Osopolitiki bafuna ukubuyisela emuva iminyaka engu-50 ngokukhawulela amalungelo ezingxoxo ezigidi zabasebenzi bakahulumeni. Izinyunyana zingenza kahle uma zibheka emuva, ekunyukeni okukhulu kwesiteleka sabasebenzi bakahulumeni ngeminyaka yawo-1960.
Izinyunyana zanamuhla, kuzo zombili izinhlaka zikahulumeni nezizimele, kuningi okumele zikufunde kulesi sikhathi okungakhulunywa ngaso kangako emlandweni wezisebenzi. Nazi izifundo eziyisikhombisa:
Iziteleka Zisebenzile. Ngeminyaka yawo-1960, izinyunyana zabasebenzi bakahulumeni zazibuthaka, zihlanganyela โekuncengeni ngokuhlanganyelaโ kunokuba โizingxoxo ezihlangene.โ
Kodwa-ke abasebenzi bakahulumeni bavuka kokunye kokukhuphuka okukhulu emlandweni wezisebenzi zase-US. Abasebenzi bakahulumeni bamasha emihlanganweni yesigungu sesikole. Benze ama-slowdowns. Futhi bagadla, ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo, ukuze bazuze ukuqashelwa kwenyunyana.
Inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu yagqugquzela iziteleka zabasebenzi bezokuthuthwa kwendle kulo lonke elaseNingizimu. Othisha baseFlorida nase-Utah bahoxile ukuhambahamba ezweni lonke. Izisebenzi zaseposini zagadla ezweni lonke, odabeni olwenziwa ngokumelene nezifiso zabaholi bezinyunyana. Amaphoyisa kanye nabacimi bomlilo bathola โumkhuhlane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhakaโ kanye โnama-rashes abomvuโ ukuze bafune ukuthi izisebenzi zezinkampani ezizimele sezivele zinani: ilungelo lokuxoxisana.
Leli gagasi lempi lanqoba kokubili izinkontileka nezinguquko emthethweni wezabasebenzi. Futhi kule nqubo, ubulungu bezinyunyana zabasebenzi bakahulumeni benyuka busuka ku-400,000 ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 baya ezigidini ezine maphakathi nawo-4.
Iziteleka, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi, zidale inhlangano yabasebenzi bakahulumeni.
Amandla Esibonelo. Njengoba nje izishoshovu zanamuhla zibheke esitelekeni Sothisha saseChicago sika-2012 ukuze bathole ugqozi, ngaleso sikhathi othisha babebheke isiteleka sosuku olulodwa ezikoleni zaseDolobheni laseNew York, ngo-1960. Ngokwesazi esithile, leso siteleka esisodwa, esifushane asizange nje sikhuthaze ukuhlelwa kothisha. esifundazweni saseNew York kodwa futhi yaba โisizinda seziteleka zothisha ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.โ
Othisha ezweni lonke balandele umkhondo oshiswe ngabaseNew Yorkers futhi bafune ukuqashelwa izinyunyana. Ngo-1968 othisha bashaya izikhathi ezingu-112โisuka ku-zero eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.
Yebo, akuwona wonke umshikashika wendawo oyoqala umlilo wasemathafeni. I Ukuthathwa kwefekthri yeRepublic Windows ngo-2008 ayizange ibangele ukuchithwa kwemisebenzi yezitshalo. Kodwa asazi ukuthi impi ethile ingase iholelephi nokuthi ingase inikeze abanye isibindi sokuthatha isinyathelo.
YENZIWA UKUZE IPHUKE
Ungavumeli Imithetho Ecindezelayo Ikuvimbe. Namuhla sibhekene nesizinda semikhawulo yezomthetho eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukuphoqa izinyunyana ukuthi zilwe izimpi ezincane ezingenanjongo. Iziteleka zezisebenzi zikahulumeni azikho emthethweni ezifundazweni eziningi. Abatelekile bezinkampani ezizimele bangashintshwa unomphela ngotwayi.
Kalula nje, imithetho iqinisiwe. Ukuthola indlela yokugqashula kule mithetho kuyisidingo esingokoqobo.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960, iziteleka zezisebenzi zikahulumeni zazingekho emthethweni kuzo zonke izindawo e-US Nokho lapho umbono ubamba futhi umongo ulungile, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabasebenzi bakahulumeni bashaya noma kunjalo, bephula imithetho yezwe kanye nemithetho yenkantolo. Futhi ngokuvamile bawinaโukuzuza ukuqashelwa nezinkontileka ezinhle, nokuphoqa abenzi bomthetho ukuthi bachibiyele imithetho yezwe ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuxoxisana kwabasebenzi bakahulumeni.
Noma iziteleka zahlala zingekho emthethweni ezinqabeni zezinyunyana zaseNew York, e-Ohio, nase-Illinois, amazinga eziteleka ayephezulu lapho phakathi nawo wonke ama-'70s. Eqinisweni, okunye ukuhlola okwenziwa ngo-1970 kuya ku-1981 kwathola ukuthi โamaphesenti angu-70 ezifunda ezivame kakhulu ukuteleka yilezo lapho iziteleka zingekho emthethweni.โ
Lapho umongameli wenyunyana eboshiwe phakathi nesiteleka sango-1973, othisha ababetelekile e-Evergreen, eWashington, bafola bephethe izixubho befuna ukuboshwa nabo. Ijaji elalithukuthele lahoxa futhi lapho isifunda senqaba ukuxoxisana, lasabisa ngokuvalela ibhodi lesikole. Inyunyana yathola inkontileka yokuqala.
Lapho abenzi bomthetho bebona ukuthi imithetho yabo yayingazivimbeli iziteleka, ezifundazweni eziningi abakhi bemithetho bazenza zibe semthethweni, benethemba lokulawula kangcono umsebenzi.
Indaba Yentando Yeningi Yenyunyana. Abanye bathi abasebenzi bangabhekana nama-giant corporation kuphela ngokwakha ama-mega-union aphakathi nendawo, akhiwe aqonde phezulu. Bathi intando yeningi yezinyunyana iwukunethezeka esingeke sikwazi ukukukhokhela.
Kodwa umlando wezabasebenzi awusisekeli kangako leso siphakamiso. Ngawo-1960, abasebenzi bakahulumeni balwela ukuguqula izinhlangano ezilondolozayo zibe yimishini yokulwa. Amalungu alwe ezingqungqutheleni zezinyunyana ukuze akhiphe imibandela yokungateleki emithethweni yawo.
Abasebenzi bakahulumeni bathutheleka ezinyunyaneni eziningi ezidla lubiโbaphoqa abanye, njengeNational Education Association, ukuthi bamukele isiteleka noma balahlekelwe amalungu.
ILUNGELO LOMUNTU
Phatha Ukushaywa Njengelungelo Lomuntu. Ngenkathi kudingidwa inkulumompikiswano ngo-Taylor Law evimbela isiteleka ngo-1967, izinyunyana ezintathu zaseDolobheni laseNew York zabamba umhlangano owawugcwele phama eMadison Square Garden, futhi zakhipha isinqumo esithi, โAkekho noyedwa, akukho nhlangano yesishayamthetho noma izikhulu zikahulumeni, ezingasithatha amalungelo njengamadoda nabesifazane abakhululekile ukuba bashiye imisebenzi yethu lapho behlukunyezwe ngokwanele.
"Uma iqembu lamalungu ethu lihlukumezekile kakhulu, khona-ke bazogadla."
Izinyunyana zabasebenzi bakahulumeni zinqabile izinkulumo ezingenangqondo zokuthi kungani abasebenzi bakahulumeni kungamele bavunyelwe ukuthi bateleke. Okungcono nakakhulu, abazange bakwamukele ukuthi izishayamthetho noma izinkantolo zazinelungelo lokwenza leso sinqumo; ukushaya kwakuyilungelo lomuntu amajaji noma osopolitiki ababengakwazi ukuliphuca.
Kodwa bambalwa abasebenzayo namuhla abaxoxa ngokuteleka njengelungelo eliyisisekelo. Kunalokho sibheka izinto ezingenziwa kuphela: ukuthi isiteleka sibonakala singenzeka ngokushesha. Uma kungenzeki, siyakhohlwa umgomo, futhi samukele imingcele ephathelene nelungelo lethu lokuteleka kanye nenkulumo ekhululekile izizukulwane zangaphambili ezazingafuni ukuyibekezelela.
Yakha Izivumelwano Zomphakathi. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-'60s nasekuqaleni kwawo-'70s, abasebenzi bakahulumeni abatelekile bangasebenzisa amadlelandawonye enhlangano yamalungelo abantu, njengoba kwenza iziteleka ze-1968 Memphis kanye ne-1969 Charleston.
Izinyunyana zikahulumeni ezihlangene nezinyunyana ezisenamandla ezimboni ezizimele. Bangase bafune ukulingana namaholo kanye nezimpesheni ezixoxwe ngozakwabo bezinkampani ezizimele.
Kodwa ngokuncipha komnyakazo wama-'60s kanye nesimo sezulu sokuhlela okwasiza ukukhuthaza, iziteleka zezisebenzi zomphakathi zaba nzima ukunqoba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba izinyunyana zabasebenzi bakahulumeni ziba nempumelelo kakhulu kanye nezinyunyana ezizimele zehla, osopolitiki baqala ukudweba abasebenzi bakahulumeni abatelekile njengabahahayo nabahola kakhulu.
Ukuqonda umnotho weziteleka zabasebenzi bakahulumeni kwaba semqoka kakhulu ekuwineni. Yize isiteleka sezinkampani ezizimele sihlose ukufaka ingcindezi yezomnotho kumqashi ngokumphuca imali engenayo, inhloso yesiteleka sabasebenzi bakahulumeni wukufaka ingcindezi yezepolitiki.
Ukunqoba iziteleka zezisebenzi zikahulumeni, ngaleso sikhathi namanje, kwakuncike ekhonweni lenyunyana lokuhlela izinkinga, ukuthola ukwesekwa komphakathi, futhi ngalokho kubeka ingcindezi yezombusazwe kubakhi benqubomgomo ukuthi baxazulule.
Ungalilahli Ithemba. Uma sibheka imithetho yanamuhla evimbela abasebenzi, kungaba nzima ukubona ukuthi ungaphuma kanjani ebhokisini. Kodwa isifundo esikhulu kunazo zonke ngeminyaka yawo-1960 ukuthi abasebenzi bakahulumeni babezikholelwa-futhi babenesibindi sokuwina.
UJoe Burns ungumxoxisi/ummeli wezinyunyana embonini yezindiza kanye nombhali we Ukuvuselela Isiteleka. Uke waba ngumsebenzi womphakathi kanye nomongameli wenyunyana. Incwadi yakhe entsha ithi Ukuphindisela emuva: Ukusebenzisa Amaqhinga Ezempi Esikhathi Esidlule Sezabasebenzi Ukubusa Inyunyana Yomkhakha Womphakathi Namuhla (Juni 2014). AbaseNew York bangamuzwa ekhuluma ngencwadi ngoJuni 25 ngo-7 pm at Izincwadi ze-Bluestockings.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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Lesi sihloko esihle sibonakala siyindawo ekahle namuhla yokuxhumanisa nobuciko bami obusha ekhasini lami le-Flickr photostream, โVULA AMANZI EMUVA E-DETROITโ.
http://www.Flickr.com/photos/sanda-aronson-the-artist/
Ngifuna futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi uMimi Rosenberg Esq., kanye noKen Nash, usolwazi womtapo wolwazi, abaphethe i-โBuilding Bridges: Umbiko Wakho Womphakathi Nomsebenziโ babe nendaba enhle izolo ebusuku ngenkinga yabampofu eDetroit abaye banqanyulwa amanzi. icishiwe. I-WBAI 99.5 FM igcina uhlelo kungobo yomlando, mahhala, izinsuku ezingama-90,
http://www.wbai.org; Ukwakha Amabhuloho kungoMsombuluko ebusuku, ngo-7-8PM Isikhathi SaseMpumalanga futhi banewebhusayithi yabo. Uhlelo lomsakazo luyinyunyana yonke indlela, njengoba nginjalo.