Okwandulela I-World Social Forum (WSF) kungalandelelwa kuze kufike kuMasingana wezi-2000 lapho iqeqebana elincane lezishoshovu ezibalelwa ku-50, ezimele izinyunyana zabasebenzi, ongqondongqondo, izinhlangano zabalimi kanye namanye amaqembu omphakathi, behlangene eDavos. USamir Amin, ungqondongqondo othathwa njengomunye wongqondongqondo abaphambili ekuguquguqukeni kobunxiwankulu, wayephakathi kwalabo ababebuthene “e-Anti-Davos e-Davos”. Kusukela lapho ubelokhu ehlangene ne-WSF kuphela kodwa nezithangami zezifunda eziguquke zaba yinselelo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke yama-impiriyali. Ungumqondisi, Inkundla Yomhlaba Yesithathu (i-TWF), eseDakar (Senegal) naseCairo naseBelgium, inethiwekhi yososayensi bezenhlalo nongqondongqondo abavela emazweni asathuthuka. U-Amin uphinde wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekusungulweni kweForamu Yomhlaba Yezindlela Ezihlukile, eyethulwa ngo-1997. I-WFA ihlose ukuhlinzeka ngezidingo zezinhlangano zomphakathi ezibambe iqhaza ekuphonseni inselelo inkulumo-mpikiswano enkulu mayelana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Iphinde ibandakanyeke ekufuneni ezinye izindlela ngokwakha amathuluzi “wokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kokumelana nemizabalazo”.
Umsebenzi ka-Amin othi, i-Accumulation on a World Scale, owaqala ukunakwa abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi ngo-1970, wafika njengomoya omusha emkhakheni osafufusa wezomnotho wentuthuko ngoba wawuphonsela inselelo inkolelo eyayibusa ngaleso sikhathi eyavezwa amaMelika. Isazi-mlando sezomnotho u-WW Rostow ngo-1960. U-Rostow wayephikise ngokuthi amazwe asalele emuva ngokwezomnotho angaba sendleleni eya entuthukweni uma kungaba nokungeniswa kwemali, ngendlela yokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe noma usizo. U-Amin uqale waveza imiqondo ethi “izikhungo” kanye “namapheripheri”, ehlanganisa indaba yentuthuko nesimo sobunxiwankulu kanye ne-imperialism. Uphendule inkolelo ebusayo ekhanda layo ngokuveza ukuthi inkinga yokuntula intuthuko ngokwayo ingumphumela wemvelo kanye nokuguquguquka kwe-capitalism emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukhulume no-V. Sridhar e-Hyderabad, lapho ebambe iqhaza ku-Asian Social Forum (ASF). Ukhulume ngokushintsha kwesimo se-imperialism ne-globalization nemiphumela yako emazweni aseNingizimu. Eveza omunye umbono wabantu namazwe aseNingizimu, waveza ukuthi ubuningi bemibono ephikisana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuyisici esihle ekufuneni ushintsho lwezenhlalo. Uveze ukuthi noma yiluphi olunye uhlelo kumele luvumele izwe ngalinye kanye nomphakathi ukuthi uxoxisane ngemibandela elixoxisana ngayo nomhlaba wonke. Izingcaphuno ze-interview:
Yini ukubaluleka kwe-WSF-ASF kanye nenkundla yesifunda eye yavela eminyakeni embalwa edlule njengenselele yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke yama-impiriyali?
Lezi zenzakalo ngizibheka njengezibalulekile. Angisho ukuthi azikho izinkinga ngazo. Kunezinhlangano eziningi, futhi ezikhulayo, izinhlangano zomphakathi emhlabeni jikelele. Bahluke kakhulu ngokwemvelo, bazabalaza ngokwenhlalo, ukuvikela abasebenzi kanye namalungelo ezigaba ezithandwayo, noma kwezombusazwe ukuze bathole amalungelo ayisisekelo ezombusazwe. Kukhona ukunyakaza kwabesifazane, ukunyakaza kwemvelo nokunye okuningi. Okuyisici sesikhathi samanje ukuthi le nhlangano ihlukene phakathi, ngendlela yokuthi igxile kakhulu kuzwelonke, noma ezikhathini eziningi, ngokwendawo. Iningi labo libhekana ngodaba olulodwa noma ingxenye eyodwa yenkinga, ngaphandle kokulibeka libe ngenye iphrojekthi yezepolitiki.
Lona umphumela womlando wakamuva. Izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle ezavela ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili kancane kancane zafinyelela imingcele yazo yomlando. Angiqondile kuphela iphethini yamaSoviet yendlela ehlukile, kodwa futhi nalokho okwenzekile futhi okwenzeka eShayina, kanye nokuguguleka kwephethini yentando yeningi yezenhlalo eNtshonalanga yonxiwankulu ethuthukile. Ngiphinde ngibhekisele ekugugulekeni kwenhlobonhlobo yalokho engikubiza ngokuthi `indlela yokukhetha abantu kazwelonke' eNingizimu...
Usho lezo ezifana nezinhlobo zamaNasserite namaNehruvite...
Yebo. Ngenxa yalezi ntuthuko sesingene enkathini ebonakala ngokuhlukana. Ngeke kube khona okunye okuhlukile ohlelweni lwamanje olunamandla, i-neo-liberal globalization noma i-imperialism globalisation, okuyisigaba esisha se-imperialism, ngaphandle uma lezi zinhlangano zihlangana ndawonye ukuze ziveze enye enye indlela. Awukwazi ukulwa phambi kweqembu elilodwa. Noma ngabe uphumelele kulokho, impumelelo izoba nomkhawulo, intekenteke futhi ibe sengozini ngoba izinto zihlobene futhi ngoba, ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, sidinga enye enye indlela kuzo zonke izilinganiso zayo. Umbono ohlukile ngokusobala kufanele ube nesimo somnotho. Kodwa kuzofanele kubhekwane nemibandela yezombangazwe, yezenhlalo namasiko.
I-WSF akuyona inhlangano enenkundla efanayo yezepolitiki yokuklama amasu. Kodwa futhi akuyona inkundla evulekele wonke umuntu. Inomthethosisekelo okufanele izinhlangano ezibambe iqhaza ziwulandele. Kumele bakubeke kucace ukuthi bamelene ne-neo-liberalism, hhayi ngempela capitalism. Kufanele futhi baphikisane nokuqhutshwa kwezempi kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke - hhayi ngempela i-imperialism, okusho okukhulu kakhulu.
Ngicabanga ukuthi kuwumsebenzi wabo bonke abantu, abacabanga ukuthi kufanele basho enye indlela, ukubamba iqhaza, futhi bangaduki… Ngibone abanye abantu befuna ukuduba i-ASF. Banephutha futhi bangamahlelo. Kungase kube nenani lezinhlangano ezizimele [izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni], enginokungabaza ngazo ngokwami. Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye zikhohlakele futhi zingase zisetshenziswe yi-imperialism. Kulungile, kodwa lokho ukuphila. Kumelwe siqaphele ukuthi izinhlangano ezinjalo azimeleli amandla amakhulu. Amandla amakhulu izinhlangano ezidumile njengezinyunyana zabasebenzi, izinhlangano zabalimi, izinhlangano zochwepheshe, izinhlangano zabesifazane, izinhlangano zezemvelo kanye namanye amaqembu amaningi omphakathi. Kufanele sihloniphe ukuhlukahluka kwemibono nemibono. Imibono ehlukene nayo idinga ukuvezwa emazingeni ahlukene - ezingeni likazwelonke, kodwa nasezingeni lomhlaba, ngoba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuyiqiniso. I-Imperialism iyinto engokoqobo isikhathi eside (ehleka).
Ushilo ukuthi ukunyakaza okubumbene kwabantu baseNingizimu kuyisidingo sokuqala soshintsho esimweni samanje. Ithini indima yabantu baseNyakatho kulokhu?
Ngingumfundi wamazwe ngamazwe. NgiyiMarxist, isocialist, internationalist kanye ne-universallist. Angiyena umuntu we-chauvinist, ngokuqinisekile angiyena umuntu we-Third Worldist. Umhlaba munye, kodwa awulingani kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu, okulolonge izwe lanamuhla, kukwenze ngesisekelo sokukhula kokungalingani phakathi kwezizwe, nangaphakathi kuzo ngokunjalo. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu edlule kube namazwe kulesi sikhungo futhi, kube namazwe abesemaphethelweni. Ngakho-ke, enye yezinto eziyinhloko zesistimu yomhlaba wonke ubukhulu bayo be-imperialism. I-Imperialism ifana nokukhula kwe-polarization phakathi kwezizwe. Isekelwe ekuhlakanipheni kwenzuzo yonxiwankulu. Ukuqwashisa ngamandla adumile eNingizimu, okusemaphethelweni esistimu yomhlaba, kuyisidingo esibalulekile kunoma yiluphi ushintsho.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili kwaba nomnyakazo omkhulu wabantu base-Asia nase-Afrika belwela inkululeko yezwe. Babenenhloso eyodwa: ukuzimela. Lokhu kwakulungile, ngoba kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Kodwa amandla ahlangene azungeze lesi sidingo ayemele izigaba ezahlukene. Emazweni afana neChina, iVietnam, neCuba, ubuholi bebuhambisana neNxele. Kodwa emazweni afana neNdiya ubuholi babunezigaba ezimaphakathi ngesikhathi kulwa nombuso wamaNgisi. E-Afrika nasemazweni ama-Arab, izinhlobonhlobo zamabutho zazihola le nhlangano. Ubuholi kulawa mazwe babuqonda ukuthi kwakungadingeki nje kuphela ukwesekelana kodwa futhi kwakhiwe isisekelo esifanayo ngemva kwenkululeko, ngokusekelwe ezimfuno zabo ezifanayo ngokuhambisana nohlelo lomhlaba wonke. Kwenzeka kanjalo iBandung ngo-1955.
I-front front iveze imiphumela. Kudale indawo yokuthi la mazwe azuze amashumi ambalwa eminyaka wamazinga aphezulu okukhula komnotho. Kwaba khona izimboni kanye nemizamo emikhulu kwezemfundo nakweminye imikhakha. Ngokwepolitiki, kwenze lawa mazwe ukuthi eqe ubandlululo lobuzwe, bendawo kanye nobuzwe. Ubumbano phakathi kwezizwe lwalusekelwe kwezombusazwe, kuncike kakhulu ekumeni kwamazwe ngokumelene ne-imperialism. Lokho kuchaza ukuthi kungani umuntu ofana no-Nasser e-Egypt wayengumngane weNdiya, hhayi iPakistan. Kwakungenxa yokuthi i-India yayinesikhundla esimelene nama-impiriyali, ngokungafani nePakistan. Iqiniso lokuthi iPakistan yayingamaSulumane kakhulu, njengaseGibhithe, yayingabalulekile.
Phakathi neminyaka engu-20 kuya kwengu-30 edlule, imibono eyavela kubusoshiyali, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingeyaseRussia noma yaseShayina, futhi iphuma emikhankasweni eqinile yenkululeko yesizwe, yafinyelela umkhawulo wayo ongokomlando.
Ngabe la mazwe nawo abengaxoxisananga phakathi kwalezi zinkambu ezimbili - i-imperialism ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye ne-socialism, ngakolunye?
Impela, lokho kuyiqiniso. ISoviet Union inganikeza imibono - emihle kwezinye izimo, kodwa ezimbi ezimweni eziningi - futhi, kwezinye izimo, izikhali ezinhle (zihleka) kulawa mazwe, asebenza njengesheke ngokumelene ne-imperialism. Bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi i-US yenze njengomgulukudu njengoba yenza namuhla, lapho inganquma ngokuzimele ukuqhumisa noma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni.
Kodwa ngenxa yokuguguleka kwesisekelo sokwesekwa kobuholi, la mazwe angena esikhaleni, okwaholela ekuhlehleni kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ubumbano lwama-Afro-Asian nalo lwaqedwa. Lokhu kuye kwavula indlela kwamanye amaphethini obumbano-mbumbulu, aphikisana kakhulu, asekelwe ku-chauvinism yobuhlanga noma-mbumbulu noma, kusisekelo senkolo. Ake ngikubeke ngembabazane: Uma iningi labantu baseNdiya lamukela iHindutva, uma iningi labantu emazweni `amaSulumane' lamukela umbhedo wenkolo yamaSulumane yezombangazwe, ngeke kube noshintsho esikalini somhlaba uma lezi zingeqiwa ngomunye. umbono wobumbano lwabantu.
Yafinyelelwa kanjani imingcele kula mazwe?
Kwakukhona indawo yentuthuko ngoba ubukoloni bubangele amazinga aphansi ezimboni emazweni ambalwa, futhi angekho nhlobo kwamanye amaningi. Ngakho-ke, kwaba khona indawo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ngemva kwenkululeko yezwe. Kodwa njengoba beqhubeka, kwaba yindleko enkulu, ngokwezindleko zokutshala izimali kanye nobuchwepheshe. Lawa mazwe aphinde azuza njengefa izimiso zenhlalo yabantu ezinamazinga aphansi kakhulu emfundo, ayenikeza indawo enkulu yokuhambela phezulu kwabantu, ngemfundo. Uma nje izingane zezigaba ezidumile (isigaba esiphansi esiphakathi kanye nabalimi) zingakhuphuka ngemfundo - futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngezinga elikhulu eNdiya, eGibhithe nakwamanye amazwe amaningi - uhlelo lwazuza ngokuba semthethweni. Noma ngabe bebengenayo intando yeningi, bebebonakala behambisa okuthile. Amazwe abenamazinga aphezulu okukhula komnotho, okuhambisana nokunganyuki kwamazinga okungalingani (angiqondile ngokwenhlalo nje), kanye nalawo ayenikeza ukuhambela phezulu kwezigaba ezinkulu zomphakathi, ajabulela ukwethembeka nokuba semthethweni. Amanye alawa mazwe ayengaphansi kwentando yeningi, njengeNdiya. Abanye, njenge-Nasserite Egypt, babengenayo nhlobo intando yeningi. Kodwa babesemthethweni ngokulinganayo futhi bethembekile ngoba baletha. Lapho lolu hlelo selufinyelele eqophelweni lapho lwalungakwazi ukuqhubeka phakathi komqondo ofanayo futhi ngesisekelo esifanayo, uhlelo lwezombangazwe lwaba nokonakala kakhulu futhi lwalahlekelwa ukuba semthethweni. Lokhu kwadala i-vacuum, lapho amandla okuphendula aqala ukuthatha.
Usibonakalisa kanjani isigaba samanje sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ngokungafani nesangaphambili emlandweni?
Ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kanye ne-imperialism akuyona into entsha. Umlando we-capitalism kusukela ekuqaleni kungumlando wokwanda kwama-imperialism. Futhi, uhlelo lwaluhlala lusemhlabeni wonke. Ingxabano yabanye abantu yokuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke yinto entsha iyahlekisa. Phela kwakuyini ukwenziwa kweNdiya ikoloni, uma kungekona ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke? Ukwakhiwa kwamaMelika kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kwaba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Ukuhweba ngezigqila, okwadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamazwe aseMelika, kwaba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Kamuva, ubukoloni kwaba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Futhi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke bekulokhu kuwukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwama-impiriyali. Akukaze kufezwe ngezingxoxo ezinokuthula nezilinganayo phakathi kwabantu. Lowo ngumlando. Kodwa siyobe senza iphutha uma sicabanga ukuthi yindaba efanayo endala. Asikwazi ukwakha isu eliphikisayo elisebenzayo uma singagxili kokusha.
Inkulumo eyinhloko, ethi Rightist, ithi: “Ushintsho luhlala luba ngcono futhi luzenzakalela. Ushintsho luhlala lubuhlungu, kodwa luyisikhashana nje. Imakethe, okungukuthi, ubunxiwankulu, iyodwa iyoyixazulula inkinga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (lapho wonke umuntu esefile).” Lokho akuwona ngisho umbono. Kuyinkulumo-ze. Kodwa lokhu yikho okuphindwa mihla namalanga ngosopolitiki, okubhalwe mihla namalanga emaphephandabeni, kuvezwa mihla namalanga kumabonakude kuze kwethulwe nethi There Is No Alternative (TINA).
Kufanele sibheke ukuthi yini entsha ngenye indlela. Amandla adumile angaphinde ahlele kanjani ukunciphisa umonakalo ohlobene nokwanda konxiwankulu emhlabeni wonke? Yini abangayenza ukuze baphoqelele i-ajenda yabo ngesikhathi esifushane, ukuze bakhe izimo zezinye izindlela? Okunye, ngokubona kwami, kunegama. I-socialism. Yayinegama elifanayo esikhathini esidlule futhi izohlala injalo nakusasa. Kodwa indlela esicabanga ngayo iSocialism ngeke ifane nobaba bethu ababeyicabanga.
Uthe isimo se-imperialism namuhla sihlukile kunesakudala. Ingabe kunento yokwenza nendlela ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okuhluke ngayo namuhla?
Yebo. I-Imperialism yayilokhu ibonakala ngokuncintisana phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu. ISpanishi namaPutukezi, ngokumelene namaDashi ekhulwini le-17; amaNgisi ngokumelene namaFulentshi kamuva; futhi, amaJalimane- amaJapane ngokumelene nabanye, namanje kamuva. Ukuncintisana phakathi kwezizwe zama-impiriyali kwakuyisici esikhulu. Kungalesi sisekelo lapho uLenin - ngendlela efanele ngaleso sikhathi ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala - acabanga ukuthi lolu hlelo kufanele luholele ekuvukeleni ngoba kuzoholela empini, lapho i-proletariat, eyizisulu zempi, izovukela khona. Umlando wafakazela ukuthi uLenin wayeqinisile. Kwaba noguquko. Noma yini eyenzeka ngemva kwalokho ingenye indaba, kodwa kwaba khona uguquko.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, i-US neJapane baba umbimbi, Japan esikhundleni subaltern. I-US kanye ne-Western Europe capitalist bahlangana ngemuva kwe-Marshall Plan kanye nokusungulwa kwe-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Ngokwendawo, uhlelo lonxiwankulu lomhlaba luhlanganisa i-US kanye nesifundazwe sayo esingaphandle, iCanada; iYurophu yonxiwankulu, ngaleso sikhathi eyayinqunyelwe iKhetheni Lensimbi, manje eseyisempumalanga kancane; futhi, Japan. Ngaleso sikhathi (ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili), sasinencazelo, elula, kodwa eyayiyiqiniso ngokwengxenye. Imibuso yama-imperialism yaqeda ukuncintisana kwayo ngoba yayinesitha esisodwa, iSoviet Union. Babenaka kakhulu izithakazelo zabo ezifanayo kunokuncintisana phakathi kwabo.
Nokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, nakuba iSoviet Union yanyamalala, la mazwe awazange aphinde abe izimbangi. Lokhu kubonakala ekuphathweni komnotho ohlelweni lomhlaba wonke – ukusebenza kwe-G-7, iqembu lezizwe ezinamandla kakhulu, iBhange Lomhlaba, Isikhwama Semali Samazwe Ngamazwe kanye ne-WTO [World Trade Organization]. Lezi akuzona izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke; lezi yizinhlangano zeGlobal North - zesikhungo sonxiwankulu. Asiboni futhi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwala mazwe ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlangano. Kufanele sizibuze imibuzo embalwa. Okokuqala, kungani sikulesi simo? Okwesibili, ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana phakathi kwala mazwe? Okwesithathu, uma kukhona ukungqubuzana, kuhluke ngaziphi izindlela ekuphikisaneni kwesikhathi sangaphambili, lapho amazwe ama-imperialist ayeqhudelana khona? Okwesine, ukungqubuzana kuhlobana kanjani nobudlelwano baseNyakatho neNingizimu?
Ngiphakamisa - njengoba ngishilo ku-WSF e-Porto Allegre, ku-Egypt Social Forum e-Cairo, kanye naku-ASF - ukuthi ubunxiwankulu bungene esigabeni esisha, sezinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganisa imali emaphakathi. Lokhu sekubeke isisekelo sobumbano lwezithakazelo zonxiwankulu ezingeni lomhlaba. Ngesikhathi sikaLenin, ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi iqhubeka kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40 edlule (ngeke ngibeke usuku kuyo), i-monopoly capital yayidinga imakethe enkulu eyayingafinyelelwa njengombuso. Isikhungo sonxiwankulu noma idolobha elikhulu elinamakoloni amaningi noma izindawo ezithakaselwayo kwakuyinto evamile. Leso kwakuyisisekelo okwakukhona kuso imibango phakathi kwemibuso yama-impiriyali - ekwabelaneni noma ekubunjweni kabusha kwamakoloni kanye nokulawula uhlelo lomhlaba wonke. Manje sekushiwo - hhayi yithina kuphela, kodwa nabaphathi bamabhizinisi amakhulu - ukuthi ukuze zisebenze kahle, ama-transnational corporations (TNC) kufanele afinyelele izimakethe emhlabeni jikelele. Abakwazi ukuphumelela ngisho noma bejabulela amasheya emakethe amaningi ngisho nezimakethe ezinkulu zesifunda njenge-European Union noma eNyakatho Melika noma ezinye izingxenye zemakethe yomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, imbulunga iyindawo okulwelwa kuyo ukuncintisana phakathi kwabo.
Kodwa lawa ma-monopolies nawo adinga uhlelo lomhlaba wonke ukuze lusebenze. Uguquko esimweni se-imperialism alikushayi ukubaluleka kwezinguquko ezinqubweni zezabasebenzi kanye nezinye izilinganiso, okudingeka zibhekwe ukuze izigaba ezidumile zikwazi ukusungula kabusha izinhlobo zezinhlangano ezisebenza kahle. Kodwa ukuze sibe nempumelelo ezingeni lezepolitiki emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nasebudlelwaneni baseNyakatho neNingizimu, kufanele sicabangele iqiniso eliyisisekelo lokuthi i-imperialism manje isisebenza ngokubambisana njengonxantathu, imelwe yi-US, EU kanye ne-Japan.
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana phakathi kwala mandla? Ngithi akhona. Siyababona bethuthuka, kepha isimo sokungqubuzana sihlukile. Ngokuyisisekelo, asikho isimo esivamile. Futhi, i-capitalism ayikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kombuso. Isimangalo sokuthi i-capitalism ibuswa izimakethe, ngaphandle kombuso, ingumbhedo ophelele. Awukho umbuso owodwa, ngisho nomfelandawonye, waseNyakatho. Ngisho neYurophu neNyunyana yayo yakhelwe ezifundazweni zikazwelonke, ezimweni eziningi ezinezimpande zomlando ezijulile. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqhutshwe kanjani isici sezepolitiki se-collective imperialism? Lowo ngumbuzo ongaphenduleki.
Ushilo ukuthi kukhona ukuthambekela kokuthi "izikhungo ze-gravity" zamazwe ziwele ngaphandle kwesizinda sezwe. Kusho ukuthini lokhu kubantu balezi zizwe, mayelana nokufuna enye indlela? Futhi, uhlelo olunjalo lusebenza kanjani futhi yikuphi ukuphikisana ohlelweni olunjalo?
Ngingathanda ukucabanga ukuthi ngilungile, ngaphandle kokubonakala ngizikhukhumezile. Kodwa yebo, isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi siye sasuka ezizweni saya kwenye indawo. Lokhu sekwenzekile kuzo zonke izizwe - e-US, emazweni aseYurophu, nasezizweni ezinkulu nezincane zomhlaba Wesithathu. Lolu shintsho luhlobene nobukhulu bemali eyinhloko, okuyisilinganiso somhlaba wonke. Njengoba laba bengabenzi bezinqumo abakhulu, azikwazi ukuhanjiswa kumqondo kazwelonke. Lokho kudala izinkinga. Lolu daba ludingidwe e-European Social Forum, eFlorence. Abantu abaningi babenomuzwa wokuthi kufanele kwakhiwe iYurophu entsha. Bathi iYurophu yezombangazwe iyadingeka, hhayi ukuthi ibe nombuso obumbene ngoba, ngenxa yezizathu zomlando, kunezizwe ezinomlando omude wolimi namasiko afanayo. Abanye basikisela uhlobo oluthile lwenhlangano. Iphuzu liwukuthi iYurophu enjalo ayikwazi ukusekelwe kuphela emakethe evamile; kufanele futhi ibe neqiniso elivamile lezepolitiki. Enye iYurophu, njengenye i-Asia, ingenzeka. Le Yurophu entsha kufanele isekelwe ekuvumelaneni komphakathi phakathi kwezimali (ngoba asikwazi ukucabanga ukuphela kwezimali ngokushesha) kanye nezabasebenzi nezinye izigaba ezidumile. Kodwa futhi ngikholelwa ukuthi asikwazi ukufeza lokhu enye i-Europe ngaphandle kokushintsha ubudlelwano bayo neNingizimu. IYurophu ayikwazi ukushintsha uma iqhubeka nokuba ngumlingani ohlelweni oluhlangene lwama-imperialist.
Ukwakhiwa kwezifunda kuzovumela amazwe aseNingizimu ukuthi aqinise amakhono awo ngokuhambisana nohlelo lomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kungase kusekelwe, isibonelo, emlandweni namasiko, njengaseLatin America. Amazwe aseLatin America anokuningi afana ngakho. Izilimi ezimbili ezihlobene eduze, iSpanishi nesiPutukezi, zixhumanisa lamazwe ndawonye. Esinye isici esivamile yisitha esivamile iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili - i-US Angicabangi ukuthi i-Islam inganikeza isisekelo salokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezifunda. Kodwa amazwe ama-Arab, anolimi olufanayo, angaba isisekelo sobunye phakathi kwezizwe. Awukaze ube nomlando wokuthi la mazwe ahlanganiswe yizwe elilodwa, ngaphandle kwasemcabangweni wobuzwe. Kodwa lokhu kubambisana phakathi kwamazwe kumele kusekelwe kwezombusazwe, hhayi nje imakethe evamile.
Ngisho namazwe amakhulu abhekene nengozi ye-imperialism. Abantu baseMelika abawathandi amazwe amakhulu. I-China ne-India zikhulu kakhulu. Kufanele siqaphele ukuthi kunomehluko phakathi kwamazwe. Ake ngikhulume ngokungagwegwesi udaba lwaseNdiya. Kunezizwe, izilimi namaqembu ahlukene, ngaphandle nje kokuthi kukhona amaHindu namaMuslim. Indlela uhlelo lwamandla olubhekana ngayo nalokhu kwehlukahlukana ngisho naseNdiya - okuyinto engekho phakathi kwezimbi kakhulu emhlabeni (okungenani umbuso wentando yeningi) - kunezinkinga ezifana nokunyuka kobukhomanisi.
Siyini isimo sombuso wezwe kulokhu kuthungatha okunye?
Isidingo sokuhlangana ndawonye akuphikisi ukubaluleka okubalulekile kombuso wesizwe. Isikhathi eside esizayo, sizodinga izwe-lizwe. Izimakethe kufanele zilawulwe. Kodwa izimakethe azikwazi ukulawulwa ezingeni lomhlaba wonke noma ngisho nasezingeni lesifunda uma zingaqali ukulawulwa ezingeni likazwelonke.
Kufanele ulwe ezinhlangothini ezimbili. Nginombono wokuthi okubalulekile yilelo elisezingeni likazwelonke. Akukho okuzoshintsha kusuka phezulu. Izinto zizoshintsha kuphela lapho ukulingana kwamandla ezombusazwe phakathi kwamazwe kudala amathuba oshintsho ezifundeni nasemazingeni omhlaba. Ushintsho kufanele luqale emazweni angaphakathi. Kungakho umbuso wesizwe ubaluleke kangaka.
Yiziphi izici zenye indlela yokuhwebelana komhlaba neo-liberal?
Ngizofingqa izimiso ezingase zilawule olunye uhlobo lwesistimu yomhlaba. Esokuqala siwumqondo wokudlulela ku-socialism. Lokhu kuzohlanganisa umbandela wobunxiwankulu, okungukuthi, ukusebenza kahle njengoba kukalwa ngenzuzo; kanye, nenkomba yobulungisa bomphakathi. Nakuba igama elithi ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle linwebeka kakhulu, izici ezithile zingachazwa ngamagama aphathekayo. Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi noma yisiphi isakhamuzi saseNdiya esiphuma emakilasini adumile singakutshela ukuthi sisho ukuthini ngobulungiswa emphakathini. Kungasho imisebenzi, amaholo afanelekile nahloniphekile, izikole zezingane zakhe kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okuhloniphekile. Lokho kuwubulungisa bezenhlalakahle, hhayi i-socialism. Lezi ngeke zikhiqizwe yimakethe, kodwa lezi zizofakwa ezimakethe ngenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle kahulumeni. Lolu hlobo lwesistimu luhlobanisa imibandela yongxiwankulu nemibandela yezenhlalo, ezoba nokungqubuzana. Kodwa uhlelo luyabona ukuthi ziyangqubuzana ngakho-ke kumele zilawulwe ngaphandle kokuvumela imakethe ukuthi ibuse umphakathi ngohlangothi olulodwa. Iphinde ibone iqiniso lokuthi ukudlala ngokukhululeka kwezimakethe kudala izinkinga emphakathini. Ngakho-ke, umphakathi uzoxazulula inkinga ngokusebenzisa amandla ezombusazwe. Uma uhlelo olunjalo lutholakala emazweni amaningana, khona-ke singakwazi ukudala izimo zezinhlelo zesifunda phakathi kwazo, kanye nezinguquko ohlelweni lomhlaba wonke.
Umbandela wesibili odingekayo ukuze kube noshintsho olukhulu intando yeningi yangempela. Uguquko lwezenhlalo esikhathini esidlule - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi olohlobo lweSoviet noma i-Maoist noma uhlobo lwesizwe lwabantu abaningi emhlabeni Wesithathu - lwalunedemokhrasi encane kakhulu noma lwalungenayo nhlobo intando yeningi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini abayifezile, kuncane kakhulu okwasala esinyathelweni samakilasi athandwayo. Zazilawulwa futhi ziqondiswa ngezindlela eziningi, ngamazinga ahlukene okuphika intando yeningi. Iqiniso lokuthi abantu bafuna inqubekela phambili kodwa futhi bafuna inkululeko nakho kuyinqubekelaphambili kusuka esimweni sangaphambili. Asikwazi ukwenza kabusha iSoviet Union noma ukwenza kabusha kwe-Nehru's India. Akukho ukuphinda kwenziwe emlandweni. Intando yeningi enkulumweni ehamba phambili isekelwe ekuyisuseni odabeni lobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle. Lokho akusebenzi, ngoba uma intando yeningi ingaphumeleli ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi, abantu abasayitholi ithembekile. Isizathu esikhulu sokuhlehlela emuva ekuqondeni ubufandamentali bezenkolo, ubumbano lobuzwe nokunye ukwehluleka kwentando yeningi.
Iyini indima yezinhlangano zezenkolo nezobuhlanga kumongo we-neo-liberalism kanye nokufuna enye indlela?
I-Imperialism kanye ne-fundamentalism yamasiko kuyahambisana. Ubufandamentali bezimakethe budinga ubufandamentali benkolo. Kungani lokhu kunjalo? I-Market fundamentalism ithi: Phakamisa isimo futhi usishiye emakethe ezingeni lomhlaba wonke ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlelo. Lungenziwa kanjani uhlelo olunjalo? Kungenziwa kuphela lapho imibuso iphelelwe amandla ngokuphelele; futhi, ezifundeni, uma izigaba ezidumile (izisulu) zinikwa amandla ngenxa yokunganakwa kobunikazi besigaba sabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlelo lungaqhutshwa ngokwepolitiki uma iNingizimu ihlukene phakathi, izizwe nezizwe zizondana. Ubufandamentali bezenkolo kanye nobufandamentali bobuhlanga - kuyefana - kungamathuluzi aphelele okubusa uhlelo lwezombangazwe. Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi basekelwe - ngokwemibono, kwezombusazwe, ngisho nangezimali - yi-imperialism. I-US ibilokhu isekela ubufandamentali bamaSulumane. Ihlale isekela umbuso waseSaudi Arabia, njengoba ihlale isekela iPakistan namaTaliban. Iyaqhubeka nokweseka imibuso enjalo nanamuhla, nakuba manje ziphoqelekile ukwenza lokhu ngendlela ecashile. EYurophu isebenzisa ukunyakaza kwezizwe ukuze ifinyelele imigomo yayo, njengaseYugoslavia.
Ungasitshela izimiso zokuziphatha okhule ngazo waba ungqondongqondo?
Ngingumfundi kaMarx futhi bengilokhu ngiyingxenye yenhlangano yamakhomanisi. Lokho akuyona imfihlo. Ngiseyingane, phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngangijatshuliswa ukuphikiswa kwamaSoviet ngokumelene neJalimane lobuNazi. Ngalezo zinsuku, umphakathi waseGibhithe wawunosopolitiki kakhulu; ngisho nentsha eneminyaka engu-13-14 ubudala yayinepolitiki. Ngesikhathi ngisesikoleni samabanga aphansi, cishe amaphesenti angu-20 kuphela alabo ababengahlanganyeli eqenjini leminyaka yami ababengezona ezombangazwe. Abanye basakazwa ngokulinganayo emakamu amabili, amakhomanisi kanye nabezwe. Abashisekeli bobuzwe babevame ukusho ukuthi isitha esikhulu sabantu baseGibhithe kwakuyiBrithani; kodwa amaKhomanisi athi ubunxiwankulu, obusebenza ngeBrithani, buyizitha. Umphakathi waseGibhithe awusenayo ipolitiki njengalokhu. Abaningi besikhathi sami babengamakhomanisi noma bangamakhomanisi. Ngangiphuma emkhayeni ocebile. Ngavela emndenini wonxiwankulu abahlakaniphile, umndeni wodokotela. Ubaba wayengoweqembu le-Waqf, efana kakhulu neqembu likaKhongolose lapha. Umama wayekweleta ukwethembeka kumasoshalisti ashisekayo, amaJacobins, eFrance. Phela, ukhokho wami wayephakathi kwamaRiphabhulikhi okuqala e-Egypt, ngawo-1860.
Njengomfundi eParis, phakathi kuka-1947 no-1956, ngangihlangene nezinhlangano zabafundi abavela emazweni Omhlaba Wesithathu. Lokhu kwakha ukuxhumana okuqinile nentsha eningi kamuva eyaba ngabaholi bezinhlangano zeNxele kazwelonke e-Afrika naseNtshonalanga Asia.
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