Kube yihlobo lamazinga okushisa arekhodiwe - iJapan ibe nehlobo elishisa kakhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni.[1] Kuyafana neSouth Florida naseNew York.[2] Ngaleso sikhathi, iPakistan neNiger zigcwele izikhukhula, kanti iMpumalanga ye-US iyancipha ngemuva kweSiphepho u-Earl. Asikho kulezi zehlakalo ezingasho ukuthi sibangelwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, njengoba noma yisiphi isazi sesimo sezulu sizokutshela. Kodwa ukuze ubone ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzodlala kanjani ekhulwini lamashumi amabili nanye, awudingi ukubheka e-Met Office. Esikhundleni salokho, bheka ukufa namathayi avuthayo 'ezinxushunxushwini zokudla' zaseMozambique ukuze ubone ukuthi kwenzekani lapho izimo zemvelo ezeqisayo zihlangana nezinhlelo zethu zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezingenabulungisa.
Izimbangela ezisheshayo zemibhikisho nasenhloko-dolobha yaseMozambique, iMaputo, neChimoio eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-500 enyakatho, ziwukukhuphuka kwentengo yesinkwa ngamaphesenti angu-30, okuhlanganisa ukwanda kwamuva nje okunezinombolo ezimbili kwamanzi namandla.[3] Uma cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zesabelomali sasekhaya zisetshenziselwa ukudla, lokho kuwukukhuphuka olwandle abambalwa abantu baseMozambique abakwazi ukukukhokhela. Kuze kube manje, isibalo sabashonile singaphezu kweshumi, okuhlanganisa nezingane ezimbili. Amaphoyisa athi kwadingeka asebenzise izinhlamvu zangempela ngokumelene nababhikishi ngoba 'baphelelwe yizinhlamvu zenjoloba'.[4]
Izizathu ezijulile zokwenyuka kwamanani e-Mozambique zingatholakala kude nezwekazi. Intengo kakolweni inyuke kakhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba phakathi nehlobo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi iRussia, izwe lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni elithumela kwamanye amazwe, liye labhekana nemililo eyinhlekelele ezindaweni zayo eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza. La malangabi nawo, athola umsuka wawo kokubili engqalasizinda embi kakhulu yokucisha umlilo kanye negagasi elibi kakhulu laseRussia esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka.[5] NgoLwesine, uVladimir Putin welule umthetho wokuvinjelwa kokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yegagasi elisha lomlilo wequbula ebhandeni lakhe lokusanhlamvu, ethumela izimpawu ezengeziwe ezimakethe zokuthi ukolweni waseRussia ngeke utholakale ngaphandle kwezwe.[6] Njengoba iMozambique ingenisa ngaphezu kuka-60% kakolweni odingwa abantu bayo, leli lizwe libanjwe izimakethe zomhlaba wonke.[7]
Lokhu kungase kuzwakale kujwayelekile. Ngo-2008, amanani kawoyela, ukolweni, ummbila nerayisi akhuphuka kakhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba - amanani ommbila acishe aphindeka kathathu phakathi kuka-2005-8. Ngaleso sikhathi, inqwaba yamazwe ahweba ngaphandle abhekana nezibhelu zokudla, enye yazo eyabanga isikhumba sesikhumba sezombusazwe sikaNgqongqoshe Wezempi waseHaiti u-Jacques Edouard Alexis.[8]
Ngemuva kwemibhikisho yango-2008, okokuqala, izehlakalo zemvelo ezazibukeka njengengcaphuno evela esigabeni sesimo sezulu seNcwadi Yezambulo-isomiso e-Australia, isifo sezitshalo enkabeni ye-Asia, izikhukhula eNingizimu East Asia. Lokhu kwahlanganiswa yizinhlelo zezenhlalakahle lapho imiphumela yazo yezwakala. Amanani kawoyela abephezulu, okusho ukuthi izindleko zokuthutha ziphakeme kanye namanani kawoyela asuselwa kumvundiso. Inqubomgomo ye-biofuel, ikakhulukazi e-US, yasusa umhlaba nezitshalo ekukhiqizeni i-ethanol, isusa ukudla eziswini kuya emathangeni kaphethiloli. Izitayela zesikhathi eside zokwanda kwabantu kanye nokudliwa kwenyama emazweni asathuthuka nakho kwengeza ingcindezi. Abaqageli bezezimali banqwabelanisa ezimpahleni zokudla, okwenza amanani entengo abe ngaphezu kwamandla abantu abampofu. Ekugcineni, abanye abathengisi basebenzise leli thuba ukuze banyuse amanani namanje, futhi nakuba amanani ezimpahla ehle abuyela emazingeni angaphambi kwenhlekelele, iningi lethu alikakayiboni imali eyongiwe ekukhokheni.
Ngakho-ke, ingabe lo 2008 usuphelile futhi? Isimo sezulu sibi kakhulu, intengo yenyama inyuke iminyaka engu-20, igilosa iyantshontshwa, nezinhloko zezwe zinxusa ukuthi kwehle. Umbono ojwayelekile ovela edeskini lempahla, nokho, ukuthi asikho esimeni esibucayi njengaseminyakeni emibili edlule. Uphethiloli ishibhile futhi izitolo zokusanhlamvu zigcwele kahle. Sisathungatha isivuno sikakolweni esiphezulu sesithathu esake sake safika, ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (FAO),[10] ngakho-ke noma ngaphandle kukakolweni waseRussia, asikho isidingo sokwethuka.
Nakuba konke lokhu kuyiqiniso, akugeja iphuzu: kubantu abaningi abalambile u-2008 awukapheli. Izehlakalo zika-2007-8 zafaka abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 endlaleni, futhi ukwehla komnotho emhlabeni wonke kusho ukuthi bahlala lapho. Ngo-2006, inani labantu abangondlekile laliyizigidi ezingu-854.[11] Ngo-2009, ibiyizigidigidi eziyi-1.02 - amazinga aphezulu selokhu kwaqala amarekhodi. Abalambile abekho nje e-Afrika. Ngokokunye ukuhlola, ngoKhisimusi ka-2009 e-United States, abantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu-57 babengaqiniseki ngokuthi bazokutholaphi ukudla okulandelayo.[12] Phakathi kwalabo abathintwe kakhulu yilokhu kwenyuka kwentengo, e-US nasemhlabeni wonke, kwakuyimizi ephethwe abesifazane.[13] Ubudlelwano nezinhlaka zamandla ezikhiqiza ubulili azikhishwe esimweni sezulu, phela.[14] Yingakho amaphesenti angu-60 alabo abalambile kungabesifazane noma amantombazane.[15]
Akubona abalambile kuphela abasekhona, kodwa izibhelu zokudla ziqhubekile. E-India, ukwehla kwamandla emali okunamadijithi amabili okudla kwahlangatshezwana nemibhikisho enodlame yasemgwaqweni ekupheleni kuka-2009. Ukwenyuka kwentengo, futhi, kwaba umphumela wazo zombili izimvula ezinamandla nezingalindelekile ngo-2009, kanye nenethi yokuphepha yomphakathi eya ngokuya inephutha ukuvimbela indlala. [16] Kube nemibhikisho kaningi mayelana nenani likakolweni e-Egypt kulo nyaka, kanti iSerbia nePakistan nazo ziyibonile imibhikisho.
Nakuba izintengo zempahla zehla ngemva kuka-2008, ukwakheka kohlelo lokudla kusalokhu kufana kakhulu kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. UBill Clinton usanda kunikeza izindlela ezimbalwa zezinqubomgomo zohwebo nentuthuko ezidale inkinga yokudla. Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, uzisole ngokuba sengozini kweHaiti ekuguquguqukeni kwamanani omhlaba. "Ngikwenzile lokho," esho ebufakazini eSenate yaseMelika. โKufanele ngiphile nsuku zonke nemiphumela yokulahlekelwa amandla okukhiqiza irayisi eHaiti ukuze ngiphakele labo bantu, ngenxa yalokho engikwenzile. Akekho omunye."[17] Ngokujwayelekile, uClinton waphakamisa ngo-2008 ukuthi "ukudla akuyona into ethengiswayo njengamanye ... kuyahlanya ngathi ukucabanga ukuthi singathuthukisa inqwaba yalawa mazwe [ngokuphatha ukudla njengokungathi ithelevishini yombala. sethiwe."[18]
Nokho abaqageli bempahla yomhlaba wonke bayaqhubeka bephatha ukudla njengokungathi kufana namathelevishini, bengenasiphetho esincane salokho i-World Development Movement eye yakubiza ngokuthi โukugembula ngendlala ezimakethe zezimali.โ Umthetho wakamuva wase-US Wall Street Reform uqukethe izinyathelo ezingase zinqande le misebenzi eqagelayo, kodwa ububanzi bazo obugcwele ayikacaciswa. IYurophu ayinayo indlela yokulawula lezi zinhlobo zohwebo lokuqagela nhlobo.[19] Ezolimo eGlobal South zisangaphansi kwemodeli 'ye-Washington Consensus', eqhutshwa izimakethe kanye nohulumeni abathatha izintambo ezinkampanini ezizimele. Futhi okuwukuphela kwesizathu sokuthi ama-biofuels angagqami kakhulu ukuthi uwoyela aklanyelwe ukuwushintsha ashibhile.
Ngokusobala, noma ukuqagela okusanhlamvu, noma ukuphoqelela amazwe ukuba athembele ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze athole ukudla, noma ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezolimo ukuze kube uphethiloli esikhundleni sokondleka akuyona izenzakalo zemvelo. Lezi yizinqumo ezivelele zezombusazwe, ezithathwe futhi zaphoqelelwa hhayi kuphela nguBill Clinton, kodwa amalegiyoni ochwepheshe bokuthuthukiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe abangenakuziphendulela. Imiphumela yalezi zinqumo yilezo abantu baseNingizimu Yomhlaba abaphila nazo nsuku zonke. Okusibuyisela eMozambique.
Khumbula ukuthi imibhikisho yasemgwaqweni yaseMozambique ayiqondanga nje kuphela ukwenyuka kwentengo yesinkwa, kodwa nokukhuphuka kwentengo kagesi namanzi. Engxoxweni neLusa News yasePortugal, u-Alice Mabota we-Mozambique League of Human Rights akazange asebenzise igama elithi 'izibhelu zokudla'. Imibhikisho icashe kakhulu futhi ixubene nepolitiki. Ngamazwi akhe, โUhulumeni โฆ akaqondi noma akafuni ukuqonda ukuthi lona umbhikisho ophikisana nezindleko eziphakeme zokuphila.โ Isenzo emigwaqweni akuwona nje umbhikisho mayelana nokudla, kodwa isenzo sepolitiki esibanzi nesiningi sokuhlubuka. Ingxenye yabampofu baseMozambique isivele ihlushwa ukungondleki kahle, ngokusho kwe-FAO.[20] Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ngemuva komlilo wokusanhlamvu eRussia saguqula isimo sezombangazwe lapho izakhamizi zaziqhubeka zithukuthele futhi zikhungathekile ngohulumeni wazo. Nakuba kunzima ukuyifunda ngaphandle kwezwe, leyo indaba eyaziwa kakhulu emazweni abhekene nalezi zihlubuki zokudla.
Izolo, ngifinyelele ku-Diamantino Nhampossa, uMxhumanisi we-Uniรฃo Nacional de Camponeses Moรงambique - i-Mozambique National Peasants Union. โLe mibhikisho izophela,โ wangitshela. โKodwa bazobuya njalo. Lesi yisipho okumele sinikezwe yimodeli yentuthuko esiyilandelayo.โ Njengabantu abaningi baseMozambique, wazi kahle ukuthi umoya uvunguza ngakuphi.
[Inguqulo yalesi sihloko ivela ku-Observer, ngeSonto 5 Sept 2010. U-Raj Patel ungumbhali ohlangene no-Eric Holt-Gimenez we-"Food Rebellions: Crisis and Hunger for Justice", futhi kamuva nje "Ivalue of Nothing" . www.rajpatel.org ]
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[1] http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jejeLCKDLGD9Ael1Wdi-AIQQf4sw
[2] http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/its-official-hottest-summer-ever/
[3] http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gJ6PTteGMk_JCbJrgfRnFeBLHtWA AFP ibeka ku-17% - Guardian ku-30%, njengoba kwenza eminye imithombo yezindaba eminingi.
[4] http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/02/mozambique-bread-riots-looters-dead
[5] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/47086656-9d75-11df-a37c-00144feab49a.html andhttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f61cbbd8-a225-11df-a056-00144feabdc0.html
[6] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5f6f94ac-b6bc-11df-b3dd-00144feabdc0.html
[7] Izibalo zami ngisebenzisa i-FAOSTAT zika-2007 ziphakamisa ukuthi iMozambique ithenge kwamanye amazwe u-64.4%, kodwa i-Independent inesibalo esingu-70%. www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/now-meat-price-surge-raises-fear-of-food-inflation-2069227.html
[8] http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpg2420093_en.pdf
[9] http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1228245020080412
[10] http://www.bakeryandsnacks.com/Financial/Wheat-volatility-leads-to-surge-in-global-food-prices-finds-FAO
[11] http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/zu/
[12] http://www.frac.org/pdf/food_hardship_report_2010.pdf
[13] http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/zu/
[14] http://www.unifem.org/partnerships/climate_change/facts_figures.php
[15] http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats?gclid=CLazjMb47aMCFSFugwod5A8H1A
[16] http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/business/18-india-faces-food-price-discontent-violent-protests-am-06
[17] http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/1/clinton_rice
[18] http://www.fao.org/news/story/0/item/8106/icode/en/
[19] http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/hunger%20lottery%20report_6.10.pdf
[20]http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/documents/Media_and_Communication/MZB_20100823_OPais_scan.pdf
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