Ngempelasonto edlule, ngenkathi iPhini likaMongameli kanye nalowo owayengumbusi wase-Indiana uMike Pence enikeza ikheli lokuqala eNyuvesi yaseNotre Dame, abafundi abangaphezu kwekhulu waphuma ephikisana nezikhundla zakhe ezimelene ne-LGBTQ kanye nenqubomgomo emelene nababaleki. UPence wasebenzisa leli thuba ukunikeza inkulumo yemizuzu engu-15 mayelana nenkulumo yenkululeko emakhempasi, egxeka lokho akubiza ngokuthi โamakhodi okukhuluma, izindawo eziphephile, ukuqondisa izigwegwe, ukunemba kwezombusazwe okugunyazwe ngabaphathiโkonke okufana nokucindezelwa kwenkululeko yenkululeko. inkulumo.โ Ngokuphambene, wayetusa izimfanelo ezinhle zokuziphatha okuhle, izinkulumo-mpikiswano ezivulekile, ukuphishekela ulwazi, kanye nokunikezana ngemibono ngokukhululekile. Izimpikiswano zikaPence, ezizwakala ziphakeme futhi zihloniphekile, zifihla okuningi njengoba zembula ngendima yenkulumo ekhululekile ezimweni zemfundo namuhla.
Kuningi okulotshwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule mayelana nezingxabano ezinkulu emanyuvesi, ikakhulukazi lezo eziphakathi kwababhikishi kanye nezibalo eziphezulu zesokudla njenge U-Ann Coulter, I-Milo Yiannopoulos, Futhi URichard Spencer, ukubeka phambili udaba lokushoshozelwa kwabafundi kanye nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Yize bekugxilwe kakhulu kulabo saziwayo ababizwa nge-โalt rightโ kanye neqhaza elikhulayo lamaqembu afana no I-Young America's Foundation (YAF), kunomlando omude kakhulu wezikhulumi ezisadla ngoludala ezimenywa emakhempasini ngaphansi kwesibhengezo sokukhuluma ngokukhululeka. Lapha ngihlola isisekelo esabekwa yi- I-Federalist Society, inhlangano esemthethweni esinesikhathi eside ithumela izikhulumi eziphendula imibuzo emanyuvesi cishe iminyaka engu-40. Ukudweba ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimpikiswano ezisetshenziswa abasekeli benkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nenkulumo ye-alt right, ngihlola ukuthi inkulumo ekhululekile kanye nezimpikiswano ezivulekile ezisetshenziswa namuhla ukuvikela imilayezo enenzondo yezikhulumi ezikude zisungulwe isikhathi eside nesidingo. okufanele ihlolwe kumongo wokukhula kwe-fascism, ukubusa kwabamhlophe, kanye nokungalingani okwedlulele kwezenhlalo. Ngokwalokhu kubuka, ukuphawula kukaPence (ngokwakhe an inhlangano yeFederalists) thatha incazelo ejulile nesabekayo.
I-Federalist Society
Ngaphandle komkhakha wezomthetho, abantu abaningi bazi okuncane kakhulu nge-Federalist Society, iqembu eliye labizwa ngokuthi โinethiwekhi yezomthetho ehleleke kahle kakhulu, exhaswa kakhulu futhi esebenza kahle kakhulu esebenza ezweni.โ[1] Njengoba ilungelo lezepolitiki lizuza amandla ngaphansi kokuphatha kukaTrump, kufanelekile ukuhlola umgomo kanye nomlando waleli qembu, elibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekushintsheni okuqinile komthetho nezepolitiki eminyakeni engama-35 edlule. Enye yezindlela iNhlangano esakaza ngayo imibono yayo futhi yathola amalungu amasha iwuhlelo lwayo olunesikhathi eside lukhona, lapho abameli abaqotho bethunyelwa khona ukuba bayokhuluma ezikoleni zomthetho. Ngokusho kwabo kwakamuva umbiko Wonyaka, AbakwaFederalists basebenzise u-$2.5M ezingxoxweni zabafundi futhi babambe imicimbi engu-1,100 ezikoleni zomthetho ezweni lonke ngo-2016 kuphela.
I-Federalist Society yasungulwa ngo-1980 ngabafundi bezomthetho kanye nabafundisi abazizwa behlukanisiwe nesimo okuthiwa sinenkululeko yezikole zomthetho. Kusukela lapho, le nhlangano ibe nempumelelo enkulu ekuguquleleni imibono yayo ibe ngumthetho nenqubomgomo, futhi ikwenze lokho kuyilapho iningi lazo lingabonwa abezindaba kanye nomphakathi jikelele. Encwadini yabo yakamuva, I-Federalist Society: I-Conservatives Yawuthatha Kanjani Umthetho Kwama-Liberals, UMichael Avery noDanielle McLaughlin bakhombisa ukuthi uxhaso olungakhawulelwe olunikezwa osozigidigidi abafana nabafowethu bakwaKoch noJohn Olin luvumele amaFederalists ukuthi akhuthaze izikhundla ezingokomthetho ezivumela amalungelo ezakhiwo ezizimele, agxeke ukungenelela kukahulumeni ezinkingeni zezenhlalo nezomnotho, futhi aqonde namalungelo abesifazane. , abokufika, abantu bebala, izitabane kanye nabantu ngabanye kanye nemiphakathi.
Kusukela yasungulwa, iNhlangano iye yakhula ngendlela ephawulekayo. Kusukela ezahlukweni ezine zezikole zomthetho ngo-1982, inwebe yafinyelela kumalungu angaphezu kuka-60,000 ezigabeni zayo ezingaphezu kuka-300+ zabafundi, ummeli, ubuhlakani, kanye nezabafundi abasafunda.[2] Nokho, akuwona wonke โamalunguโ akhokhayo futhi izimangalo zenhlangano zokuthi anezahluko ezisebenzayo kuzo zonke izikole zomthetho ziyihaba. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi zingaki izinombolo zangempela, imibono yamaFederalists isabalale ngokushesha ngokushicilelwa kwamalungu, izethulo, kanye nezikhundla zomphakathi ezinethonya. Ngesabelomali sonyaka esisukela ku-$10-15M, abakwaFederalists baye bahlakulela inethiwekhi enamandla yamathangi okucabanga, amafemu omthetho, ubuhlakani, amajaji kanye nosopolitiki.[3]
I-Federalist Society ibe nempumelelo enkulu kakhulu ekwenzeni amalungu ayo ezikhundleni ezinamandla kuyilapho igcina ithonya layo lingabonakali emphakathini. Labo abangayazi iNhlangano bangase bamangale lapho bezwa ukuthi amalungu ayo amelwe kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni nezinkantolo, kuhlanganise namajaji amane eNkantolo Ephakeme (uClarence Thomas, uJohn Roberts, uSamuel Alito, futhi muva nje, Neil Gorsuch). Lonke iJaji Likahulumeni eliqokwa oMongameli Bush (Omncane. kanye noSr.) laliyilungu leNhlangano noma lenhlangano ephethwe egunyaziwe yenhlangano, futhi bonke abaphathi beRiphabhulikhi kusukela u-Reagan efake amalungu avelele eNhlangano.[4] Lo mkhuba uyaqhubeka futhi usugqame nakakhulu ngokuphatha kukaTrump. Emkhankasweni wakhe wokhetho, uTrump wathembisa ukuthi bonke abaqokelwe esikhundleni sakhe bazoba "ikhethwe yiFederalist Society" futhi selokhu aba nguMongameli usexoxisane nabo bobabili abakwaFederalists kanye ne-conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation ekwenzeni uhlu lokugcwalisa 120+ izikhundla okwamanje ezingenalutho zenkantolo yenhlangano.
Amalungu e-Federalist Society ayaphikisana ukuthi abanalo โi-ajendaโ eqondile nokuthi akukho lutho oluyimfihlo noma olubi ngenhlangano yabo. Ngempela, iNhlangano isobala kakhulu mayelana nomsebenzi wayo, ukugxila kwayo emibonweni, nokuzibophezela kwayo ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile ngemibono yezomthetho elandelanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kubhekwa umfelandawonye wama-libertarians, ama-conservatives ezomnotho, ama-social conservatives, kanye namaKrestu, kuyiqiniso ukuthi ama-Federalists angeke kushiwo ukuthi ayi-monolith ye-ideological. Eqinisweni, inhlangano ngokwayo ayinxenxeli noma ithathe izikhundla zenqubomgomo yomphakathi, kodwa kunalokho ithembele kumalungu ayo ngamanye kanye nezinhlangano ezihlangene ukuze ziphishekele imigomo efana nokuhlehlisa izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa kanye nemithetho yokubandlulula esekelwe kobunikazi, ukuphikisana nokulawulwa kukahulumeni komnotho kanye nemvelo, ukususa ukufinyelela kumakhambi asemthethweni kubasebenzi nabathengi, ukwandisa ukwesekwa kwezwe kwezikhungo zenkolo, ukukhishwa kwezisu okuphikisayo, ukuvikela impahla yomuntu siqu, ukuvikela okuyinselele kwabokufika, kanye nokukhawulela usayizi kahulumeni wobumbano. Umthelela jikelele walezi zikhundla ezihlukahlukene (kwesinye isikhathi ezingafani) uwukunikeza izinzuzo kulabo asebecebile, kuyilapho ushiya wonke umphakathi umpofu futhi uya ngokuya uncishwa amalungelo. Nakuba iNhlangano iziveza njengenkundla yobuhlakani nje, empeleni inamandla amakhulu nethonya.
Inkulumo Yamahhala Nokunganeliseki Kwayo
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-Federalist Society ixhase izimpikiswano emakhempasini ezikole zomthetho lapho amalungu ayo ephikisana nezikhundla ezihlukahlukene ezichazwe ngenhla. Ukuhlela izimpikiswano kuyisu eliyisihluthulelo leNhlangano, elivumela ukuthi izethule njengenikeza inkhulumomphendvulwano yemibono ukuze inikeze inkundla yalokho okuvamise ukululaza ubuntu kanye nezinkulumo ezifanele kakhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amaFederalists ahlele imicimbi enezikhanyiso ezifanele njengoJohn Yoo (umbhali wencwadi ethi โamamemo okuhlukumezaโ), uRyan Anderson (Uzakwethu ku-Heritage Foundation ibiza amalungelo ezitabane ngokuthi โmake believeโ futhi ivikela ukwelashwa kokuguqula), uRoger Clegg (uMongameli weCentre for Equal Opportunity othi isenzo sokuvuma siyababandlulula abamhlophe), u-Ilya Shapiro (Osebenza naye e-CATO Institute othi iminikelo yezinkampani emikhankasweni yezombangazwe ibalulekile. hhayi inkinga), kanye no-Edward Whelan (uMongameli we Isikhungo Sokuziphatha Nenqubomgomo Yomphakathi kanye nomgqugquzeli we "Bathroom Bill" ophikisanayo eNyakatho Carolina, othi ubushoshovu be-transgender bukhiqize okungenangqondo kwezomthetho).
Ngalesi sikhathi sezingxabano emakhempasini ngendawo yenkululeko yokukhuluma phakathi kwemizabalazo yezombangazwe yamanje, indima ye-Federalist Society inikeza isibonelo sokuthi umbutho we-Conservative uzenza kanjani ube semthethweni futhi usakaze umlayezo wawo. Naphezu kwesimo esiqinile cishe sazo zonke izikole zomthetho, kanye nethonya lamanje elikude kwezombusazwe ngokujwayelekile, amalungu abafundi bezomthetho be-Federalist Society basasho ukuthi bazizwa bethulisiwe ngaphakathi Umongo "wenkululeko" wezikole zabo. Amaqembu abafundi nabalawuli bamema izikhulumi ezikude kwesokudla ngaphansi kwesibhengezo senkulumo ekhululekile, ukuhlukahluka kombono, nenkulumompikiswano enempilo, futhi babonise izinselele noma baphikise lezi zikhulumi njengokuhlasela Isichibiyelo Sokuqala (kunokuba babone imibhikisho ngokwayo njengezindlela zokukhuluma ezivikelekile. ). Nakuba i-Federalist Society inikeza okungenani eminye imibono ngokusungula imicimbi yayo njengezinkulumo-mpikiswano, imicimbi exhaswe amaqembu afana ne-YAF kanye nama-College Republicans ibilokhu imema izikhulumi ezivusa inkanuko. New York Times ichaze ngokuthi โedgier, ngaphezulu-ebusweni bakho futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho enomoya omubi. "
Imibono eqhudelanayo ngenkululeko yokukhuluma kuyo yonke imikhakha yesokunxele kufanele ihlolwe kulesi sikhathi sepolitiki esishubile. Indlela eyodwa edumile, eboniswa ngabalingani bethu ku- I-ACLU, uphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nenkulumo enenzondo ivikelwe ngokomthethosisekelo. Ngokwalo mbono, inkulumo ehlasela abantu ngabanye namaqembu ngokohlanga, ubulili, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma ukukhetha ocansini nakho kokubili kusemthethweni futhi kuyavikeleka. I-ACLU kanye nabantu abaningi abanomqondo ovulekile bacabanga ukuthi ukuvumela yonke inkulumo ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi imibono engcono kakhulu iyaphumelela futhi kuhle ukuba nemibono engase ibe yingozi obala lapho ingaphikiswa khona. Babuza imizamo yamanyuvesi yokwamukela amakhodi nezinqubomgomo ezenqabela inkulumo enenzondo, bephikisana ngokuthi le mpendulo enenhloso enhle ayilungile futhi ifana nokuhlola. Esikhundleni sokukhawulela ilungelo lokusebenzisa i-racist, sexist, transphobic, i-ableist, noma enye inkulumo enjalo emakhempasini, i-ACLU incoma indlela yokufundisa enikeza imibono engabekezelelani abantu abangakhetha kuyo. Ukuphikisana kokugcina okubalulekile kulo mbono kuveza ukuthi ukukhawulelwa kwenkulumo ngakolunye uhlangothi lomkhakha wezepolitiki kungaveza imikhawulo kunoma iyiphi inkulumo etholakala inempikiswano, futhi nakanjani kuzoholela emikhawulweni emikhulu ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Le ndlela ingase ibonakale inengqondo futhi inengqondo kwabaningi, futhi lo mugqa ubunjalo impela ithathwe kwesokudla, abakhononda ngokuthi ukwehluleka ukufaka imibono elandelanayo kanye nemibono ekhululekile kuwukwephulwa kwenkulumo ekhululekile. Emakhempasi amanyuvesi, amaqembu abafundi abangathandisisi kanye nabasekeli bawo asebenzisa izimpikiswano zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ukuze akhuthaze ama-ajenda anokucwasa ngokusobala, ukucwasa ngokobulili, ukuzonda abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, ukuzonda abantu bobulili obufanayo, ukuzonda abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kanye ne-ableist. Bathi noma yikuphi ukuphikisa kwabaphathi noma inhlangano yabafundi kule mibono enenzondo kwephula inkulumo evikelwe ngokomthetho, futhi namanyuvesi abonakala enenqubekela phambili aye anikezela kule ngcindezi ngokuqapha nokuhlola ukuphikiswa. Amaqembu e-Extreme right fascist kanye nama-white nationalist angaphandle kwamanyuvesi nawo athembele enkulumweni yenkululeko yokukhuluma ukuze afune ukuthi imibono yawo isemthethweni futhi ivikelekile. Ngenkathi zikhala ngokuthi "amakhekheba eqhwa alungile ngokwepolitiki" kwesokunxele, lezi zikhulumi ezikude kwesokudla kanye nabasekeli bazo bahlakulela isimo sabo njengezisulu ngokuhlasela abasengozini ngenkulumo yabo enenzondo bese bethi bayashushiswa lapho bephonselwa inselelo.
Kusukela endleleni ye-commonsense ekhululekile echazwe ngenhla, indlela engcono kakhulu yokubhekana nalezi zinhlobo zezikhulumi kungaba ukuziyeka ziveze imibono yazo ukuze abanye banqume ukuthi bayavuma noma cha. Uma zonke izinhlangothi ziphikisana ngokukhululekile, abameli balo mbono bayaphikisana, ongcono kakhulu uzophumelela ngokusobala. Kodwa-ke, umbono oqondile wokulandela kanye nobufascist awusekelwe nje ezimpikiswaneni ezinengqondo nezinengqondo; kunalokho, lokhu kunyakaza kuncike ekugqugquzeleni okungenangqondo kwenzondo, ukwesaba, kanye nentukuthelo kwabanye abantu ababencishwe amathuba kakhulu futhi abasengozini. Ukubanikeza inkundla evulekile nokuvikela ngokunamandla ilungelo labo lokuthuthukisa inkulumo elimazayo kunikeza ukuba semthethweni ezikhundleni zabo njengezamukelekayo ngokulinganayo njenganoma yiziphi ezinye.
Enye inkinga ngemodeli yenkululeko yokukhuluma ukuthi ayibheki i-asymmetry yezikhundla ezahlukahlukene kanye neqiniso lobudlelwano bamandla obungalingani. Izingxabano ezimayelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma azivamile ukubhekana nokungalingani okukhulu kwamandla okukhona phakathi, ngokwesibonelo, isikhulumi esimhlophe esicebile esisekelwa inhlangano ebiza izigidi zamadola kanye namalungu emiphakathi athintwe amazwi abo (okungukuthi abokufika, abantu bebala, ama-queer. kanye nabantu abashintshashintshayo, abasebenzi abahola kancane, njll.). Okulahlekile emcabangweni wenkululeko yokukhuluma ngamalungelo alabo abangenakho ukuxhumana noma ingcebo yokubamba iqhaza ngokulinganayo enkulumweni yeningi. โIndawo yemakethe yemibonoโ ifana nanoma iyiphi enye indawo yemakethe; labo abanezinsiza eziningi bayabusa.
Okokugcina, ukuthambekela kwabafundi kanye namalungu omphakathi wendawo abhikishela izikhulumi eziphikisayo emanyuvesi kuholele ekukhaleni "ngabangabekezeleli kwesokunxele" bephula inkulumo ekhululekile yesokudla kwesokudla. Kodwa labo abazimisele kangaka ukuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile yama-fascists, abamhlophe, namanye amaqembu anenzondo kufanele bakhathazeke ngokulinganayo ngokuvikela ilungelo labaphikisayo lokubhikishela le mibono. Nakuba ukunikeza inkulumo ehlasela abantu ngabanye namaqembu ngokusekelwe kuhlanga lwabo, ubulili, noma isimo sokuthuthela kwelinye izwe kuthathwa njengokusemthethweni futhi okwamukelekayo emanyuvesi, imibhikisho yalabo abathola le mibono inecala ngokuvamile kuvame ukusolwa noma ukujeziswa izikhungo ezifanayo. Kufanele kusinike isikhashana lokho kwakamuva umthetho wamamodeli ukuze kuvikelwe โinkululeko yokukhulumaโ emakhempasi kanye nokujezisa labo ababhikishela izikhulumi ezinengxabano kuvela emaqenjini ongqondongqondo alandelanayo I-Heritage Foundation, i-Goldwater Institute, kanye ne-The Ethics and Public Policy Center.
Ukungenelela Kwamasu
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, lapho i-Federalist Society iqala ukuthumela izikhulumi eziqinile ezikoleni zomthetho, abafundi bezomthetho abathintekayo kanye nabafundisi baye basabela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngo-2001, i- I-American Constitution Society yasungulwa ukuze isize ukumelana nokulinganisa umphumela wamaFederalists ezikoleni zomthetho. Isikhundla se-ACS sihambisana nombono wenkululeko jikelele ochazwe ngenhla futhi ophethwe yi-ACLU. Ngokuba nengxenye ezingxoxweni zeNhlangano, nangokuzixhasa ngokuhlanganyela njalo, bathemba ukunikeza eminye imibono, engeyona ingozi kangako. Amalungu obuhlakani be-NLG nawo abambe iqhaza kulokhu kushintshana, nakuba amalungu e-Guild ngokuvamile eqaphela kakhulu ukubamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni ezakhiwe ngezindlela ezichemile noma ezicindezelayo. Yize kunezinzuzo zokuxoxisana ngezikhulumi ezilandela imithetho ebekiwe, le ndlela iphinde iza nobungozi bokwenza kube semthethweni noma ukuqinisekisa imigomo yenkulumo-mpikiswano. Nokho, ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokuphonsela inselelo uhlaka lwenkulumo-mpikiswano ngokwayo kungaba isu eliwusizo kwezombusazwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukuvuma iqiniso lokuthi izikhulumi ze-Federalist Society zinokufinyelela izinsiza ezenza kube lula kakhulu kuzo ukuba nenkundla kunezikhulumi eziningi ze-ACS noma ze-NLG. Ngenkathi amaFederalists ekwazi ukukhokhela uhambo, izindleko, kanye nemiklomelo yabakhulumeli babo, izikhulumi eziningi ezithuthukayo kufanele zenqabe ukukhulumisana ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali.
Izikhulumi ze-Federalist Society zivame ukuhlangatshezwa nemibhikisho evela emaqenjini abafundi bezomthetho njenge-NLG, OutLaws, kanye ne-If/When/How. Izinselelo ezibhekene nezikhulumi eziphendulayo zibandakanya ukubeka amaflaya anolwazi ngezipikha nesizinda sazo, ukusabalalisa izicelo zokuthi umcimbi ukhanselwe, ukuhlela imicimbi ephikisayo nezikhulumi, ukubhala izingcezu ze-op-ed zekhampasi nezincwadi zendawo, ukuthumela abafundi emcimbini uhlu lwemibuzo ebucayi, kanye nokubhikisha ngaphandle noma ngaphakathi komcimbi ngokuphuma noma ukuphatha izimpawu. Izimpendulo zabaphathi benyuvesi kulezi zinhlobo zokungenelela kaningi kube wukuvimba umbhikisho, nakuba le misebenzi iphinde iwe ngaphansi kwesibhengezo senkulumo evikelekile. Abafundi bezomthetho babika ukuthi amapheshana abo asusiwe ekhempasini, besatshiswa ngokujeziswa, noma baze batshelwe ukuthi ukubhikisha kuzoholela ekuhlaziyweni okungekuhle nge-Character and Fitness Exam edingekayo endaweni yokucima ukoma. Nakuba amalungelo abafundi abaphikisayo ecindezelwa, ikhono lezikhulumi eziqondile zokusabalalisa inkulumo enenzondo livikelwe ngezimangalo zelungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululeka.
Lawa amanye amasu okubhekana nenkulumo elimazayo ezilungiselelweni zemfundo. Nakuba abameli benkululeko beshesha ukunxenxa izimpikiswano zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ukuze kuvunyelwe yonke inkulumo, kunezinye izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe futhi, njengokuthi: Ubani okwaziyo futhi ovunyelwe ukukhuluma, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo futhi kube namiphi imiphumela? Yimaphi amazwi athuliswayo futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zokuphikisa ezingenzeka (noma cha)? Amanyuvesi angasebenzisa izimiso zenkululeko yokukhuluma ukuze athethelele izimemo zezikhulumi ezinenzondo, kodwa ukungabamemi noma ukuxhasa laba bantu akusho ukuthi kuwukwephulwa kwenkulumo yabo yenkululeko, ikakhulukazi uma benezinye izinkundla eziningi zokukhipha umlayezo wabo. Izikole ezizimele, isibonelo, aziboshelwe Isichibiyelo Sokuqala ngendlela efanayo nezikole zikahulumeni, ngakho-ke zingenza izinqubomgomo mayelana nenkulumo enenzondo ekhawulela izimemo kanye/noma uxhaso lwezimali kwizikhulumi eziphendulayo namaqembu. Lapho imibono yezikhulumi empeleni iyingozi kwabanye abantu, amanyuvesi kufanele acabangele imiphumela futhi alinganisele isidingo semibono eyahlukene nemiphumela yokuqeda ubuntu noma amalungelo awo wonke amaqembu abantu asebencishwe amathuba.
[1] UJerry M. Landay, โI-Conservative Cabal Eguqula Umthetho WaseMelika,โ Washington Monthly, Mashi 2000.
[2] Ukuze uthole olunye ulwazi, bheka i Iwebhusayithi yeFederalist Society. Ulwazi olungemuva lungatholakala ku-fed-soc.org/aboutus/page/our-background.
[3] UMichael Avery noDanielle McLaughlin, I-Federalist Society: I-Conservatives Yawuthatha Kanjani Umthetho Kwama-Liberals (Vanderbilt University Press, 2016).
[4] U-Ralph G. Neas, โThe Federalist Society from Obscurity to Power: The Right Wing Lawyers who Shaping the Bush Administrationโs Decisions on Legal Policy and Judicial Nominations,โ Report of the People for the American Way Foundation, 2001. Itholakala ku: http: //files.pfaw.org/uploads/2017/01/federalist-society-report.pdf.
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Noma nini lapho isihloko kuyinkululeko yokukhuluma, ngikhunjuzwa amazwi kaChomsky athi: Ungasekela inkululeko yokukhuluma ngemibono oyizondayo, noma awusekeli nhlobo inkululeko yokukhuluma. Lesi sihloko esingenhla sibonakala siwela ngokuqondile esigabeni sakamuva.
Ngicabanga ukuthi kuwubuwula ukunamathisela igama elithusayo elithi 'inkululeko' ekukhulumeni ngokukhululeka. Phela, amaKhomanisi amaningi kanye nama-anarchist (futhi ngempela ama-conservatives) baye balwa emzabalazweni wokukhuluma ngokukhululeka.
Kunoma yikuphi, ukuphikisana okuyinhloko kwalesi sihloko ngokumelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma kubonakala sengathi ukuvumela inkulumo yabantu abadelelekile โkunikeza ukufaneleka kwezikhundla zabo njengokumukelekayo njenganoma iziphi ezinye. Ngokwezinga okwenziwa ngalo ukugunyazwa (engisola ukuthi akuvamile), khona-ke ngokuqinisekile akuyona impikiswano emelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma kodwa impikiswano yokufundisa abantu ngomehluko phakathi kokweseka amalungelo omuntu nokweseka imibono yakhe. Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu sekuqondwe kahle isikhathi eside.
Umusho wokugcina we-athikili ufanele ukuqaqa ukuze ubone amaphutha engxabano. Uma ihunyushwa, kufanele ifundeke kanje: โLapho izicukuthwane zasenyuvesi zinquma ukuthi isikhulumi esithile siyingozi, labo abavelele kufanele bayicindezele leyo nkulumo.โ Nakulokhu, lokhu kungikhumbuza uChomsky lapho ebona ukuthi uma ubanika amandla okucindezela inkulumo, BAZOnquma ukuthi inkulumo kabani ecindezelwa.