Uhulumeni ka-Emmanuel Macron uthukuthelise izigidi ngokuhlasela kwawo uhlelo lwempesheni yaseFrance. Kepha amandla enhlangano yokubhikisha abangelwa imizabalazo eyafika ngaphambili - kanye nezinhlangano ezivumela inselelo eqhubekayo ku-ajenda ye-neoliberal.
Ukunyakaza okuthuthukile eFrance kusukela ngoJanuwari 19 kuyajabulisa ngezizathu eziningi. Esikhathini esingeqile kwezinyanga ezimbili, isishintshe kakhulu isimo sezepolitiki eFrance, yahlehlisa ukunqotshwa okukhona, futhi yakhubaza (ngisho nokwethusa) abavikeli abashisekayo bokuhleleka komphakathi okumisiwe kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-neoliberal. Sekwandise okulindelekile ezigidini zabantu abajoyine umzabalazo futhi ngaleyo ndlela baqale ukubanika umuzwa wamandla abo.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokhu kuhlanganisa kuye kwaqinisa inkinga ye-hegemony eye yajula eFrance iminyaka; kukhombisile ukuthi uhulumeni ka-Emmanuel Macron uhlukaniswe kanjani nabantu. Bekugqame ukunganeliseki komphakathi obekungakaze kuzithole izindlela zokuziveza ngokwepolitiki. Kuguqule kwaba yintukuthelo yokulunga ukungathenjwa okuvamile kwengxenye enkulu yabantu - ikakhulukazi isigaba sabasebenzi nentsha - kuMacron nohulumeni wakhe.
"Inkinga Yezomnotho"?
Lokhu kusho futhi ukuthi inkinga ayiseyona nje "inguquko" yempesheni kaMacron (noma okungcono, ukuphikisa). Akuseyona nje “eyomphakathi,” ngomqondo olinganiselwe, wezinyunyana. Kugqame futhi kungokwepolitiki ngokugcwele: njengoba kuba kuzwelonke, kuthatha indawo ebanzi yenhlalo, futhi kucwila izimpande eziqinile, le nhlangano iba ukungqubuzana hhayi nalokhu noma lowonxiwankulu (njengasekulweni nokudilizwa noma ukuncishiswa kwemisebenzi ezingeni eliqinile) , hhayi ngalokhu noma ngaleso silinganiso somkhakha (kunoma yikuphi ukubaluleka), kodwa ngesigaba sonxiwankulu sonke njengoba simelwe futhi sivikelwa iziphathimandla zezombangazwe. Ukunyakaza okunjalo kungavula umugqa wephutha ohlelweni lwezombangazwe, ngokushintsha ubudlelwano bamandla phakathi kwezigaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukunyakaza okukhulu okudumile ngokwemvelo kuvame ukufiphalisa izigaba ezihlukanisa "umnotho wezenhlalo" kusukela "kwezepolitiki." Izigaba ezinjalo, empeleni, ziphoqelelwe kuphela emzabalazweni wezigaba. Noma yimuphi umzabalazo omkhulu - futhi lona uyafana - uphenduka ungowenhlalo nepolitiki ngendlela engenakuhlukaniswa; ibeka ngokunengqondo iziphathimandla zezombangazwe kanye nezithakazelo eziyinhloko lezi zamanje ezimele: abanempahla, abaxhaphazi, nesigaba esiphezulu.
Umzabalazo onjalo nawo ungowombono kanye namasiko, njengoba ungabaza ukulandisa (kokubili okukhulu nokuncane) okuzakhela kakhulu ukuze kuthethelele lokhu noma lokho okuphikisayo, noma kabanzi ukuhleleka kwabo kwezenhlalo kanye nombukiso wakho wokungabi nabulungisa, ukuhlukaniswa, nobudlova. . Kodwa futhi ngomqondo wokuthi ivumela impi ukuba ilwe phakathi kwemibono ephikisanayo yomhlaba; ikhuthaza ukuqhakaza kweminye imibono yalokho umphakathi, ubudlelwano babantu, izimpilo zethu, okufanele zibe yikho.
Ukugqugquzela Okudlule
Umbutho wamanje umi emahlombe amaningi adlule, okungenani ukulandelana komzabalazo oqale maphakathi nawo-2010. Ikakhulukazi lokhu kusho impi yokulwa nomsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza I-Notre-Dame-des-Landes, umzabalazo wokulwa no-a umthetho wezabasebenzi okwenza izinkontileka zokuqashwa zibe bucayi kakhulu, i Ama-Yellow Vest ukunyakaza, ukugqugquzelwa kwabesifazane ngokumelene nodlame lobulili nokungalingani ngokobulili, inhlangano ka-2019–20 emelene nokuguqulwa kwezimpesheni, kanye nayo yonke imizabalazo (ikakhulukazi emelene nokucwasa ngokwebala) ubugebengu bamaphoyisa kanye nabo bonke udlame lombuso. Ihlanganisa, ichaze, futhi ithuthukise impumelelo yayo, kokubili ngokwezindlela namaqhinga omzabalazo kanye nemibono.
Nokho kukhona futhi umehluko, ongeke neze ungashayi indiva. Lokhu kulele emandleni akhulayo kanye nokwanda kokulwa kwephalamende elisele, ikakhulukazi amalungu ePhalamende angamashumi ayisikhombisa nane e-France Insoumise. Bafake isandla kakhulu ekufakeni ipolitiki kanye nokugqugquzela ukugqugquzelwa izinyunyana eziningi - ikakhulukazi iFrench Democratic Confederation of Labor (CFDT) - ebifuna ukuqhubeka sendaweni "yomphakathi".
Ngakho-ke singajabula ukuthi iningi lamaLungu ePhalamende amasha e-France Insoumise alikaze lifune ukuphikisa impi yasephalamende (ngezindlela zayo zokwenza) ezindleleni zakudala zomzabalazo wezigaba: imibukiso yasemgwaqweni, imigqa yokuqothuka (esabona kuyo kaningi la maLungu ePhalamende evela. , okuhlanganisa nomongameli weqembu lasephalamende lase-France Insoumise, uMathilde Panot), kanye nemingcele (ikakhulukazi izikole zamabanga aphezulu namanyuvesi).
Nweba Futhi Uqinise
Yonke imizamo yethu kumele iqondiswe ekuqhubekeni nokwandisa nokuqinisa umnyakazo, kuze kufike ukunqoba. Asazi ukuthi singahamba ibanga elingakanani, kodwa ukuthola uhulumeni ukuthi ahlehle ekuphikisaneni nezinguquko kuyingcosana nje. Eminyakeni ezayo, ukunqoba okunjalo kuzoba ngokuphindwe kabili noma kathathu, ngoba uMacron ubefuna ukwenza lokhu kuguqulwa kube umama wazo zonke izimpi - uvivinyo lwamandla olungamvumela ukuthi aqinise amandla akhe kuze kuphele ubumongameli bakhe ngo-2027. futhi kuqale ukucekelwa phansi okuphelele kokunqoba kwesigaba sabasebenzi kwezenhlalo yekhulu lamashumi amabili.
NjengoThatcherite ofunde izifundo zakhe kahle (kusuka ku- i-neoliberal counterrevolution), uMacron uyazi ukuthi udinga ukuphula imikhakha ephikisana kakhulu yenhlangano yezenhlalo. Ngoba uyazi ukuthi lokhu kuzotshala ukuphelelwa ithemba phakathi kweningi lalabo abagqugquzelayo njengamanje futhi bakha iziteleka nemibhikisho, njengoba bobabili bevimba izinto futhi bazenzela eyabo ibhulokhi ngenhloso - engacacile noma esobala - yomhlaba wokulingana nokulingana. ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle.
Udlame Lwesifunda
Kulokhu kungqubuzana, uhulumeni kaMacron usevele ukhombisile, ngamazwi nangezenzo, ukuthi usekulungele ukuya lapho kunesidingo. Lokhu-ke sekubhebhezela ukungenelwa kwezepolitiki kwenhlangano, ngokusebenzisa ingcindezelo yamaphoyisa yonke. Ukuqeda noma yikuphi ukukhohlisa okungenzeka ukuthi bekukhona ngesikhathi kuqokwa isikhulu samaphoyisa aseParis okuthiwa singenamandla kangako, ukungenelela kulezi zinsuku ezisanda kwenziwa "ngamandla okuhleleka" kube nesihluku esikhulu.
Unya olunjalo selujwayeleke futhi lwenziwa njalo eminyakeni eyishumi edlule; lokhu akuphathelene “nokushelela” noma “amaphutha” kodwa izenzo ezijwayelekile zamaphoyisa adlula ukuthakazelisa inqubo. Kodwa isenzo samaphoyisa sibuye siphawulwe ukudideka okuthile, okubhekene nenani kanye nokuzimisela kwababhikishi ngemuva Article 49.3 yasetshenziswa ukucindezela izinguquko zempesheni ngephalamende ngaphandle kwevoti.
Ngedlanzana elincane phakathi komphakathi jikelele, uhulumeni waphoqa ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinqubo zesikhungo ezijwayelekile ze IRiphabhulikhi yesihlanu (umthethosisekelo wakhe, njengoba sazi, ukude kakhulu nazo zonke izindinganiso zentando yeningi, ngisho nezincane kakhulu). Okuthuthukisiwe kabusha ngokwakhiwa kwamavidiyo kanye nama-akhawunti ofakazi ngodlame lombuso, ikamu likaMacron, kanye nemibono yalo, abakwazi ukukholisa abantu ukuthi udlame luvela kubabhikishi noma ukuthi udlame lwamaphoyisa luyinganekwane eyasungulwa ngamaqaba omele igazi lamaphoyisa. . Kuwubufakazi bokuthi ukubusa kodlame olusemthethweni “kufunwa” kuphela nguhulumeni, ukuze kusetshenziswe incazelo edumile ka-Max Weber, nokuthi ngezinye izikhathi, lapho “impumelelo” evezwa kule ncazelo ingekho, izinto ziyahamba.
Kokubili le mikhuba kanye nokucindezelwa okunonya okwedlulele kwenhlangano ezinsukwini ezisanda kwedlula kuye kwavula ithuba lomkhankaso wokulwa nobushiqela kanye nenkululeko yezombangazwe. Ngokuqhubeka eduze nehlandla lokuqala likaMacron kanye nohulumeni kaFrançois Hollande kanye noManuel Valls wezi-2014-16, lezi zinyathelo ezinamandla zenza kube lula ukuletha inkinga yezikhungo zeFifth Republic's Bonapartist, isidingo sokunqamula uhlaka lomthethosisekelo lwamanje, ngokusebenzisa a umhlangano wokhetho, kanye nokwenzeka kwentando yeningi yangempela, uma kuphela ezingeni lesikhungo.
"Umzuzu Wangaphambi Kwenguquko?"
Ngokwemvelo, izingxabano seziqalile manje ku-French kwesokunxele mayelana nendlela yokubonisa isimo samanje senhlalo nezombusazwe. Abanye bakhulume, kusukela Juan Chingo kuya UFrédéric Lordon, "yesikhathi sangaphambi kwenguquko," esinombono wesimo soguquko noma inqubo, njengokungathi "kudingeka ukusunduza kuphela ukuze lonke uhlelo lwehle" ( Jacques Rancière ). Okuhambisana nalokhu kugomela, okungenani esihlokweni sikaChingo, ukuthi isithiyo esikhulu (noma kuphela) esivimbelweni sabasebenzi esibamba umzabalazo manje sehlela “kubuholi bezinyunyana zabasebenzi” — noma “ubuholi benhlangano yabasebenzi, ” okungukuthi, i intersyndicale, abaholi bezinyunyana ezihlangene.
Impela, njengoba ithimba labasebenzi “libonke” - sitshelwa - seligxiliswe kakhulu yinhlangano, amandla eziphathimandla namuhla alenga ochungechungeni lwekhono lobuholi bezinyunyana ukuhambisa intukuthelo yomphakathi: yingakho "i-intersyndicale isebenza njenge i-valve yokugcina yokucindezela kwezimo eziphuthumayo yombuso we-Fifth Republic owake wahlaselwa yinhlekelele.” Futhi ngokuqhubekayo: “Ngakho-ke singasho ngaphandle kwengozi yokwenza iphutha ukuthi isithiyo esiyinhloko 'somzuzu' wangaphambi koguquko ukuze siguquke sibe yisimo esisobala sangaphambi koguquko, noma esiphendukela uguquko, sisebuholini obunodlame nobesikhungo senhlangano yabasebenzi. .”
Isimangalo esinjalo sibalulekile. Ngoba ngisho noma izinhlangano ezisekela lo mugqa zibuthakathaka kakhulu, izinkinga ezizilethayo zibonisa ukukhathazeka okwabelwana kabanzi phakathi kwemikhakha yokulwa yenhlangano yezenhlalo. Lokhu kunemiphumela esobala: uma umuntu ethatha lezi zinkulumo ngokungathi sína, kusho ukuthi ukugxekwa ngokushesha kwalokhu “buholi benhlangano yabasebenzi” kuthola indima ebalulekile kubo bonke abasebenzela ushintsho olukhulu emphakathini, kanye nokwakhiwa. yobuholi benhlangano obuhlukile futhi obuhlukile kune-intersyndicale.
Ihlanzekile Ngamakhemikhali?
Iphutha lokuqala kulokhu kucabanga lisekubukeni kwayo phansi imikhawulo ethile yokuhlanganisa. Imingcele enjalo kufanele ithathwe ngokungathí sina uma sifuna ukuyinqoba ngezinye izindlela ngaphandle kwamaqhinga okukhuluma, okuhloswe kuphela ukukholisa abaqinisekayo, noma ngokubiza ukuzithandela, okukhangayo kuphela kulabo asebevele bezimisele ukwenza okuthile.
Le mikhawulo yamanje isho ukuthi nakuba le nhlangano ikwazi ukwenza u-Macron ahlehle emsebenzini wakhe wempesheni futhi okungenzeka ukuthi kukho konke ukulungisa okuhlelelwe isikhathi sakhe seminyaka emihlanu, akunjalo - kulesi sigaba okungenani - akwazi ukuholela esimweni soguquko. . Uma ukuzinikela kwedlanzana kwedlanzana kudingekile ngempela, akukona kuphela okwanele ukunqoba lobu buthakathaka nokusuka ekubhikisheni komphakathi - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubanzi kangakanani futhi kukhulu kangakanani - kuya kuguquko. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngisho nasesimweni esifana nalesi samanje, esidinga ngokufanelekile ikhefu lezombusazwe kanye noguquko oluguquguqukayo, esimweni se-ecosocialist, feminist and anti-racist.
Uguquko alulokothi lube “msulwa kumakhemikhali,” noma luthembeke encwadini ebhalwe unomphela. Kodwa iphakamisa ezinye izici okungakhulunywa ngazo “ngesikhathi sangaphambi kwenguquko” imayelana nokufisa (noma amaqhinga okuphromotha amaqembu amancane alwayo) kunombono wamasu. Uma nje isici esiyisisekelo nesihlukile soguquko siwukuvela kokugomela noma okuncane kwamandla amabili (phakathi kombuso wonxiwankulu kanye nezinhlobo zamandla adumile ngaphandle kombuso, kodwa nangaphakathi kombuso ngokwawo), izikhathi zangaphambi koguquko zithatha izithako ezithile: ukuvalwa kwempilo yezomnotho okwalandela, amazinga abalulekile okuzihlanganisa, ukuqala kokuhlangana ndawonye kanye nokuxhumana kuzwelonke kwezinhlangano zomzabalazo, kanye nokuqhekeka kwezinsiza zombuso kanye, ikakhulukazi, esigabeni esibusayo.
Zonke lezi zakhi azikho ekuhambeni kwamanje.
Imbalwa kuphela imikhakha yezomnotho ebhekene nomsebenzi wangempela wesiteleka (futhi singaphansi kwesiteleka esiqhubekayo), imikhakha empeleni esesidlangalaleni noma yomphakathi (abaqoqi bakadoti, ujantshi, ugesi, Imfundo Kazwelonke, njll.). Zimbalwa izinkampani ezizimele ezimile, okuhlanganisa nezinsuku zokuhlanganisa izinyunyana ezinkulu (ngaphandle kweminye imikhakha efana nezindawo zokuhluzwa uwoyela).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nasemikhakheni lapho isiteleka sinobukhulu obuthile, ukuzihlelela ohlakeni lwemihlangano emikhulu namakomidi eziteleka buthaka kakhulu, ngisho uma kuqhathaniswa nokunyakaza kwangaphambilini.
Amaqembu ahlanganisa izishoshovu ezivela emikhakheni eyahlukene avele (njengangonyaka wezi-2019–20), kodwa aseqenjini elincane ngokwedlulele uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu benhlangano (ingasaphathwa eyesigaba sabasebenzi sisonke), ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa “ interpros” [ukugqugquzelwa kwezigaba ezahlukene ngesikhathi somkhankaso oyimpumelelo wokulwa nezinguquko zempesheni ngo-December 1995; zibonakala ziyindlela yamaqembu amancane ezempi yokwandisa izethameli futhi azakhe, kunezindlela zangempela zokuthonya ukwandiswa nokuqina kwesiteleka.
Okokugcina, uphiko lukahulumeni lubambelele ngokuqinile (ikakhulukazi uphiko lwezobulungiswa olucindezelayo lwebutho lamaphoyisa) futhi abaqashi bayaqhubeka nokweseka uMacron (ngisho noma kubonakala sengathi lokhu kuphikisa akuzange kubonakale kuphuthuma ngokukhethekile kubo).
Yonke le mikhawulo ayinciphisi nakancane inani lomnyakazo wamanje. Kungenzeka ukuthi amasonto azayo azosivumela ukuthi sidlulele phambili kunesimo samanje. Kodwa incazelo efanele yemisebenzi namasu incike ekuhlonzeni kahle ukuthi izinto zinjani ngempela. Kule ndaba, asikho isikhala sokuzithela ngabandayo.
Ibanzi Kangakanani?
Iphutha lesibili, elisukela kwelokuqala, wukwenza sengathi usuxazulule lokho okufanele kube yinkinga enkulu yamasu ombutho, kodwa nakuyo inyunyana nezinhlangano zezepolitiki esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuthi sibone kulezi zinyanga ezimbili ezedlule "ukuqiniswa kwe-radicalization ye-proletariat wonkana," siliziba iqiniso lokuthi ubutha obujwayelekile nobunonya ku-Macron abulingani nakancane nokuqwashisa abantu abaningi ngokumelene nonxiwankulu (kakhulu kakhulu. , ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi kuyadingeka ukulwa nokwenza umuntu siqu ngokweqile kanye nokuphathwa kwengqondo kwe-Macron, okumenza abe "uhlanya," "uhlanya," njll., lapho engaphezulu kwawo wonke ummeleli wemali futhi ikakhulukazi, imali yezimali. ). Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, akufanele silithathe kancane iqiniso lokuthi iningi le-proletariat empeleni alikangeni kulo mbutho.
Abasebenzi - cishe bonke - bayaphikisana ne-counterform futhi bamelene noMacron. Nokho iningi lisamile eceleni. Ingxenye encane yekilasi ibonisile futhi iningi alizange liteleke — ngempela, ngenxa yezizathu ezibonakalayo ezingenakugwenywa (ukungavikeleki kwamaholo, ingcindezi yokuphatha, njll.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokuzihlela liphansi, seliphelele, kunaseminyakeni edlule (okuhlanganisa neyakamuva efana neyangonyaka ka-2019–20, ikakhulukazi enkampanini yezitimela kahulumeni, futhi nangaphezulu uma iqhathaniswa noDisemba 1995). Ukuxhumana kwemikhakha ehlukene akukho noma kubuthakathaka kakhulu futhi akwenzeki.
Inhlangano edumile isizimele ngempela kusukela kwabekwa iSigaba 49.3, ihlela izenzo zansuku zonke kulo lonke elaseFrance ngaphandle kwemvume ye-intersyndicale futhi isebenzisa izindlela zomzabalazo ezicasula kakhulu. Imihlangano emikhulu ibonakala iminyene kakhulu kulezi zinsuku ezimbalwa ezedlule. Kodwa kuseyi-intersyndicale ebeka ithoni nesigqi sokunyakaza, futhi akekho okwamanje - ovela eduze noma kude - osesimweni sokuqhudelana nale ndima.
Omunye angase aphikise ngokuthi, ngisho nasenqubweni yoguquko, abaxhashazwayo nabacindezelwe abakaze bahlanganiswe ngokuphelele. Kodwa, uma kubhekwa udaba lwaseFrance kuphela, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngoMeyi–Juni 1968, kwakunabateleka abafika ezigidini ezingu-7.5 (futhi kwahlanganiswa abantu abayizigidi eziyishumi) ezweni elalinabahola kancane kakhulu (abacishe babe yizigidi eziyi-10). uma kuqhathaniswa nabangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-15 namuhla). Ngenxa yokuvinjwa okukhulu komnotho amasonto ambalwa, inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yezindawo zokusebenza kanye nokuhlakazeka kokuqala kweziphathimandla zezombangazwe, isimo sabe saba nezici zangaphambi kokuguquguquka (naphezu kwemingcele yokuzihlanganisa, engazange ivumele ukuvela kwemikhandlu yabasebenzi), futhi lokhu kwanikeza izishoshovu imisebenzi eqinisekile ngesidingo sekhefu loguquko (ngaphakathi kweQembu LamaKhomanisi kanye nezinhlangano ezikude kwesokunxele).
Ukukhala Ukukhaphela
Ubunzima bokunyakaza abuchazwanga bonke ngendima eyingozi ye-intersyndicale - kude nayo. Kuleli phuzu, asikwazi ukwaneliseka ngokucabanga okuyindilinga, okusitshela kuphela: uma kungekho ukuzihlanganisa, kungenxa yokuthi yi-intersyndicale eqondisa ukunyakaza; futhi uma i-intersyndicale ibeka ithoni, kungenxa yokuthi akukho ukuzihlanganisa.
Inkolelo-mbono yobuholi obukhohlisayo obuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwenhlangano ibe yinqubo yenguquko yangempela yayinesisekelo okungenani esinenhloso ngo-1968, okwakufanele kuxoxwe ngaso. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunezinyunyana zabasebenzi ezinamandla, eyinhloko yazo - iGeneral Confederation of Labor (CGT) - eyayiholwa yiQembu LamaKhomanisi laseFrance (PCF) elinesisekelo esibanzi sabasebenzi kanye nezilaleli eziningi zokhetho (ezingaphezu kwama-20). iphesenti).
I-PCF ivimbe izinhlobo zokuzihlanganisa ebezingavela ezindaweni zokusebenza, ivuna isiteleka esijwayelekile (lapho abasebenzi bebenxuswe ukuthi bangangeneleli ngokuqondile kodwa badedele izikhulu zenyunyana zihole). Iqembu liphinde lenqaba ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinesibindi okungenzeka ukuthi zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphakamisa umbuzo wamandla kanye nohulumeni woqhekeko, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinsuku noma amasonto ambalwa lapho uhulumeni kaCharles de Gaulle wawubonakala usuphelile, umangazwe yi- isilinganiso sesiteleka nangokuzimisela komnyakazo wabafundi.
Isimo sihluke kakhulu namuhla: izinyunyana zibuthakathaka kakhulu, okungenani uma ziqhathaniswa nalokho ezaziyikho ngo-1968, futhi alisekho iqembu labasebenzi abaningi. Uma silandela umbono kaChingo wokuthi abaholi baphinde babambe impi, lokhu kufanele kuvule indlela yokhukhulelangoqo wesiteleka. Okuphambene kuyiqiniso, ngoba kusezimbonini nasemabhizinisini lapho kunamalungu amaningi ezinyunyana nalapho izinyunyana eziphikisanayo ziqhubeka nokuba khona (ngokuvamile i-CGT, i-Solidaires, kanye/noma i-Fédération Syndicale Unitaire [FSU]) — ngoba umuntu akakwazi ukubeka zonke izinyunyana, ngisho nabo bonke “abaholi bezinyunyana” esikhwameni esisodwa - ukuthi isimo esiqine kakhulu sokungqubuzana sivezwa ngokujwayelekile.
Ngokuphambene, imikhakha kanye namabhizinisi angenayo inyunyana - lezo lapho uquqaba lokutholakala kwesenzo esiqinile luvezwa ngendlela engavinjwa “ubuholi benhlangano yabasebenzi” - yilabo lapho i-atomization, i-passivity, kanye nokuphatha. i-pseudoconsensus iyabusa futhi yilapho ivoti elikude kwesokudla lichuma khona.
Siyabona emanyuvesi ukuthi le mpikiswano iyiqiniso kangakanani ngempela: nakuba izinyunyana zibuthakathaka kakhulu lapho, izishoshovu ezikhona zibe nobunzima obukhulu, okungenani kuze kube manje, ekwenzeni izinhlaka ezibanzi zokuzihlanganisa zivele (iningi labo jikelele kuze kube muva nje imihlangano ibihlanganise abafundi abangamakhulu ambalwa); futhi ngisho nasemanyuvesi asanda kwazi amanye ama-mass (iYunivesithi yaseTolbiac, iNyuvesi yaseToulouse-Mirail), ukufakwa okubuthakathaka kwezinhlangano zabafundi kwenza buthaka ukukhuliswa kanye nokuzihlela kokunyakaza.
Ngamanye amazwi, uma i-proletariat isivele igxilile ngokuphelele, futhi uma ubuholi bezinyunyana benza okuwukuphela kwengidi okufanele yephulwe ukuze kuqalwe ukuvukela umbuso, sizobona ukuthuthukiswa kwemizabalazo eqinile kanye nezindlela eziphambili zokuzihlanganisa. imikhakha lapho ukutshalwa kwenyunyana kubuthakathaka kakhulu, okungukuthi, lapho ukubambelela kobuholi kuwukuntekenteke kakhulu. Akukho okungaba okwedlula iqiniso lamanje.
Umqondo wokushintsha ubuholi bezinyunyana (obulwela izinguquko) esikhundleni soguquko ngempela unazo zonke izinzuzo zokulula kanye nayo yonke imibi yokwenza lula kakhulu (uma kungekona okungelona iqiniso lapho “obunye ubuholi obuguquguqukayo” obudumile bucatshangelwa njengomphumela wokuzibusa. umsebenzi ogxile wezinhlangano ezincane). Yiqiniso, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi inqubomgomo yokulwa kakhudlwana evela ku-intersyndicale - ucingo olucacile lokugcina isiteleka sisuka osukwini olulodwa siye kolunye nokubamba iqhaza emihlanganweni evamile, njll. - bekungavula izinto ezithile. Kodwa sithinta imingcele yohlaka lokugqugquzela kwamanje, okuphinde kube elinye lamaphuzu anamandla: ubumbano olugcinwe yinhlangano yabasebenzi, ngaphandle kwalokho kungangabaza ukuthi ukunyakaza bekuyozuza lobu bukhulu futhi bathole lokhu okuthandwayo. ukusekela.
Esikhathini samanje nesizayo, kunalokho kubonakala kunezinselelo ezihluke kakhulu zalezo zishoshovu ezingafuni ukuyeka umbono woguquko noma ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yangempela. Lokho kusho ukwelula ukufakwa kwezinyunyana ngale kwemikhakha eqoqiwe njengamanje, ukuqinisa “amaphiko kwesokunxele” ezinhlanganweni zezinyunyana (izinyunyana “zomzabalazo wezigaba” noma ukuzwela), okunomthelela ekukhuleni kwemisinga emisha noma ukunyakaza (ngaphandle kwezinhlangano zendabuko kodwa ngokuzwakalayo. nge, hhayi ngokumelene nabo), ukujulisa umsebenzi wezombangazwe namasiko osisusa enzondweni kaMacron kuya ekugxekeni uhlelo lulonke, futhi ekugcineni esidingweni sokuqhekeka kobunxiwankulu ukuze kwakhiwe umphakathi ohluke ngokuphelele.
Ukuqaphela Kwezepolitiki
Elinye lamaphuzu abalulekile ekubambeni isimo esikhona njengamanje wukuqaphela kwezepolitiki okuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwabasebenzi nentsha. Umbono woqhekeko olumelene nonxiwankulu kanye nokwakhiwa komunye umphakathi usuthuthuke ngempela phakathi kwesibalo sabantu ngokulandelana kusukela ngo-2016 kuya ku-2023, kodwa awukhuli ngesivinini esifana nenzondo ebonakala kuziphathimandla zezombusazwe futhi, ikakhulukazi, kuMacron. . Kangangokuthi imizwa emelene noMacron ngokujwayelekile, kanye nobutha ekuguquleni kwakhe impesheni ikakhulukazi, kungazuza ilungelo elikude.
A kahle i-poll yamuva (ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari) waphonsa u-Marine Le Pen njengomphikisi omkhulu wephrojekthi yokuphikisa ka-Macron (ngaphambi kancane kukaJean-Luc Mélenchon), ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamakilasi adumile, nakuba i-Le Pen's Rassemblement National (RN, ex-Front National) yenza. ungaphakamisi ukubuyiselwa eminyakeni yobudala engamashumi ayisithupha edlule futhi uphikisana neziteleka eziqhubekayo.
Enye i-poll esanda kushicilelwa iqinisekisa lokhu ngokuphakamisa ukuthi i-RN ingaba amandla ezombusazwe ahlomula kakhulu ekwaliwa kwenguquko yempesheni. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nezimbangela ezijulile kanye nomlando omude kakade wokufakelwa okhethweni kanye nokufaka imibono. Kodwa kufanele sithathe ngokungathi sína indlela izikhulu zezombangazwe nabezindaba eminyakeni yamuva nje ezihlale zinikeza ngayo inhlonipho kwesokudla futhi zilulaza “imibono” yazo, kuyilapho futhi zenza idemoni i-Left and France Insoumise ikakhulukazi.
Ushintsho oluncane lwenzekile kokunye ukunyakaza, kodwa kuthinta kancane kuphela amakilasi namafrakshini ekilasi akha isikhungo sawo somandla adonsela phansi. Ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kwama-Yellow Vests kwaba yinkundla yenqubo yokucacisa kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezepolitiki; nokho-ke, lokhu kudlulele kuphela engxenyeni elinganiselwe yezigaba zabasebenzi, okuhlanganisa phakathi kwalezo zigaba ezazivuna kakhulu umnyakazo, ezindaweni zasemaphandleni noma ezisemaphandleni kanye nasemadolobheni amancane.
Lokhu kuyiqiniso nakakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kozwelo oluqhubekayo mayelana nokunyakaza (okungaba banzi ngokwedlulele, njengoba kwenzeka esimweni samanje, futhi ngezinga elincane ekuqaleni kwama-Yellow Vests) nokubamba iqhaza kwangempela (ikakhulukazi uma lokhu kuhlanganyela. uyeka ukuhambisana nombhikisho owodwa noma eminingi, omphumela wawo wepolitiki ungaphansi kakhulu kunesiteleka, futhi ngisho nangokwengeziwe lapho wokugcina uhlala futhi uthembele ekubambeni iqhaza okukhulu emibuthanweni evamile).
Ngakho-ke, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezibhekene nesokunxele kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki yileyo yokuphatha ukugcina nokujulisa umnyakazo lapho ithuthuke khona, kuyilapho idlulisela emikhakheni noma izici zentsha lapho izinga lokuqaphela isigaba - elimakwa ngokuhlela ngokuhlanganyela. , ikakhulukazi ezinyunyaneni, kanye nokugqugquzela izithakazelo zomuntu, ngesisekelo sokumelela okucacile noma okuhambisanayo kwalezi zintshisekelo — kusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu.
Kule mikhakha yokugcina nakulezi zingxenye ezinkulu zabantu, izabelo zikude kakhulu nezimemezelo ezinkulu mayelana “nomzuzu wangaphambi kwenguquko”: ukuphumelela ekudonseleni abasebenzi ngobuningi osukwini lokuqala lwesiteleka nokubhikisha, kubenze babambe iqhaza emhlanganweni omkhulu. ukunquma ngokuhlanganyela mayelana nezindlela zokwenza, njll. Kulo mbono, isiqubulo esiwumshini nesingaqondakali sokugxeka "ubuholi obukhohlisayo" akukona nje ukuphenduka okungamanga, kodwa ngokuvamile uqobo kuyisithiyo.
Umphumela Wezepolitiki
Umbuzo ngomphumela wepolitiki walenhlangano uphakanyiswa ngokusobala. Ukugqugquzelwa komphakathi - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhulu kangakanani futhi kukhulu kangakanani - akukhiqizi imibono yezepolitiki ngokuzenzakalelayo, ikakhulukazi uma iwubalekela ngokuzithandela umbuzo wamandla kanye nokungqubuzana kwezombusazwe okudingekayo (lokho uDaniel Bensaïd akubiza ngokuthi "inkohliso yomphakathi").
Lokhu kuyiqiniso kakhulu kulesi simo lapho ukunyakaza kuze kube manje kubonakale ngezinga eliphansi lokuzihlela kanye nokuxhumana. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi kufanele zeneliswe indima engaphansi kwe-vis-à-vis amandla ezombusazwe, okukodwa okuzokwazi ukubeka imibono phambili. Kungaphezulu kuhlaka lwenkulumo-mpikiswano-ukuphikisana phakathi kwenhlangano yezenhlalakahle kanye neNxele, yobumbano olungavimbeli impikiswano evuleke kakhulu mayelana nokuma kanye nemibono, lapho kufanele sicabange isiphakamiso sezombusazwe sokuqhekeka.
Ake siqale ngokusho ukuthi umbono “wenhlolovo yesinyathelo esihlanganyelwe” mayelana nezinguquko zempesheni - evikelwe ikakhulukazi yi-PCF - iwela kakhulu emathubeni avulwe yinhlangano. Ayiphenduli nganoma iyiphi indlela ekuphoqelekeni kokuthi uKhohlo luqhubekisele phambili isixazululo enkingeni yezepolitiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izofuna ukuthi kuqoqwe abantu abasayiniwe abayizigidi ezingu-4.8, okuzodinga umsebenzi omkhulu wokulwa izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Lokhu kuzophambukisa amandla endaweni yezikhalazo, lapho manje okudingekayo manje kuwukwelula ukuhlanganisa - njengoba ikamu likaMacron selimemezela amaphrojekthi amasha abulalayo (hhayi umthetho kaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi uGérald Darmanin kuphela kodwa nomthetho wezabasebenzi nokuqashwa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ngabe kuqoqwe amasignesha angu-4.8 million, isiphakamiso senhlolovo sisazohlolwa yizindlu zombili zephalamende zingakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha. Isimo sizobe sesishintshile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, mhlawumbe sibe sesimweni esibucayi senhlangano, futhi isiphakamiso esinjalo asisizi ngalutho ukusunduza izinzuzo ezikhona njengamanje: isiteleka esigxile emikhakheni eminingana ebalulekile, ukuhlanganisa okunezici eziningi osekunzima manje. ukulawula, kanye nombono womphakathi ozuzwa kakhulu ohlangothini lwawo.
Kwesinye isikhathi sibona umbono wokuthi le nhlangano kufanele ibe “ngoMeyi ka-'68 ehamba yonke indlela." Isiqubulo siyakhanga, ikakhulukazi ngoba uMeyi '68 uhlala eyireferensi enhle (yize ngokungangabazeki engacacisiwe) ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zabantu - ikakhulukazi labo ababuthiwe njengamanje. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, nokho, akuqiniseki ukuthi isifaniso noMeyi '68 siyasebenza lapha, ngale kwemiphumela ephazamisayo isiqubulo esingaba nayo. Kodwa ikakhulukazi umqondo wokuthi "yonke indlela" ubonakala ungacacile. Uma lokhu kusho wonke amathemba enkululeko kanye noqhekeko ngonxiwankulu abavuswe yinhlangano kaMay–June ka-'68, lokho-ke kuyafiseleka. Kodwa lokhu akuphenduli imibuzo yamasu esheshayo ebhekene nenhlangano kanye neNxele.
Ngokufakwa kwepolitiki emzabalazweni kanye nokungathembani okukhulu kweziphathimandla zezombusazwe, isiphakamiso kuphela esihlanganisa ukuhoxiswa ngokushesha koguquko, ukuhlakazwa kweSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke, nokubanjwa kokhetho olusha sibonakala sikhona kuze kube manje, ngaphandle kokuwa. ku-maximalism yomlomo nje noma kumafomula adlule. Uqhekeko lwezepolitiki ngokusobala alwehli okhethweni. Nokho, njengoBensaïd wasikhumbuza: “Kusobala, ngisho nangokwengeziwe emazweni anesiko lephalamende elithathe isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu, lapho isimiso sokuthola ilungelo lokuzikhethela emhlabeni wonke simiswa ngokuqinile, ukuthi umuntu akanakucabanga ngenqubo yoguquko ngaphandle nje kokudluliselwa kokufaneleka okunikeza kusengaphambili ' i-socialism kusuka phansi,' kodwa ngokuxhumana okuhlangene namafomu amele”(Kugcizelelwa).
Ngokungangabazeki, kuyadingeka ukwengeza kulezi ziqubulo ukulwela uhulumeni wophiko lwesokunxele obheke ekuqhekekeni. Lokhu kudinga izici ezithile zohlelo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezindaba ezimaphakathi, ezithinta ngokushesha izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezigaba ezidumile nabahola amaholo: ukuthatha umhlalaphansi uneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nomholo ogcwele wabo bonke (umashumi amahlanu nanhlanu emisebenzini edinga amandla), ukukhushulwa kwamaholo ngokushesha kanye ukuncishiswa kokwehla kwamandla emali (izikali ezishintshayo zamaholo), ukumiswa kwamanani nerenti, ukuqashwa okufanele kwabasebenzi abasengozini enkulu emkhakheni kahulumeni kanye nokudlulela ezinkontilekeni ezihlala njalo embonini ezimele, izinyathelo eziqinile zokulwa nobulili obuhleliwe nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga emsebenzini, amaholo, kanye izimpesheni, ukuqashwa okukhulu emsebenzini womphakathi, ukuvuselelwa ngokushesha kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi ezibalulekile nezimpahla (ezokuthutha, amandla, ezempilo, imigwaqo emikhulu, njll.), kanye nokuhlelwa kwemvelo.
Umbuzo ungavela ngobudlelwano bezinhlangano zomphakathi ikakhulukazi izinyunyana zabasebenzi - ikakhulukazi lezo lapho ubumbano lwezinyunyana lwezigaba luqhubeka lukhona: i-CGT, i-Solidaires, ne-FSU - nohulumeni onjalo, ngokujwayelekile ukuqhubela phambili izimfuno zabo. . Noma yimuphi uhulumeni wophiko lwesokunxele onohlelo lokuqhekeka angazithola engaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu evela esigabeni esibusayo (i-blackmail on investment, ingcindezi evela ezikhungweni zaseYurophu, njll.).
Ukugqugquzelwa okudumile kuphela okungenza kube nokwenzeka ukuphikisana futhi kuphoqelele iziphakamiso ezishiwo ngenhla, ngaphakathi kohlaka lokungqubuzana kwezenhlalo okunamandla aphikisana nonxiwankulu, njengoba kuholela ekubuzeni umbuzo wamandla emali kulo lonke. zomphakathi, phezu kwezimpilo zethu naphezu kwemvelo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela nempahla yangasese yezindlela zokukhiqiza, zokushintshana, kanye nokuxhumana.
Uma kuba nokhetho olusha, impi yezombusazwe entsha izoqala. Kodwa ukunqoba kwenhlangano ephikisana nokuguqulwa kwezimpesheni kuzobeka umfelandawonye wesokunxele i-New Ecological and Social Popular Union (I-NUPES) - ikakhulukazi amandla amakhulu phakathi kwawo, ngokungangabazeki aphikisana kakhulu ne-Macron kanye nephrojekthi yakhe, okungukuthi, France Insumise - esikhundleni samandla. Lokhu akusho ukugibela okulula ukuya empumelelweni; ukugqugquzelwa komphakathi akukaze kube nomthelela ozenzakalelayo kumandla okhetho (cabanga ngoMeyi–Juni '68, okwalandelwa kuphela amaviki ambalwa kamuva wukhetho lwephalamende elingakwesokudla kakhulu emlandweni weFifth Republic).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, siphawulile ngenhla ukuthi iqembu lika-Le Pen njengamanje libonakala lizuza kakhulu ekwenqatshweni okubanzi okudumile kwe-counterform, ngezizathu ezijulile ukuthi izinqubo zangempela zephalamende of the far right azanele ukuphikisana. Kodwa-ke, masiqaphele ukuthi ukuvota okwenziwayo njengamanje kwenziwa ngaphansi kokuqagela kokuhlulwa (okwamukelwa kabanzi ngabaphenduli kulesi sigaba) ukuthi uMacron ngeke ahlehle. Uma inhlangano iphumelele, inkolelo-mbono yokwanda kokhetho lwezepolitiki olwenziwa kwesokunxele bekungeke kube into engelona iqiniso, ngisho noma kungekho okukhombisa ukuthi izokhansela lokho kwakwesokudla, uma kubhekwa ukuvinjelwa kwalokhu kokugcina. isimo semidiya kanye nenkundla yezepolitiki.
Ukuhlanganisa ngokungangabazeki kudale isimo esisha kanye nokwenzeka koshintsho lwendlela, ngomqondo wokuguquguquka kokuqhekeka ngohlelo olumisiwe. Akukhona ukuthi yonke into ifinyeleleka kalula. Nokho izivulo ebezibonakala zingekho embuzweni ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule ziyabonakala namuhla. Ngeke kube khona ukuthula ezinsukwini namasonto alandelayo omzabalazo; akumele sihlehlise iziphathimandla zezombangazwe kuphela, kodwa futhi nemingcele yalokho okungenzeka.
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