwaholela ekuhlakazweni kwenyunyana ngemuva kokuthi uGorbachev elahlekelwe amandla.
Eyesibili kwaba i-perestroika, ukuhlelwa kabusha komnotho okubandakanya ukwethulwa kwezindlela zezimakethe ngaphakathi kohlaka oluyisisekelo lokuhlela kombuso okumaphakathi. Owesithathu, glasnost, kwakuyinqubo kancane kancane yokukhulula ezombangazwe.
UMandel ukholelwa ukuthi i-prong yesibili izohluleka ngoba eyesithathu ayihambanga ngokwanele.
Intando yeningi yeSocialist akusona isidingo esivamile, futhi akuyona into ekahle ukwenzeka kancane kancane. Kuyisidingo esisebenzayo esisheshayo sokusebenza kahle komnotho waseSoviet nomphakathi waseSoviet. Ngaphandle kwale ntando yeningi akwenzeki ukuthi abahleli bazi okuthandwa ngabasebenzi njengabakhiqizi nanjengabathengi. Ukungazi lutho ngalokhu okuthandwayo, akunakwenzeka ukwaba umkhiqizo womphakathi kanye nensalela yomphakathi ngezilinganiso ezifanele. Ukugqugquzelwa kolwazi olungase lube khona kanye nesinyathelo esisafihliwe esigabeni sabasebenzi baseSoviet kuseyindida. Izinhlelo zikaGorbachev zihlala zimisiwe emoyeni, kuncike ekuthandeni okuhle kwabaphathi.
U-Mandel wayeqinisile ngale ndaba izinkinga zolwazi ebhekene nabahleli baseSoviet, ngisho nangenkathi ye-Gorbachev - nakuba enye indlela yakhe ehlongozwayo ingacacile. Okwagcina kwenzekile kwaba inhlekelele. Esikhundleni semodeli yeSoviet yokushintshwa uhlobo olungcono, lwentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle, u-Gorbachev walandelwa u-Boris Yeltsin owayengumongameli obala, futhi idlanzana lama-oligarchs laphanga umnotho wezwe okungenani okwakuyimpahla ehlangene yezwe. bonke abantu baseSoviet.
U-Mandel wayeqinisile ngempela ukuthi ukwengeza kancane ukukhululeka esakhiweni esiwohlokayo sokuhlela kweSoviet kwakungenele ukulungisa okwakungalungile ngomnotho waseSoviet. Khonamanjalo, ukuzama ukugcina izinhlaka eziyisisekelo zokulawulwa kobushiqela endaweni lapho inani labantu liya ngokuya lingesabi ukukhuluma, ukubhikisha, nokubiza izinguquko kwakuyisiphakamiso esiba nzima. “Imibono ephikisanayo,” kubhala u-Wrzesniewski, “ingavezwa ngezindlela ezinganakwa kangako, kuze kube seqophelweni lokukhuphukela ekwayeni ngasekupheleni kwawo-80s.” “Ukuqedwa kwamakoloni ngokuthula” kweMpumalanga Yurophu kwashukumisela izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ngokwazo “ukuba zibhikishe futhi zidelele igunya eliphakathi, ziqiniseka ukuthi nazo zaziyosinda emathangini, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, namakamu enhlangano yengcindezelo yaseSoviet.”
Ama-hard-liners abenovalo ngejubane lezinguquko aqala ukuketula umbuso uGorbachev okungaphumelelanga ngo-Agasti 1991, kwathi ngemuva kokwehluleka kwawo, iqembu lonxiwankulu eliholwa nguYeltsin lathatha isondo lalokho, ngoDisemba, eyayingaseyona iSoviet. Inyunyana. Imiphumela yaba mibi. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kwakhula kwaba phezulu, kanti ngenkathi ithuba nokuchuma kwanda kulawo maRussia ababa yingxenye yesigaba esiphakathi, iminyaka yokuphila yonke. wenqaba kakhulu. Noma ubani okhumbulayo efunda izindaba ezivela eRussia ngeminyaka yawo-1990s angakhumbula i-athikili ngemva kwesihloko edweba isithombe sokungahloniphi nokungabi namthetho okwakuzwakala njengokuthile okuphuma kunoveli yenganekwane yesayensi ye-dystopian. Izinto zizinzile kakhulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kunzima ukubheka emuva eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule yomlando waseRussia bese ucabanga, “Gosh, ngiyajabula ukuthi okwathatha indawo yesimiso saseSoviet kwaba ubunxiwankulu.”
I-Socialism Engcono Ingenzeka
Ingabe ikhona inguqulo yomlando waseSoviet lapho uGorbachev aphumelela khona ukuguqula iSoviet Union ibe into ehluke ngokwekhwalithi futhi engcono? Kunzima ukuphendula lolo hlobo lombuzo ongelona iqiniso nganoma yiluphi uhlobo, kodwa inkinga eyodwa ukuthi isigaba sabasebenzi baseSoviet sasingazibandakanyi nenqubo yentando yeningi yokucabangela kanye nokunquma ngezinguquko esimweni ababesiqaphela ngokuyisisekelo. yabo.
U-Wrzesniewski unikeza uGorbachev udumo “ngobuntu bobusoshiyali” awubonisa lapho ezama ukuguqula nokuvikela isimiso samaSoviet ngaphandle “kokuchitha elinye igazi.” Lokho kungase kube incazelo enembile yezinhloso zikaGorbachev, kodwa uma kubhekwa uhlobo lwesistimu ayeluzuza njengefa, ingxenye enkulu yeSoviet Union yayingahlobene naye njengommeleli wabo kodwa njengomphathi wejele ophanayo futhi okhululekile. Futhi izikhulu zombuso ezazisebenzisa amandla angempela zazimbona njengosongo ohlelweni ezihlonze ngalo noma njengesivimbamgwaqo okwakudingeka sishanelwe njengoba zaziguqula izikhulu zikahulumeni zezenhlalakahle ziye konxiwankulu abaqongelela ingcebo. Esimeni esinjalo, kunzima ukubona ukuthi noma yimuphi umphumela ubengenzeka kanjani ngaphandle kokuguqukela kunxiwankulu, ukuguqulwa kwesimo sangaphambi kwe-Gorbachev, noma inhlanganisela yesitayela samaShayina sale miphumela emibili. Emaphethelweni angaphandle angenzeka, mhlawumbe, kunomugqa wesikhathi lapho uGorbachev aqondisa i-USSR (noma iRussia nje) ohlotsheni lwentando yeningi olunobuntu nolwenhlalo lobunxiwankulu - "iSweden ngamanuki."
Kodwa inguqulo engcono ngokuphelele usonhlalonhle umphakathi kuzomele ube khona ezimweni ezihluke kakhulu. Njengoba Rosa Luxembourg wabhala kahle kusukela ngo-1918, lapho ebhala incwajana egxeka izici zokugunyaza zombuso wakuqala wamaBolshevik, intando yeningi yezenhlalakahle. ayikwazi kwenzeka “njengohlobo oluthile lwesipho sikaKhisimusi kubantu abafanelekayo, okwathi okwamanje, baye basekela ngokwethembeka idlanzana lomashiqela bobushiqela.” Uma ufuna ukuthi i-socialism yakho igcine ibuswa ngentando yabantu, kumele iqale kanjalo.
Kodwa lokho bekuzobukeka kanjani ngempela? Ukuxilongwa kukaMandel ngenkinga ngokuhlela kweSoviet kuyakholisa ngokwanele, kodwa ukumane ubeke "intando yeningi" njengesixazululo senza kuzwakale sengathi zonke izinqumo mayelana "nokwabiwa komkhiqizo wezenhlalo kanye nensalela yomphakathi" zizovotelwa - noma okubi nakakhulu. , omunye umhlangano omkhulu ongapheli lapho wonke umuntu echitha amahora amaningi efuna ukuvumelana. Phela, akulula ukubona ukuthi kanjani omele intando yeningi inganikeza abahleli imininingwane enemininingwane, nezinhlamvu ezinhle mayelana "nokuthandwa ngabasebenzi njengabakhiqizi nabathengi" - ukungabibikho kwakho okuholele emikhiqizweni ewubukhazikhazi namashalofu esitolo segrosa angenalutho ayecasula izakhamizi ezijwayelekile zaseSoviet. Ingabe lonke udaba olumayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokusanhlamvu kwasekuseni okufanele zikhiqizwe, yiziphi izimboni okufanele zikhethe kuqala izinto zokusetshenziswa, njalo njalo, kungaba udaba lomkhankaso okhethweni lwabameleli?
In I-Blueprint, incwadi engiyibhala noBhaskar Sunkara kanye noMike Beggs, sibeka omunye umbono ohlukanisa indaba yentando yeningi yabasebenzi odabeni lokuthandwa ngabathengi. Isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu sokuthi amasocialists ahlale ekhuthaza intando yeningi emsebenzini ukuthi indawo yokusebenza iyindawo lapho abantu abadala abaningi kufanele bachithe okungenani ingxenye yempilo yabo yokuvuka izinsuku eziningi zesonto. Akekho okufanele achithe sonke leso sikhathi ethatha imiyalo evela kubaphathi abangakwazi ukusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuziphendulela okuqondile kwentando yeningi. Nokuntuleka kokufakwa kwentando yeningi ekunqumeni ukuthi kwenzekani ku- umkhiqizo yezisebenzi ezihlangene zabasebenzi - ukuntuleka kwama-Marxists ucingo "ukuxhashazwa" - kudala izinga elingenakuvikeleka lokungalingani kwezomnotho.
Kodwa asikho isizathu sokuthi intando yeningi emsebenzini, kanye nokuhlelwa okungenamakethe kwalezo zimpahla zomphakathi lapho izimakethe zikhiqiza imiphumela engathandeki kakhulu emphakathini, akukwazi ukuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zemakethe ukuxazulula izinkinga zolwazi ezikhungethe ngisho nabahleli baseSoviet besikhathi saseGorbachev. Kulo mfanekiso ovezwe encwadini yethu, ubudlela-ndawonye obugcwele bentando yeningi ngeke buhlanganise nje kuphela izizinda ezifana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nemfundo kodwa amabhange kanye nezinye izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu zomnotho kuzoba ngezikahulumeni. Umkhakha osele ongeyena ozimele uzokwakhiwa imifelandawonye yabasebenzi encintisanayo ezoqasha izinto ezibonakalayo zokukhiqiza emphakathini wonkana ngezibonelelo zamabhange kahulumeni. Uma konke lokhu kuhlanganiswa nomphakathi oqinile, umkhankaso wezindaba okhululekile, kanye nokhetho lwangempela lwamaqembu amaningi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukusethwa okunjalo kungasinika umhlaba ohluke kakhulu kulokho okwakukhona eSoviet Union kanye nohlelo lwe-neoliberal oseluphenduke inzondo emhlabeni wonke. kusukela ukuwa kwe-USSR.
U-Wrzesniewski uzwakalisa ukungaphatheki kahle ngokuziphatha kuka-Gorbachev emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokuphelelwa amandla futhi waziphatha ngokunethezeka kakhulu kulokho okwalandela. (Okudume kakhulu, wadlala ku-a I-Pizza Hut commercial.) Kodwa unikeza isivikelo esifanelekayo. Okwafika ngemva kokuba uGorbachev eshiye isiteji—“inguquko 'yokwelapha eshaqisayo' eya ebunxiwankulu, ukuphangwa kwengcebo yezwe yizigelekeqe ezixhumene kahle, izisombululo ezibulalayo ezisakazwa abeluleki baseNtshonalanga, kanye nenhlekelele yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, nezombusazwe esaqhubeka nokuhlukumeza umphakathi. umbuso wangemva kweSoviet” - kwakungeyona "inhloso yakhe noma ukwenza kwakhe." Yena wazama ukuqondisa isifundo esihlukile.
Ngokungangabazeki uGorbachev ngokwakhe wenza inqwaba yamaphutha lapho eqala leyo nkambo, futhi akunakwenzeka ukwazi ukuthi enye indoda yayingathola umphumela ohlukile. Kodwa inkinga eyisisekelo kungenzeka kube ukuthi, njengoba uRosa Luxembourg abona amashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaMikhail Gorbachev, umbuso wentando yeningi wobuhlali. ayikwazanga phuma kunoma ibuphi ubushiqela “okwesikhashana” noma “okwesikhashana” okusolwayo. Uma sifuna ukuzuza uhlobo lomphakathi lapho i-Pizza Hut ingagcini nje ngokuba ngaphansi kombuso kodwa ibekwe ngaphansi kokulawula kwabasebenzi, umgwaqo lapho kuzomele kube owentando yeningi lapho isigaba sabasebenzi esihlelekile nesihileleke ngokwepolitiki sisebenzela izithakazelo zaso. . Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kungasho kuqala ukulwa nezinguquko zentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle bese ulwela ukweqa imingcele yentando yeningi yezenhlalo. Ziningi izindlela zokuqala kulowo mgwaqo futhi ungalokothi ufike lapho uya khona - ngoba izitha zakho zikwehlulile, noma ngenxa yamaphutha akho, noma ngenxa yokuthi ulahlekelwe ukwesekwa okudumile. Kodwa iyona kuphela eholela lapho sifuna ukuya khona.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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