Izimpawu zozimele nezinkulumo-ezinikezwa ngezithombe, izinkundla nezimfuno-kuyisici esibucayi kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umzamo wokwakha ukunyakaza. Lapho zisebenza kahle kakhulu, ziletha ukubumbana kwezombusazwe kanye nokugxila emphakathini wezishoshovu, zidlulisele incazelo nemigomo kubasekeli kanye nalabo abangase babe abahlanganyeli, zihlanganisele abavoti esenzweni, futhi zihlomise abalandeli ukuba bangenele umncintiswano wokuba semthethweni (namandla). Ngokuhambisana nale migqa, ukubiyela izinkulumo kungadlulisa imibono yabavukeli mayelana nokuthi ziyini izinguquko kuyadingeka, kunokuba nje iziphi izinguquko ezibhekwayo kungenzeka.
Umsebenzi wokwakha ukunyakaza ube yisici esihlala njalo semizabalazo yenkululeko yabantu abamnyama, nakuba igagasi ngalinye lomzabalazo belicabanga inkululeko yabantu abamnyama ngezindlela ezithile zomlando. Lo mlando uhlanganisa Inhlangano Kazwelonke Yamakilabhu Abesifazane Anemibala (1896), eyakhuthaza โIzinjongoโ eziyisikhombisa zemfundo, inhlalakahle yezomnotho namalungelo ezenhlalo yabesifazane nentsha phakathi neminyaka yokuqala kaJim Crow, futhi yandisa isiqubulo esithi โUkuphakamisa Njengoba Sikhuphuka.โ Iphinde ihlanganise ne-Universal Negro Improvement Association's 1920 ".Isimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu BamaNegro Womhlaba,โ okwahlanganisa umbono we-Black Nationalist wokuzibusa engozini yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngokufanayo, "Uhlelo Lwamaphuzu Ayishumi" lwase-Oakland Iphathi Ye-Black Panther Yokuzivikela (1966) ukhombise ukuqaphela okumelene nobukoloni okwandile entsheni yasemadolobheni yombala. Njengesinye isibonelo, "Isitatimende Sokuhlanganiswa Komfula i-Combaheeโ (1977) wakhuluma ngendlela ekhulayo yokuhlangana phakathi kokubili ekuhlaziyeni nasekulweni nokucindezelwa ngokwesisekelo sohlanga, isigaba, ubulili, kanye nobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, โKu-Ajenda Yenkululekoโ yango-1998, i-Black Radical Congress yasabela ekuhoxeni ekulinganeni kwezinhlanga kanye nobulungiswa bezomnotho okwenzeka ngesikhathi sobumongameli obulandelanayo bukaRonald Reagan, uGeorge H.W. Bush kanye noWilliam Jefferson Clinton, futhi banikeze enye indlela eshiywe kwezepolitiki esikhundleni sokuphendula abantu abamnyama be-1995 Million Man March.
IMovement for Black Livesโ (M4BL) isanda kukhishwa โIzidingo Zenqubomgomo Zamandla Amnyama, Inkululeko, Nobulungiswaโ ingeyaleli siko elicebile lokuhlelwa kwe-ajenda yenguquko. Kumele umzamo wokubumbana wezinhlangano ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, okuhlanganisa ne-Dream Defenders-amalungu azo abamba indawo yokuhlala enhloko-dolobha yaseFlorida kulandela ukuhoxiswa kuka-George Zimmerman ngo-2013 ekubulaweni ngokuqapha kuka-Trayvon Martin-kanye ne-Organisation of Black Struggle, enye ye- abaphenduli bokuqala bendawo emaphoyiseni ango-2014 adubula abulala uMichael Brown eFerguson, eMissouri. Ngokushesha, izimfuno ze-M4BL ziwumvuthwandaba "Black Lives Matter" ubushoshovu lokho kwavela kusukela ekukhululweni kukaZimmerman.
Kuseyili enkulu, lezi "Izidingo Zenqubomgomo" zikhuluma ngemiphumela yendawo yamanje ye-neoliberal ebonakala, phakathi kokunye, ukubukelwa phansi kwezindleko zezenhlalakahle kanye nemibono yokuhle komphakathi; ukugcizelelwa kokuqina kwezimali kanye nemisebenzi yombuso yokujezisa; ukwehliswa kokulawulwa kwezimali; ukwanda kwezikhala zengcebo namalungelo; ukuncishiswa kwabo bonke ubudlelwano bomphakathi ekuhwebeni kwezimakethe ezizimele; kanye nomphumela we-atomization yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokusobala, inkundla ye-M4BL ifuna โUbulungiswa Kwezomnotho,โ okuzofezwa ngokubuyisela imithethonqubo emikhulu embonini yezezimali, kuqiniswe amalungelo abasebenzi okuhlanganisa imikhakha yemisebenzi, ukusungula izinhlelo zemisebenzi yomphakathi, nokuthatha indawo yeTrans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) ngokuhlelwa kabusha okuqhubekayo kwazo zonke izivumelwano zokuhwebelana zase-U.S. . Ngempela, i-TPPโnabandulelayo njengeSivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile SaseNyakatho Melika (NAFTA)โiqinisa izimali zebhizinisi nezezimali ngezindleko zamaholo, iholo lekhaya, kanye nezimo zokusebenza neziphelele zokuphila โkwamaphesenti angama-99.โ
Omunye umphumela wale phrojekthi ye-neoliberal ethathe amashumi eminyaka kube ukululazwa kabusha kwepolitiki yokhetho. Lokhu kubonakala ekuyekisweni kokulawulwa ukusetshenziswa kwemali emikhankasweni, inkohlakalo yomuntu siqu yamakhandidethi athengwe ngezindodla zemali nangokusekelwa kwemisebenzi, ukusetshenziswa kobudlova obunyanyekayo ukuze kufihlwe ukuwohloka kwabathile kanye nokuba namandla, kanye nezikhali ezithuthukisiwe zokucindezelwa kwabavoti kubantu ababencishwe amathuba. AmaRiphabhulikhi, aholwa uphiko lwawo Lweqembu Letiye, ayaqhubeka nokungena kwezombusazwe zokucwasa abamhlophe. Isikhungo seDemocratic Party, ngenkathi sisayina kwesokunxele, sesikulungele futhi ukujikela kwesokudla, ngenkathi sikhaphela amalungu aqotho naqhubekayo esizinda saso kuyilapho sinikeza okungaphezulu kancane kokumelela nokufinyelela okungokomfanekiso. Khonamanjalo, umongameli wokuqala omnyama wesizwe, njengoba kwakunjalo ngokomlando, udalule kabuhlungu inkohliso yokweqa ubuhlanga, imingcele yesakhiwo sobuqhawe bomuntu onsundu obuhlukile, kanye nezingozi zokudida umkhankaso wokhetho (ngisho noma ekuqaleni wawuhlongandlebe) nowangempela. ukunyakaza komphakathi.
Inqaba ukukhetha okungamanga, okudumazayo, okugqugquzelwa yinhlekelele kulokhu kusetha okuvelele kwamaqembu amabili, inkundla ye-M4BL ihlanganisa โAmandla Ezombusazweโ okuhlanganisa ukubhaliswa kwabavoti emhlabeni wonke, โukuvinjelwa kwanoma yimiphi imithetho yokuncisha amalungelo,โ uxhaso lwezimali zomphakathi zokhetho, kanye nokuphela โkwe-PACS ephezulu kanye neminikelo yebhizinisi engahloliwe.โ Ukubhekana nokungalingani okugxilile emandleni ezombusazwe ase-U.S., umlando wezwe wokuthulisa abaphikisayo, kanye nokukhuphuka kwesigubhu sokucindezelwa kombuso ngokumelene ne-"Black Lives Matter" ngokwayo, le qoqo lezimfuno liphinde likhuthaze ukukhululwa kwazo zonke iziboshwa zezombusazwe. Ekugcineni, ipulangwe "Lamandla Ezombangazwe" libona ngeso lengqondo "ukulungiswa kabusha kwesistimu yezombangazwe yase-U.S. yesikhathi eside ukuze kwakhe intando yeningi yangempela lapho abantu abaNsundu nabo bonke abantu ababandlululwayo" bengakwazi ukubona amathuba agcwele okubamba iqhaza okhethweni kanye nokuthatha izinqumo ngentando yeningi.
Kwenye indawo, i-M4BL โVision for Black Livesโ iyasibona isidingo sokubumbana okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ngokucacile โukuhlonipha amalungelo omndeni wethu woMdabu.โ Kulokhu, kugcizelela ukuxhumana phakathi kokucwasa abantu abamnyama kanye nempi engapheli emhlabeni jikelele; i-nativism kanye ne-Islamophobia ekhaya; ukucekelwa phansi kwebhizinisi kwezindawo eziphila kuzo kanye nezindawo zamagugu ezihlala abantu boMdabu baseMelika njenge-Standing Rock Sioux yaseNyakatho Dakota; ukusabela okuqinile ngokumelene nezinkulumo zomehluko wocansi; kanye nokwenqatshwa okugqamile kwelungelo labesifazane lokukhetha abalingani abasondelene nabo futhi basebenzise i-ejensi yokuzala. Ngaso leso sikhathi, lo mthetho wobumbano udlulela ngaphakathi emiphakathini yabamnyama uqobo, okuletha phambili, ngokwesethulo salo mbhalo, โabantu abaNsundu ababencishwe imingcele, okuhlanganisaโฆ , abantulayo kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi, abakhubazekile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, abangenazo izincwadi ezisemthethweni, nabavela kwamanye amazwe.โ
Kungenxa yalo mqondo obanzi wokuzibonakalisa kwabantu abamnyama lapho i-ajenda yenqubomgomo ye-M4BL ifuna: โQeda Impi Yabantu Abamnyama.โ Impi enjalo igxile odlameni oluxubene, olucwasa ngokwebala โlwempi yezidakamizwaโ egunyazwe nguhulumeni, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, amapayipi okuhambisa isikole kuya ejele, ukugadwa komphakathi, ukufakwa kwezempi kwamaphoyisa, ukwenza iphrofayili, ukucwaswa โkwelebula yejele,โ kanye nobugebengu. ukubulawa ngokungemthetho yizikhulu zomthetho nabaqaphile. Lesi sidingo sokuqeda โukwenziwa kobugebengu, ukuboshwa, nokubulawa kwabantu bakithiโ sibekela inselele ngokusobala ukulingana okungamanga phakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, igunya, inkululeko kanye nokuhlonipha uhulumeni akunikeza abomthetho futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulahlwa okuvamile kwempilo yabantu abamnyama. Naphezu kwenhlekelele yangempela yokudutshulwa kwamaphoyisa ambalwa eDallas naseBaton Rouge ehlobo elinezinxushunxushu lika-2016, isiqubulo esibe khona, "Blue Lives Matter," siyindlela engcolile yokuthethelela amaqhinga engcindezelo yamaphoyisa ngokumelene nezishoshovu ze-"Black Lives Matter". . Okubaluleke ngokufanayo, "i-Blue Lives Matter" ifihla amandla akhona phakathi kwamaphoyisa namaphoyisa, nabantu bemibala esigabeni sokugcina ngokuvamile abayizisulu zokungaziphathi kahle nokuhlukunyezwa okusemthethweni.
Le politiki yokuchithwa kwabantu abamnyama idlulela, futhi, emaphethini aqhubekayo okuchithwa kwezimali emadolobheni amakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa kabusha konxiwankulu bezezimali, kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abamnyama. Ngenxa yalokho, ipulangwe lesithathu le-M4BL, โInvest-Divest,โ isekela ukwabiwa kabusha kwezimali zomphakathi kusukela ekujezisweni kuya โkumasevisi ezobulungisa okubuyisela esimweni,โ โimfundo exhaswa ngokugcwele,โ โizixazululo zamandla esimeme,โ kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezempilo, ukuqashwa, nezinye izingqalasizinda ezibalulekile emkhakheni wasekhaya labamnyama. Lokhu kuhambisana ne- izimfuno zepulatifomu "zokulawulwa komphakathi," okubandakanya isabelomali esibambe iqhaza kuwo wonke amazinga okuphatha, ukwengamela kanye nokulawula ama-ejensi aqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa komthetho, kanye nokuphela kokwenziwa kwangasese kwemfundo yomphakathi. Ukulinganisa izimiso ngaphansi kokuthi โUkulawulwa Komphakathi"Futhi"Invest-Divest," ingxenye yesikhulumi "Ubulungiswa Kwezomnothoโ ichaza kabanzi iziphakamiso ezihlobene namadlelandawonye okudla nezindlu, umoya ohlanzekile namanzi, kanye โnokuphela kokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemveloโ okuye kwaholela, ngokwesibonelo, ekungcolisweni kwamanzi e-Flint, eMichigan, kanye nenhlekelele yemvelo emazweni aboMdabu asongelwa ngokuqhekeka kanye nokufaka amapayipi kawoyela.
Ingqikithi yedokhumenti, "Izimpindiselo,โ ihlanganisa izindikimba zenkundla zokubuyisela ubulungiswa besikhathi esidlule nesamanje sokucindezelwa kwabantu abamnyama, ukwabiwa kabusha komnotho, ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi (kabusha) nokulawula, kanye nokuzibusa kwezombusazwe. Kithina esifundweni, ukugcizelelwa okunamandla lapha kwezemfundoโโukufinyelela mahhala nokwamukelwa okuvulekile emakolishi omphakathi namanyuvesi omphakathi, imfundo yezobuchwepheshe (ubuchwepheshe, ezohwebo nezolimo), izinhlelo zokweseka imfundo, ukuthethelelwa kabusha kwezikweletu zabafundi, nokusekelwa izinhlelo zokufunda impilo yonkeโโkuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi i-โBlack Lives Matterโ igxile kumakhempasi amaningi.
Nakuba abaphathi abaningi benyuvesi bezame ukukhohlwa imibhikisho eyenzeka ngonyaka wezifundo ka-2015-2016, abafundi ababhikishayo abamelene nokucwasa baqhubekile nokugcizelela izimfuno zabo zokuqala zokuhlenga kabusha inyuvesi. Kungaba yize ukuzama ukubikezela isiqondiso sezimpi zamanje zekhampasi mayelana "nokwehlukahlukana, ukulingana nokufakwa" ekuqasheni, ekugcinweni, kwikharikhulamu nenkulumo, isimo sezulu, uxhaso lwezimali, kanye nezibonelelo zesikhungo ezishiywe ubugqila. Akunakwenzeka futhi ukwazi ukuthi lezi zingqinamba emfundweni ephakeme zingathinta kanjani ukuthambekela kobuchwepheshe bezemfundo, i-atomization, kanye nokuqhubekela phambili komsebenzi ngamunye. Okwamanje, izinyunyana zabafundi abamnyama kanye namahlumela azo aphinde avela njengezinhlangano ezilwa, ngesibonelo sazo esinxenxa ubuhlakani kanye nabasebenzi abamnyama ukuba bahlanganyele emphakathini wemihlangano ekhohlakele. Izinhlelo ze-Africana Studies neminyango, ezalethwa abafundi abaphikisayo ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ngokufanayo baye bagqugquzelwa izishoshovu zabafundi zangaleso sikhathi ukuba baqinise, noma bathole kabusha ngokuphelele, ukuthi bangobani njengezindawo ezingaqondiswa izigwegwe, ezibalekela ukufunda nezomzabalazo. Kumakhampasi ethu amaningi, ubudlelwano obuqinile nabanye ababaleki abahlukahlukene benyuvesi ye-neoliberal kusazolinda.
Ngokwalokhu, udaba lwe-M4BL lokunxeshezelwa lubalulekile ngoba nakuba lukhuluma ngemininingwane yodlame nokuxhashazwa abantu abansundu abake babhekana nakho ngokuhlanganyela, amakhambi alesi siphakamiso ezempilo, ezezindlu, imfundo egcwele nemahhala, imali etholakalayo, kanye nokuxolelwa kwezikweletu kuyisibonelo soku uhlelo olufinyelela kude lwenguquko yentando yeningi yeningi eqhubekayo elahla ngokusobala i-neoliberalism. Ngokungcono kakhulu, ama-ajenda enkululeko yabamnyama asize ekwandiseni izincazelo zenkululeko, kanye nemibono yentando yeningi emphakathini. I-M4BL โVision for Black Livesโ ayihlukile.
Ekuqaleni, ababhali bayavuma ukuthi โakuzona zonke izidingo zethu nemibono yethu engahunyushwa ibe yinqubomgomo.โ Lokhu kungase kube yiqiniso, kodwa kuhambisana ngokuphelele nesiko lokuhlela labamnyama. Kusukela ku-Coloured Convention Movement yenkathi ye-antebellum kuya ku-National Black United Front ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, imizabalazo yenkululeko yabantu abamnyama ngokomlando iye yafinyelela phezulu ukuze ibe nezinjongo ezinamandla kakhulu kunalokho isimo esikhona esikwaziyo noma esizimisele ukukuvuma ngesikhathi esithile. Udaba olubaluleke kakhulu njengamanje ukuthi โUmbono Wezimpilo Ezimnyamaโ uzosakazeka kanjani futhi kuphi phakathi kwemithombo yezindaba ezimele, imitapo yolwazi yomphakathi, amasonto namaqembu enkolo, izindawo zokulala, izindawo zokugunda izinwele, izindawo zokucwala izinwele, amagumbi okufundela, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezinye izindawo zabamnyama. indawo yomphakathi. Kube wubuganga balolu hlelo lokusungula, kanye nokuqina komcabango wabantu abamnyama, okuqinise abantu abamnyama ohambweni olude lwezizukulwane. Futhi uma inkambo yomlando wase-Afrika waseMelika isifundise noma yini, ukuthi ngisho namaphupho enkululeko anesibindi afakazela ukuzindla kwethu okujulile.
Clarence Langa unguSolwazi kanye noSihlalo we-African and African-American Studies eNyuvesi yaseKansas. Wathola iPh.D. Emlandweni kusukela eNyuvesi yase-Illinois e-Urbana-Champaign ngo-2004. Izindawo eziyinhloko zocwaningo nokufundisa zikaLang umlando wesigaba sabasebenzi base-Afrika kanye nomlando wabasebenzi, i-Black Freedom Movement, kanye nemiphakathi yasemadolobheni yabamnyama eMidwest-century-century. Ungumbhali we I-Grassroots at the Gateway: I-Class Politics kanye Nomzabalazo Wenkululeko Yabamnyama e-St. Louis, 1936-75, Futhi I-Black America Ethunzini Lama-Sixties: Amanothi Ngenhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu, I-Neoliberalism, kanye Nezepolitiki..
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