Umbono jikelele wesimo
Isenzakalo esibalulekile empilweni yezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe zaseBelarus kule minyaka eyishumi edlule akubanga ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine, kodwa kunalokho imibhikisho emikhulu elandela ukhetho lukamongameli ngo-2020. Kwakuyimibhikisho kanye le mibhikisho eyahlukanisa ukuphila komphakathi waseBelarus 'ngaphambi kokhetho. โ futhi โngemuva.โ Phakathi nesikhathi โsangaphambiliโ umuntu angahlonza izinga eliphansi lomsebenzi, nakuba kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo zesiko lezombangazwe elibuthaka, kodwa esikhathini 'emva' sekuvele kuthuleke. Ngenxa yalokho cishe abekho abadlali bezombangazwe abasele eBelarus abazokwazi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nangokucacile ngempi kanye nemiphumela yayo eqondile. Lapha sizama ukuchaza izimo ezizungeze ukuthuthukiswa, noma ngokunembile inkinga, yezombangazwe kwesokunxele eBelarus eminyakeni emibili edlule. Ngokwemvelo ukuhlanzwa okuphelele kombuso kwabamelene nabo kanye nokulawula kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi womphakathi akuzange kusize ukuthuthukiswa kokunyakaza kwesobunxele kanye nezinhlelo. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqembu ezingxoxo athathe ukubaluleka okuthile. E-Belarus yesimanje basebenza njengesiqalo sokuhlalisana kwezombangazwe kwalabo abangakwesobunxele, futhi amalungu abo avame ukwenza izikhundla zabo ezindabeni zamanje zaziwe esidlangalaleni.
Ukulandelana kwezikhathi zemibhikisho eBelarus ngo-2020 kuchazwe kaningi futhi ngeke sikuphinde lokhu lapha. Sizovele siveze ukuthi into esemqoka ekukhuleni kwemibhikisho kwakuwudlame olungakaze lubonwe olwasetshenziswa eqenjini elincane labantu ababa ngabokuqala ukuphuma baye ezigcawini ngemuva kokhetho lukamongameli, ngesikhathi lapho i-inthanethi ivaliwe ezweni lonke. Kwakungenxa yalolu dlame kanye nobudlova obenziwa abezokuphepha lapho isibalo esikhulu sabantu saphumela emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni nasemadolobheni aseBelarus. Kodwa-ke, abaphikisi abakwazanga ukuthuthukisa indlela yamasu yokufaka ingcindezi kuLukashenka nokumphoqa ukuba ashiye isikhundla sikamongameli - ngisho nokusekelwa kwabantu abaningi emigwaqweni. USvetlana Tikhanovskaya, ikhandidethi elikhulu eliphikisayo okhethweni lukamongameli, wayeseVilnius kusukela ku-9th Agasti 2020 futhi yayingenazo izixhumanisi ezisunguliwe kubabhikishi eMinsk. Ngo-Okthoba walowo nyaka u-Tikhanovskaya wazama ukumemezela "isiteleka esivamile" esasinganakwa iningi labantu. Ekupheleni kuka-2020 ukunyakaza kombhikisho eBelarus kwase kuphelile.
Pho kwakwenzekeni? Ngemva kokudedela abantu ukuthi bavuthulule umusi emibhikishweni yomphakathi enokuthula, uLukashenka waqhubeka nokuhlasela: ababhikishi balandelelwa phansi futhi babekwa amacala obugebengu. Abantu baqala ukubalekela iBelarus ngokushesha yize beqa umngcele kwase kuba nzima ngenxa yemikhawulo yeCoronovirus. NgoJulayi 2021 ihhovisi likaTikhanovskaya eVilnius laklonyeliswa ngesikhundla sokumelela okusemthethweni kwenxusa. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi esibucayi mayelana nokuphikiswa kwentando yeningi yaseBelarus: UTikhanovskaya waba ummeleli wayo osemthethweni emehlweni amazwe aseNtshonalanga naphezu kokuxhumana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwehhovisi lakhe kanye nenani labantu bezwe lakhe. Ngenxa yalokho ukuphikiswa kwangaphakathi ezweni kwaba yinto engafaneleki kuwo womabili amazwe aseNtshonalanga nakuLukashenka. Amalungu amaningi nabasekeli balokhu kuphikisa bagcina bevalelwe ejele noma ngaphansi komhlaba (ngokusho kwe-UN ekupheleni kuka-2021 kwakukhona iziboshwa zezombangazwe ze-969 eBelarus). Ngaphandle kweBelarus i-diaspora yahlela izinkundla nezingqungquthela eziningi ezingazange zibe nomthelela empilweni yabantu baseBelarus ababesele ezweni. Ekugcineni, abaphikisi basungula icebo elibizwa ngokuthi 'Ukunqoba' - ngemuva kokuthi umbhikisho womphakathi ungenzeki e-Belarus, abaphikisi baphendukela emibonweni yozungu futhi bakhathazeka ngokudala umphakathi oyimfihlo. Umqondo wawuwukuthi umuntu angajoyina nge-chat-bot kuTelegram, ngemva kwalokho abahlanganyeli bazoqeqeshwa njalo. Ngaso leso sikhathi lapho umbuso waseBelarusian waba buthaka kakhulu babezothola imiyalelo yezenzo eziklanyelwe ukususa uLukashenka esikhundleni sikamongameli. Iziteshi zeTelegram zezinsizakalo zokuphepha zaseBelarusian zibika njalo ukuboshwa kwababambe iqhaza bakamuva kulolu "hlelo lobuqili."
Ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine akuzange kuveze ukusabela okukhulu phakathi komphakathi waseBelarus ngoba kwakungekho mandla ahleliwe abengaveza isimo sabo. Ihhovisi likaTikhanovskaya likugxekile ukuhlasela futhi lamemezela ukudalwa kwenhlangano emelene nempi, kuhlanganise nesiphakamiso sokuthi amavolontiya kufanele athunyelwe phambili ukuze alwe ohlangothini lwase-Ukraine. Ngo-27th NgoFebhuwari okuwukuphela kombhikisho obalulekile wokulwa nempi okwenzeka eMinsk, okubandakanya abantu abangaba yinkulungwane (abangaphezu kuka-700 babo baboshwa). Kwenzeka ngosuku lwereferendamu yokwethulwa kwezichibiyelo zoMthethosisekelo okuzosho ukuthi ukhetho lwephalamende nolwendawo luzobambezeleka kuze kube u-2024. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlaka lwamandla lwashintshwa lapho kusungulwa umgwamanda omusha owawungakhethiwe onamandla amakhulu. Ingcindezelo, ukufuduka kwalabo ababezwelana nabaphikisayo, kanye nesikhundla esakhiwe ngobuthaka salaba bamuva akwenzanga lutho ukukhuthaza izinga lokubhikisha.
Umphakathi kanye nesimo sengqondo senhlalo
Kungenzeka ukukala ukusabela komphakathi empini ngokusebenzisa uhlolo lwe-inthanethi olwenziwa izikhungo zocwaningo zamazwe ngamazwe (eBelarus ucwaningo lwesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu lungenziwa kuphela ngemvume kahulumeni ukuze izikhungo zezenhlalakahle ezixhaswe nguhulumeni azikawuphakamisi lo mbuzo). Isikhungo socwaningo saseBrithani i-Chatham House kanye ne-Belarusian Analytical Association njalo benza izinhlolovo zezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni ezinokufinyelela ku-inthanethi, ngesampula kasayizi ongafika kubantu abayi-1,000. Nakuba le ndlela yokusebenza idala izinkinga mayelana nokumelela, okwamanje ayikho enye indlela yezenhlalo etholakalayo yokuqonda isimo se-Belarus.
Ngokwezibalo zakamuva, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabantu baseBelarus banezihlobo eRussia futhi cishe ingxenye yesithathu inezihlobo e-Ukraine. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ekuqaleni kukaMashi, okungukuthi ngokushesha nje ngemva kokugqashuka kwempi, u-67% wabaphenduli babemelene neRussia edubula i-Ukraine isuka endaweni yaseBelarus kanti ama-52% acabanga ukuthi iBelarus akufanele isetshenziswe yiRussia njengesisekelo. ngokuphishekela impi yayo e-Ukraine. Iningi lalimelene nokuba nezisekelo zamasosha aseRussia (44%) kanye nezikhali zenuzi zaseRussia (80%) ezitholakala endaweni yaseBelarus. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabaphendulile icabange ukuthi i-Belarus kufanele isekele izenzo ze-Russia ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kungxabano. Inhlolovo eyenziwe yi-Analytical Association nayo eyenzeka ekuqaleni kwempi yabonisa imiphumela efanayo: i-61% yaphuma ngokumelene nokusebenzisa indawo yaseBelarus ekuqhubeni impi e-Ukraine futhi i-50% ayizange ivume izenzo zaseRussia. Bangama-42% kuphela ababecabanga ukuthi iBelarus yayibambe iqhaza engxabanweni ngasohlangothini lwaseRussia futhi bangama-22% kuphela ababecabanga ukuthi iBelarus iyizwe elinolaka kule ngxabano. Lezi zibalo zisukela kuNdasa. Ukwehlukana phakathi komphakathi waseBelarusian kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlasela kweRussia kodwa ngemva kwalokho inani lalabo ababenganqunyelwe lutho laqala ukwanda kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-August elinye iphethini lingabonakala: inani lalabo ababecabanga ukuthi iBelarus kufanele ngandlela thile isekele izenzo zaseRussia ngemva kokuba impi iqale yaba yincane futhi yaba yincane.
Ngokuphathelene nenkulumo-ze kahulumeni kanye nenkulumo-ze, phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwagcina ukulandisa ukuthi iBelarus yayingeyena umhlanganyeli engxabanweni. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho bebika ngentuthuko yezempi, abezindaba zombuso bagcizelela okwakwenzeka ezifundeni zaseDonetsk naseLuhansk eziqhelelene nemingcele yaseBelarus. Lapho ekuqaleni kwempi abantu beqala ukuthi amasosha aseBelarusian athunyelwa e-Ukraine, uMnyango Wezokuvikela waseBelarus wahlela umkhankaso othi โSisendaweniโ lapho ababuthiwe baqopha amavidiyo akhombisa ukuthi basezisekelweni zabo endaweni yase-Ukraine. Belarus. Ngemva kokumenyezelwa komhlangano eRussia, izikhulu zikahulumeni zazihlale zithi akukho sinyathelo esinjalo esasihlelelwe eBelarus. Ngemva kwezindaba zokuthi kuzokwakhiwa ithimba lamasosha avela ku-Union State of Russia naseBelarus, amahlebezi mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwebutho laseBelarusian e-Ukraine aye akhula, ikakhulukazi njengoba iziphathimandla zaqala ukuhlola imininingwane yalabo ababephoqelekile ukuba bayenze. umbutho wezempi. Ngenxa yalokho ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba iPhalamende laseBelarus liphasise umthetho omusha ovimbela ukuhamba kwamanye amazwe kubo bonke abasebenzi bezempi nezokuphepha, ababuthiwe bazokwazi ukushiya izwe ngemvume yehhovisi lokubhalisela amasosha kanye nabafundi baseBelarusian abafunda phesheya. bayothola ukukhululwa enkonzweni yezempi kuphela uma izifundo zabo zazivunyelwene nohulumeni ngaphambili. Kusukela manje abezokuphepha bangeza noma ngubani ohlwini lwalabo abangavunyelwe ukuphuma ezweni uma bekholelwa ukuthi ukuba khona kwabo phesheya kungase kwephule โizinhloso zokuphepha zezwe.โ
Ngokumelene nalokhu ukumelana nombuso kaLukashenka kanye nokuba khona kwamasosha aseRussia eBelarus kwabonakala nakakhulu. Kuqhamuke iqeqebana labezitimela abebezoshisa amabhokisi adluliswayo ukuze ojantshi bangakwazi ukusebenza. Iziphathimandla zaphendula lezi zishoshovu ngokunikeza imvume yokuvulela ngenhlamvu ukuze zibalimaze ngesikhathi beboshwa. Ngenxa yalokhu kwalimala izigebengu ezimbili ngesikhathi ziboshwa zabe sezithweswa amacala obushokobezi. Ama-Cyber-partisans asebenze kakhulu ekuphazamiseni ukusebenza kojantshi besebenzisa ukuhlasela kwe-cyber. Idlanzana lezisebenzi zikaloliwe kanye nezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni aseduze nomngcele we-Ukraine noma eduze nezizinda zamasosha zabelane ngolwazi mayelana nendawo yamabutho asemhlabeni, izindiza zezempi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini yezempi. Ngenxa yabo, kwaphuma izwi mayelana nemishini yezempi (amathangi e-T-72A) ethunyelwa ezindaweni ezigcinwe eBelarus eya endaweni yaseRussia kanye nokuhamba kwezitimela ezithwala izimpahla, i-hardware, amasosha kanye nezikhulu zisuka eRussia ziya eBelarus. Abantu abathumele lolu lwazi eziteshini eziphikisayo zeTelegram bavame ukuboshwa futhi ezindaweni eziseduze nomngcele ne-Ukraine kube nochungechunge lokugasela izishoshovu eziphikisayo.
Mayelana nempilo yansuku zonke, impi ibe nomthelela osheshayo ngenxa yenswinyo okuholele ekwenyukeni kwamanani ezimpahla. Amabhizinisi amaningi alahlekelwa abahlinzeki bawo base-Europe (kanye nokufinyelela emakethe yaseYurophu) futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi bathole ababambele ngokushesha eRussia noma eChina. Akubangakho ukwanda okukhulu kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi (okungenani ngokolwazi olungabazisayo olunikezwe i-ejensi yezibalo yesifunda sase-Belstat ebinokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngo-3.7% ngoMeyi 2022). Imiphumela yezomnotho yempi ibonakala kakhulu eBelarus mayelana nokwehla kwamandla emali - ekuphenduleni lokhu uhulumeni uzame ukulawula amanani cishe ngokuwaphatha kancane.
Okwamanje umbuso awukhathazekile ngokuthi kungenzeka kube nemibhikisho njengoba unegunya eliphelele lamathuluzi empi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izikhulu zaseBelarusian zihlala zisebenzisa inkulumo-ze mayelana nalokho okuthiwa "usongo lwangaphandle" lwamazwe e-NATO aphikisana neBelarus ngokusekelwa "kwababaleki" (leli yigama elicasulayo elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza labo abaye bafuduka eminyakeni yamuva). Iningi labantu lizizwa lisengcupheni yokucindezelwa ngakho-ke akubanga khona ukuqubuka kwemibhikisho emikhulu maqondana nempi yaseRussia e-Ukraine. Abantu bamatasatasa ngokuzama ukusinda futhi bangene ekufudukeni kwangempela noma kwangaphakathi ngakho akwenzeki ukukhomba noma yimiphi imibhikisho emikhulu emelene nempi.
Amaqembu ezepolitiki
Amaqembu aphikisayo abhalisiwe asekhona eBelarus. Ngokomthetho amaqembu awakutholi ukwesekwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuhulumeni futhi awanalo ilungelo lokuthola ukwesekwa okunjalo kwamanye amazwe ngakho ancike emalini yamalungu awo. Uhlelo lwamabhange eBelarus lulawulwa ngokuqinile ngakho akekho onikelayo ngaphakathi ezweni ongaba nesibindi sokusiza amaqembu aphikisayo ngokuwanikeza inani elibalulekile. Amaqembu aphikisayo kumele azitholele izinsiza wona kanye namaqembu awo okusho ukuthi kumele asebenze ezindaweni ezingahlangene nepolitiki futhi imisebenzi yawo yezepolitiki ilinganiselwe kunoma yisiphi isikhathi esikhululekile anaso. Ngenxa yalokho, imisebenzi yezishoshovu zeqembu eliphikisayo ilinganiselwe kakhulu: njengomthetho benza izitatimende zomphakathi, baqhube amanethiwekhi omphakathi futhi ngezikhathi ezithile bahlela ukuqeqeshwa kweqembu noma imicimbi. Ukuqasha ihhovisi elisemthethweni, ukuba nekheli elisemthethweni kanye nokunye okusemthethweni sekuphenduke isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa esimweni sikahulumeni osuse ukuphikiswa kwezepolitiki (ngaphandle kwalokhu okubizwa โngokwakhayo,โ okungukuthi ukuphikisa okukhokhelwayo). Akekho noyedwa omele iqembu eliphikisayo ephalamende noma emikhandlwini yomasipala.
I-Belarusian Green Party ingesinye sezikhungo eziyinhloko zomsebenzi wezishoshovu ezingakwesokunxele ngaphakathi kwe-Belarus. Abahlaza bahlele usizo lwezindawo zokuphephela emngceleni ophakathi kweBelarus nePoland, baqoqe iziphakamiso zokushintsha ukuhlelwa kwedolobha eMinsk futhi bahlanganyele emibhikishweni yendawo ngokumelene nokwakhiwa ngokweqile emadolobheni ahlukene nasemadolobheni aseBelarus. Uhlelo olusemthethweni lweqembu lungase lubonakale luhlukile kodwa iGreens ine-ajenda yabesifazane, i-LGBT kanye ne-ajenda yamalungelo ezilwane. Iqembu liyeseka imibhikisho yango-2020 ngesikhathi esifanayo lithatha indlela ebucayi ezindleleni ezisetshenziswa amaqembu aphikisayo entando yeningi ezazikude lee obala. AbeGreens bakhiphe isitatimende esiwujuqu lapho bagxeka kakhulu udlame lwezempi lwaseRussia ngokumelene ne-Ukraine. Idlanzana lezishoshovu zeqembu likhiphe isitatimende esehlukile licela iRussia ne-Ukraine ukuthi ibambe izingxoxo.
Iqembu elingakwesokunxele laseBelarusian "Umhlaba Olungile," okungukuthi, i-Belarusian Party of Communist yangaphambili (PKB) iyiqembu elidala eliphikisayo elingakwesokunxele ezweni futhi lilandela Iqembu LamaKhomanisi laseBelarus elaliyingxenye yeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseSoviet Union. Ngo-1996 kwaba nokuhlukana phakathi kweqembu okwabangelwa yinhlolokhono eyayibanjwe uLukashenka, okwabangela ukuthi uhlangothi oluphikisayo lweqembu lagcina igama leqembu (PKB) kuyilapho abalandeli bakamongameli wamanje basungula i-Communist Party of Belarus (KPB). . Ngo-2009 i-PKB yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi "Izwe Elinobulungiswa." Umholi weqembu kusukela ngo-1996 kube uSergey Kalyakin futhi isikhundla seqembu singachazwa ngokuthi yi-Eurocommunist, nakuba iqembu ngezikhathi ezithile lisebenzisa ulimi lweSoviet bureaucracy futhi libambe iqhaza kwezinye izivumelwano zezombusazwe ezingabazekayo (isb. okhethweni lukamongameli lwango-2006). Iqembu phakathi kwezinhlaka zalo alihlanganisi kuphela omakadebona benhlangano yamaKhomanisi, kodwa nabantu abasha. Maqondana nempi yaseRussia e-Ukraine iqembu lenze isitatimende esisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi "impi ayikwazi ukuholela kunoma yini enhle" futhi yacela izinhlangothi zombili ukuthi zixoxisane.
E-Belarus kunezinhlangano ezintathu zentando yeningi ezizibheka njengezindlalifa ze I-Belarusian Socialist Assembly eyahlakazeka yaba amaqembu ahlukene e-socialist kanye nentando yeningi yobuzwe ngo-1918 [nothi: iqembu ngalinye kwamathathu edemokhrasi yomphakathi ligcine igama elithi โumhlanganoโ egameni leqembu, okungase kudideke]. Amabili kuphela kulawa angamaqembu abhalisiwe: i I-Belarusian Social-Democratic Party (BSDP, noma โAssemblyโ) kanye ne I-Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly (BSDG). Bobabili laba bangamalungu enhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe iProgressive Alliance. Iqembu lesithathu, elingabhalisiwe lentando yeningi labantu Umhlangano Wabantu (NH) iyingxenye yeSocialist International. Kuzo zonke izishoshovu nabasekeli bala maqembu banobudlelwane obulinganiselwe kwezinye izishoshovu ze-left-wing yaseBelarusian futhi abanakho ukwesekwa okubanzi okuvela kubantu. Izinhlelo zeqembu labo zilandela kancane amasiko entando yeningi yenhlalo kodwa i-BSDP ihlose ukukhawulela indima yolimi lwesiRashiya kuhulumeni kuyilapho i-BDSG kade yathuthela kwesokudla ngokwezomnotho. I-BDSG ayizange yenze isitatimende esidlangalaleni ekuphenduleni ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine kuyilapho amanye amaqembu amabili akugxeka ezitatimendeni zawo.
Amaqembu ezombusazwe aseBelarusian angeyona ingxenye yokuphikisa (kuhlanganise neQembu LamaKhomanisi laseBelarus) awazange azivumele ukuthi enze noma yikuphi ukugxeka okujulile kukaLukashenka nombuso wakhe. Mayelana nempi yase-Ukraine ngokubikezela ukuthi bagwema ukuphawula ngayo noma bazwakalise ukusekela iRussia.
Izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nezinhlangano zabasebenzi
Njengomthetho imibuso enegunya ijwayele ukuba nezinyunyana zayo ezilawula abasebenzi. IBelarus yayinemifelandawonye emibili yezinyunyana: i I-Federation of Trade Unions yaseBelarus (FPB) - inhlangano enkulu esekela uhulumeni eyathathwa ngokusobala ngaphansi kokulawula ngesikhathi uLukashenka ehlanganisa amandla ngo-2001 - kanye I-Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions (BKDP): umfelandawonye wezinyunyana eziphikisayo owasungulwa ngesikhathi se-perestroika kanye nentando yeningi eBelarus esanda kuzimela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Inhlangano yabasebenzi yaqala ukushabalala ezinsukwini zokuqala zombuso wamanje. Umthetho wezabasebenzi owaphasiswa uLukashenka ngo-1999 wabangela umonakalo omkhulu ngokumelene nokunyakaza. Imithetho emisha idlulisele bonke ubudlelwano bezabasebenzi esisekelweni senkontileka, enikeza abaqashi amandla okulwa ngokuphumelelayo nanoma yikuphi ukuzihlanganisa kwabasebenzi babo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi eBelarus umkhakha wombuso sekuyisikhathi eside ungumqashi obalulekile futhi wonke amabhizinisi amakhulu axhunywe kuhulumeni, izinyunyana ezizimele zazithola zisesimweni sokuzivikela, kufanele zichithe isikhathi esiningi ekuxoxisaneni kwezomthetho kunomsebenzi wezinyunyana zabasebenzi ezingafinyelela ukhonkolo. ukunqoba. Kuze kube ngu-2020 iziphathimandla zasebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphatha futhi, okungavamile, ezingokomthetho, ukulwa nezinyunyana ezizimele nakuba amazwe ngamazwe exhumanisa I-International Labour Organization (I-ILO) kanye nezinhlangano ezisemazingeni aphansi ezizinze emabhizinisini anamasu zenze unya, ukucindezelwa okusobala kwamalungu ezinyunyana ezizimele kungenzeki. Kungalesi sizathu izinyunyana ezizimele zagcina amalungu amaningi uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlangano eziphikisayo.
Ngaphambi kokhetho lwango-2020 i-FPB yeseka ukukhethwa kukaLukashenka futhi yaxhasa ngokwengxenye umkhankaso wakhe ngezimali, kanti inhloko ye-FPB yayingumngane wakhe othembekile. I-FPB iphinde yathumela inqwaba yamalungu ayo kumakhomishana okhetho. I-BKDP ayizange ibambe iqhaza okhethweni kodwa esitatimendeni sayo yeseka amaqembu aphikisayo. Ngemva kokuqala kwemibhikisho, izinyunyana ezizimele zaqala ukubona ukutheleka okukhulu kwamalungu amasha njengoba ayeyizinhlangano eziphikisa ngokusobala (ngaso leso sikhathi i-FPB esekela umbuso yaqala ukulahlekelwa amalungu). Kwavela izinhlangano ezintsha emazingeni aphansi nakuba iziphathimandla zendawo bezivimbile ukuthi zibhalise ngokusemthethweni isimo sazo. Ngale ndlela into esemqoka eyabakhuthaza labo abajoyina inyunyana kwakuwukusekela ukuphikisa - ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nabanikazi nabaphathi bamabhizinisi ahlukene babememezela ukuthi bajoyina lezi zinyunyana.
Ezinkampanini ezinkulu zikahulumeni abasebenzi abanohlonze kakhulu ababesekela i-Tikhanovskaya bahlela amakomidi eziteleka. Ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye enkulu yabaholi bezinyunyana babemsola ngandlela thize ngoTikhanovskaya owayevele ngokukhulu ukushesha kwezombusazwe, ubudlelwano phakathi kwala makomiti eziteleka nezinyunyana babunzima. Babephishekela izinhloso ezahlukene: kuyilapho izinyunyana zazigxile emzabalazweni omude kanye nokuvikela amalungelo abasebenzi, okungukuthi ukugcina amalungu azo akhuthele kakhulu, ithimba likaTikhanovskaya lalidinga isinyathelo esinqala kanye nokusakazwa kwabezindaba. Lapho ithimba likaTikhanovskaya kamuva linxenxa ukuthi livune unswinyo lomkhakha wonke, izinyunyana zabasebenzi zaphuma ngokumelene nalokhu ngoba unswinyo olunjalo lungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwemisebenzi. Nokho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi kungabekwa amakomidi eziteleka kanye nezinyunyana ezizimele ngokumelene nomunye. Kuya ngebhizinisi okukhulunywa ngalo, amalungu enyunyana angase abe sekomitini lesiteleka aze alihole. Noma kunjalo, izinyunyana ezizimele zakhetha isu lesikhathi eside ngenkathi amakomidi eziteleka ezama ukwenza ngendlela eqinile njengoba ebale ukuthi umbuso uzowa maduze. Yilawa makomiti eziteleka abe ngewokuqala ukushushiswa ngokusemthethweni.
Ngemva kokuqala kwempi, izinyunyana ezizimele zenza izitatimende zeseka i-Ukraine. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokhu, ngo-April walo nyaka, kwaqala umkhankaso ukuqeda umbutho ozimele wezinyunyana. Abanye izinhlangano zezinyunyana zaqokwa njengezeqisayo kuyilapho abanye behoxisiwe ukubhaliswa. I abaholi bezinyunyana ezizimele baboshwa futhi kwenziwa ifilimu yenkulumo-ze mayelana nendlela okuthiwa bathola ngayo imali ezinhlanganweni zezinyunyana zamazwe ngamazwe. NgoJuni 2022 ngesicelo seHhovisi Lomshushisi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yahoxisa ukubhaliswa kwazo zonke izinyunyana ezizimele ezweni.
Amaphrojekthi wemidiya
Ngemuva kwemibhikisho yango-2020 imithombo yezindaba eminingi engakwesokunxele yathola izethameli ezintsha. Ngaphandle kokusekela obala noma yiluphi uhlangothi phakathi nemibhikisho, babevame ukugxila kulesi sihloko. I-Poligraph.Bomvu ibhulogi ibiphawuleka ikakhulukazi kulokhu. Kuwukuqhutshekwa kwephrojekthi yeBelarusian engasekho njengamanje iPrasvet [Umsebe Wokukhanya] esiziveza kakhulu njengamanje njengesiteshi sevidiyo (imibhalo ishicilelwa lapho izikhathi ezimbalwa kakhulu). Okuqukethwe kokusakazwa kwabo kunqunyelwe ukugxeka ubuzwe baseBelarusian kanye nokuphikiswa kwentando yeningi kuLukashenka (nokugxeka okunzima kombuso ngokwawo); izinkulumo ezijwayelekile ngethiyori ye-Marxist yohlobo lwe-orthodox; kanye nezingxoxo ngezikhathi ezithile nabamele izinhlelo zophiko lwesokunxele. Ababhali bale bhulogi ngokubhuqa bazibiza ngokuthi โama-pro-regime homo-Stalinistsโ futhi le lebula ikhuluma ngendlela echaza isimo sabo. Kuma-video abo amayelana nempi akuzwakali ukuzwelana neRussia kodwa izishoshovu zithi into yokuqala eyadala impi โkwakuwukukhaphela kukaZelenskiy abavoti bakhe.โ
The Kwesobunxele ingenye yemithombo yezindaba yakudala yaseBelarusian, eqale ukushicilela ngaphambi kuka-2014. Ihlanganisa izinto eziphathelene nezombusazwe zaseBelarusian kwesokunxele lapho abahleli bengezela ngezinguqulo nezinto ezibolekwe kwezinye izinsiza. Kusukela ngo-2014-2015 lo mthombo wawuvakashelwe kakhulu kumasayithi aseBelarusian angakwesokunxele, ithimba labo labahleli lihlanganisa abameleli bamaqembu ahlukene kanye nokunyakaza, futhi izinto ezintsha zivela kusayithi nsuku zonke. Nokho ukuntuleka okuphelele kwezimali kanye nezingxabano zangaphakathi kusho ukuthi manje iphrojekthi iqhutshwa iqembu elincane. Lokhu kube nomthelela nakunqubomgomo yokuhlela. Insiza izama ukwethula izikhundla ezihlukene kusukela ku-spectrum ebanzi yophiko lwesokunxele e-Belarus kodwa lokhu akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi: abahleli ngezinye izikhathi baye bazivumela ukuba benze ukuphawula okunokhahlo nokungamukeleki izishoshovu eziningi ezingakwesokunxele ezingabhalisi. Okwamanje isizindalwazi asinazo izinto zangempela futhi ngokombono we-pragmatism yezepolitiki kunzima ukuvumelana nezinto ezikhona. Isibonelo, ucezu olulodwa lwagxeka abaholi bezinyunyana zabasebenzi baseBelarusian, abaningi babo okwamanje abavalelwe.
Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokuthandwa okuthe xaxa kweziteshi zeTelegram ngesikhathi semibhikisho ngo-2020 isiteshi esisha esingaziwa esibizwa ngokuthi i-Zabastbel [Isiteleka saseBelarusian] kwavela okwakugxile ekulungiseleleni iziteleka zabasebenzi ngokumelene noLukashenka ngezimfuno zombili zezomnotho nezombusazwe. Isiteshi sisheshe sazuza ababhalisile abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa futhi emibuthanweni emikhulu yokubhikisha ngo-Agasti 2020 izishoshovu zakhipha amapheshana athuthukisa isiteshi. Ucingo lukaZabastbel kubasebenzi baseBelarusian ukuthi bateleke luhunyushelwe esiNgisini futhi lwashicilelwa kuwebhusayithi ye-Progressive International. Nokho bezingekho izixhumanisi โzemveloโ (ngomqondo we-Gramsci โorganic intellectualโ) phakathi kwabahleli besiteshi nabasebenzi abajwayelekile ngakho ngesikhathi uhulumeni eqala ukusebenzisa ingcindezelo lolu hlelo lwashabalala.
Imibuthano yokufunda
Imibuthano [kruzhki] yaba yindlela ethandwayo yokuhlela eBelarus ngemva kwemibhikisho ngo-2020. Umbono wokuthi kwakukhona impi yombango phakathi kwabaphikisayo (abamelwe uTikhanovskaya) noLukashenka "okungeyona impi yethu," kanye nokuzwelana neSoviet Union. iphrojekthi yesimanjemanje idonsele idlanzana lababambe iqhaza kule mibuthano. Umsebenzi wemibuthano okwamanje ukhawulelwe ekufundeni ama-Marxist classics (kanye noMarx, Engels kanye noLenin lokhu kufaka phakathi ababhali bezincwadi zokufunda zaseSoviet ezikhuluma nge-dialectical materialism); ukushicilela iziqeshana zevidiyo eziteshini zabo ze-YouTube; nokubamba izinkulumo ezivulekile namasemina (izikhulumi zingabantu abafanayo abavela eziteshini ze-YouTube ze-Belarusian kwesokunxele). Lolu hlobo lwesishoshovu luphephile uma kuqhathaniswa njengoba kuyivelakancane ukuzwa noma yikuphi ukugxekwa kula maqembu ngesimo senhlalo nepolitiki yamanje uma kubhekwa ukuthi akuhambisani nendlela yokuthi โonxiwankulu yonke indawo bakhohlisa abasebenzi.โ
Umbuthano wokufunda owaziwa kakhulu nobalulekile e-Belarus njengamanje i-KrasnoBY eyasungulwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule njengegatsha laseBelarusian lomsakazo womphakathi waseRussia kanye nesiteshi sevidiyo i-Station Marx. Lo mbuthano uzama ukuhlanganisa isiteshi sawo se-YouTube nokufunda okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kwama-Marxist classics. Ukukhula kwenani lababhalisile nabahlanganyeli kuphinde kwenzeka ngemuva kwemibhikisho, lapho kwenziwa isiqeshana sevidiyo esigxeka uLukashenka nabaphikisi. Ngemva kwalokho umbuthano wawuvame ukusebenzisa indlela yokuthi โizinhlangothi zombili zazingaqondakaliโ okwasiza ukudonsela izilaleli ezintsha ezifanayo emaqenjini azo okufunda. Mayelana nempi yase-Ukraine umbuthano ukhiphe okungenani iziqeshana zevidiyo ezintathu. Kwesokuqala salokhu bakhipha isicelo โse-Workersโ Front of Ukraineโ futhi bakhuluma โngonxiwankulu abaqopha indawo yase-Ukraine.โ Njengamanje umbuthano awukwazi ukukhetha phakathi kwamasu amabili ephrojekthi yabezindaba kanye nephrojekthi yezemfundo kodwa amaqhinga abo ezepolitiki kanye nokuqukethwe kwemisebenzi yabo kuzoncika kulokhu.
Umbuthano wokufunda omdala kunayo yonke eBelarus ngu-Obshee Delo [Imbangela evamile]. Ihlukile ku-KrasnoBY kuphela ngekhwalithi yobuchwepheshe yamavidiyo ayo kanye nemizamo yayo yokunikeza impahla yayo umlingiswa "ongokwesayensi". Uma i-KrasnoBY isebenzisa izingqikithi ezihlukahlukene ezithandwayo ukuze ihehe izethameli ezibanzi embuthanweni wayo, i-Obshee Delo ifunde kakhulu. Indaba yempi yaseRussia e-Ukraine ayizange ixoxwe kakhulu ngombuthano ozibophezele eposini elilodwa elide elisho inhloso ecindezela kakhulu yamaKhomanisi kumongo wempi: โUkusabalalisa inkulumo-ze, ukufundisa abasebenzi ngezithakazelo zesigaba sabo, veza ukuthi umphakathi wonxiwankulu unjani futhi uhlele abasebenzi.โ
Kubonakala sengathi le modeli yombuthano iyavela futhi isebenza ngokuqondile ngezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-KPB esekela umbuso izama, nakuba ngendlela exakile, ukujoyina leli gagasi lemibuthano ngokumemezela iqembu lama-Marxist e-Gomel elisungulwe yinhloko yophiko lwabo lwentsha. Mayelana nobushoshovu bale mibuthano okwamanje lokhu kubandakanya kakhulu ukufunda okungasoze kwabuna kweMarxist Leninism. Lokhu kuheha isibalo esithile sabadlali abadlala kwesokunxele abasemazingeni aphansi okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baqale ukubheka izindlela ezintsha zokuhlela. Isikhathi esiphezulu semibuthano mayelana nokukhula sesidlulile kakade - sasishubile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi sokungena kwezombusazwe emazingeni omphakathi okwenzeka ngemva kwemibhikisho yango-2020. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngenkathi abezokuphepha bezingela labo babambe iqhaza emibhikishweni, abantu abasha ababenokungabaza okukhulu mayelana neqembu eliphikisayo baphendukela emibuthanweni. Nokho, ngenxa yengcindezelo eqhubekayo akulula ukuthola ababambiqhaza abasha. Ukuma kwabo okungacacile ngempi yaseRussia e-Ukraine kanye neqiniso lokuthi abaxoxi ngokwanele ngempi akuzange kusize ukuthandwa kwabo. Uma kunokungqubuzana okukhona okudinga izisulu eziningi, ucingo lwesibindi "lokufunda i-Marx ukuze uqonde izimbangela eziyinhloko" ludinga ukulungiswa ukuze kubhekwane namaqiniso alesi simo.
Iziphetho namathuba esikhathi esizayo
Njengoba sibona ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine akukabi nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezepolitiki sangaphakathi eBelarus. Ingxenye yesibili ka-2020 yayikhuthaza ngendlela emangalisayo kodwa lokhu kwalandelwa unyaka ka-2021 omubi. Ekuqaleni kuka-2022 ingxenye enkulu yabaphikisayo yayidingisiwe noma isejele. Imizamo yophiko lwesokunxele kanye nokunyakaza ngaphakathi kwezwe kwaqala ukusebenza njengemithombo yezindaba entsha okwathi ngandlela thize yathinta indaba yempi yase-Ukraine. Izithameli zababukeli noma abalaleli bale mithombo yezindaba emisha zincane nokho, okungenani okwamanje. Lincane iphuzu lokukhuluma ngamathuba okuthi inhlangano yesokunxele yentando yeningi emazingeni aphansi iqhamuke eBelarus. Uma kubhekwa izimo zokucindezelwa njalo akukho sinyathelo sezepolitiki emazingeni aphansi esikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukukhulisa ukuduma kwamaqembu ezingxoxo neziteshi zevidiyo zokufundisa.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ochwepheshe bezombusazwe abasekela umbuso basanda kuqala ukusebenzisa i-trope entsha "yendlela ye-socialist yase-Belarus' Eurasian." Akungabazeki ukuthi singalindela ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze izikhulumi zombuso zizoshintshela ekusebenziseni inkulumo โyokushisekela izwe kwesokunxeleโ. Umuntu angaphinde acabange ukuthi lokhu kuthuthela ngakwesobunxele kuzothuthukiswa ngosizo lwezinkanyezi zaseRussia ze-intanethi ye-patriotic ye-left-wing for izethameli zabo zamaqembu ezingxoxo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi lokhu kufakwa esikhundleni sombono kuyoba yimpumelelo: umbuso kaLukashenka uhlale ugwema izikhundla ezicacile zemibono, uthembele emicabangweni yokuqagela (kuhlanganise ngisho nencazelo "yesimo senhlalakahle").
Ngandlela-thile umbuso kaLukashenka uzoba buthaka ngenxa yempi yaseRussia e-Ukraine njengoba iBelarus ithola ukwesekwa okukhulu kwe-geopolitical kuphela eRussia. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuholela ekunqotshweni kweRussia noma ukunqoba okungagculisi, ngaphakathi kwezwe uLukashenka angakwazi ukuthembela emandleni akhe kuphela. Esimeni esibi kakhulu iBelarus izobona impi yombango: isibalo esikhulu seziboshwa zezepolitiki ezidonsa izigwebo ezinde zenza ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuhlangana phakathi kwabaphikisayo nabalingani bakaLukashenka kungenzeki. Ihhovisi likaTikhanovskaya nalo lilindile. Ngokushesha nje lapho amandla e-Russian geopolitical, futhi ngakho-ke ukusekelwa kwawo kukaLukashenka, kuqala ukuba buthaka, ihhovisi lakhe lizosebenzisa noma yiziphi izisetshenziswa zezobuzwe kanye nabezindaba ezitholakalayo ukuketula umbuso ngaphakathi kweBelarus. Isikhathi sizosho.
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