Umthombo: Salon.com
Yize iningi lemithombo yezindaba kanye nezinhlangano zezepolitiki zinciphise usongo oluvela kulo msebenzi welebhu, abanye oklebe ngakwesokunene saseMelika. njengoSen. Tom Cotton, R-Ark., baye baveza abacwaningi baseShayina be-biodefense njengabayingozi ngokukhethekile.
Kepha kukhona zonke izinkomba zokuthi umsebenzi waselabhu wase-US usongela njengalapho kumalebhu aseShayina. Amalebhu aseMelika nawo asebenza ngaphakathi imfihlo, futhi baziwa nangokuthi bathambekele ezingozini.
Ukuguquguquka kwamanje komjaho wezikhali zebhayoloji kuqhutshwa izinqumo zikahulumeni wase-US ezinwebeka emashumini eminyaka edlule. Ngo-December 2009, Reuters kubike lokho abaphathi baka-Obama benqaba ngisho nokuxoxisana ngokugadwa okungenzeka kwezikhali zebhayoloji.
Iningi lakwesokunxele e-US manje selibonakala lingazimisele ukucubungula umsuka walolu bhubhane - noma udaba olubanzi lwe-biowarfare - mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye zamalungelo amelene namaShayina bezikhuluma kakhulu ekwenzeni izinsolo ezingenasisekelo.
Ohulumeni ababamba iqhaza ocwaningweni olunjalo lwezikhali zebhayoloji ngokuvamile bahlukanisa phakathi kwe-โbiowarfareโ kanye โne-biodefense,โ njengokungathi bapenda lezo zinhlelo โzokuvikelaโ njengoba kudingeka. Kodwa lokhu kuwukukhohlisa kwesandla; le miqondo emibili ayihlukaniseki.
"I-Biodefense" isho i-biowarfare engasho lutho, izalanisa amagciwane ayingozi kakhulu ngenjongo esolwayo yokuthola indlela yokulwa nawo. Yize lo msebenzi ubonakala uphumelele ekudaleni izinto ezibulalayo nezithathelanayo, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo zomkhuhlane obulalayo, ucwaningo olunjalo โlokuvikelaโ alunamandla ekhonweni lalo lokusivikela kulo bhubhane.
Isazi sezomthetho esabhala umthetho omkhulu wase-US ngale ndaba, uFrancis Boyle, waxwayisa encwadini yakhe yango-2005 โI-Biowarfare kanye nobuphekulaโ ukuthi โumjaho wezikhali wemvelo ongekho emthethweni onemiphumela engaba yinhlekeleleโ wawuqhubeka, uqhutshwa kakhulu uhulumeni wase-US.
Kwaphela iminyaka, ososayensi abaningi baveze ukukhathazeka mayelana nomsebenzi welebhu ye-bioweapons/biodefense, futhi ikakhulukazi mayelana neqiniso lokuthi ukwanda okukhulu kwezimali kwenzeke kusukela ngomhlaka-9/11. Lokhu kwaba yiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-anthrax-by-mail okwabulala abantu abahlanu emasontweni alandela u-9/11, i-FBI ekugcineni yagxeka usosayensi kahulumeni wase-US we-biodefense. Ucwaningo lwango-2013 lwathola ukuthi uxhaso lwe-biodefense kusukela ngo-2001 lwalunayo ifinyelele okungenani ku-$78 billion, futhi ngokuqinisekile kuye kwasetshenziswa okwengeziwe kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni a ukwanda kwama-laboratories, ososayensi nezinto ezintsha eziphilayo, baqala ngempumelelo umjaho wezikhali zebhayoloji.
Ngemuva kokuqubuka kwe-Ebola entshonalanga ne-Afrika ngo-2014, uhulumeni wase-US uxhaso olumisiwe ngalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "inzuzo-yokusebenza" ucwaningo ngezinto ezithile eziphilayo. Lo msebenzi empeleni ufuna ukwenza amagciwane abulalayo abulale, kwezinye izimo enze amagciwane aphephele emoyeni abengekho ngaphambilini. Ngesaziso esincane ngaphandle kwenkundla, ukumiswa kocwaningo olunjalo kwasuswa ngasekupheleni kuka-2017.
Phakathi nalokhu kumiswa, okukhishiwe ekuxhasweni kwemisebenzi yelebhu eyingozi yokuthola inzuzo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umsebenzi owenziwe ngokubambisana ososayensi baseMelika abavela eNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina, eHarvard naseWuhan Institute of Virology. Lo msebenzi - owawuxhaswe yi-USAID kanye ne-EcoHealth Alliance owawungavunywanga ekuqaleni - ushicilelwe ku- 2015 ku-Nature Medicine.
I-athikili ehlukile Yemithi Yemvelo mayelana nemvelaphi yobhubhane lwamanje, ebhalwe ososayensi abahlanu kanye eyanyatheliswa ngo-March 17, kuhlaziywe yimithombo yezindaba enkulu kanye nezinye izikhulu - okuhlanganisa nomqondisi wamanje weNational Institutes of Health uFrancis Collins - njengokuphika ngokuphelele umsuka walebhu ye-coronavirus yenoveli. Leyo ndatshana yephephabhuku, enesihloko esithi โUmsuka osondelene we-SARS-CoV-2,โ yasho ngokungananazi: โUkuhlaziya kwethu kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 ayiyona indawo yokwakhiwa kwelabhorethri noma igciwane elenziwe ngenhloso.โ Lona umusho odukisa ngobuqili. Ngenkathi ososayensi bethi ayikho โisigineshaโ yaselabhorethri eyaziwayo ku-SARS-Cov-2 RNA, ingxabano yabo yehluleka ukubheka ezinye izindlela zelebhu ezingadala ukuguqulwa kwe-coronavirus ngaphandle kokushiya isiginesha enjalo.
Ngempela, kukhona futhi umbuzo wokungqubuzana kwentshisekelo ku-athikili ye-Nature Medicine. Abanye bababhali baleyo ndatshana, kanye noFebhuwari 2020 Incwadi ye-lancet igxeka "imibono yozungu ephakamisa ukuthi i-COVID-19 ayinawo umsuka wemvelo" - obekubonakala kubalwa ukunciphisa ukucutshungulwa kwangaphandle komsebenzi welebhu ye-biodefense - inobudlelwano obukhathazayo ne-biodefense complex, kanye nohulumeni wase-US. Ngokuphawulekayo, akukho kulezi zihloko ezikwenza kucace ukuthi igciwane lingaba nomsuka wemvelo bese libanjwa futhi lifundwe endaweni elawulwa ilabhorethri ngaphambi kokuba lidedelwe, kungaba ngamabomu noma ngephutha - okuyinto engenzeka ngokusobala endabeni ye-coronavirus.
Amaqiniso njengokuthi "amahemuhemu"
Le ntatheli iphakamise imibuzo mayelana nalolu daba engqungqutheleni yezindaba ebinommeleli weCentre for Disease Control (CDC) eNational Press Club eseyavalwa manje ngoFebhuwari 11. Ngabuza ukuthi ngabe โkwakumane nje kwaqondana kanjaniโ ukuthi ubhubhane luqale eWuhan, okuwukuphela kwalo. indawo e-China enelabhorethri emenyezelwe yezinga lesi-4 le-biosafety (BSL4). Amalabhorethri e-BSL4 anezindlela zokuphepha eziqine kakhulu, kodwa aphatha amagciwane abulala kakhulu. Njengoba ngishilo, bekuyinqaba ukuthi umsuka obonakalayo wenoveli coronavirus kwakuyimigede yamalulwane esifundazweni saseYunnan - amamayela angaphezu kwenkulungwane ukusuka eWuhan. Ngiphawule ukuthi umsebenzi welebhu โwokuzuza ngokusebenzaโ ungaholela emagciwaneni abulalayo kakhulu, nokuthi amalebhu amakhulu, okuhlanganisa abanye e-US, baye bakhululwa ngephutha.
IPhini LoMqondisi Omkhulu we-CDC u-Anne Schuchat uthe ngokususelwa kulwazi alubonile, leli gciwane โlalisuka ku-zoonotic.โ Uphinde wathi, mayelana nomsebenzi welebhu ozuzisayo, kubalulekile โukuvikela abacwaningi nezisebenzi zabo zaselabhorethri kanye nomphakathi obazungezile nokuthi sisebenzisa isayensi ukuze kuzuze abantu.โ
Ngilandele ngokubuza ukuthi ngabe imvelaphi yemvelo okuthiwa ayikuvimbi yini ukuthi leli gciwane liqhamuke ngokusebenzisa elebhu, njengoba ilebhu yayingathola igciwane lelulwane futhi isebenze kulo. U-Schuchat uphendule izintatheli ezihlangene ukuthi "kujwayelekile kakhulu ukuthi kuvele amahemuhemu angakwazi ukuphila ngokwawo," kodwa akazange aphendule umbuzo ngokuqondile. Ubalule ukuthi ekuqubukeni kwe-Ebola yango-2014 abanye ababebukele babekhombe amalebhu aseduze njengembangela engase ibe imbangela, bethi lokhu โkwakungamahemuhemu abalulekile okufanele anqotshwe ukuze kusizwe ukulawula ukuqubuka.โ Waphinda: โNgakho ngokusekelwe kukho konke engikwaziyo njengamanje, ngingakutshela ukuthi izimo zemvelaphi zibukeka njengezilwane nomuntu. Kodwa umbuzo wakho ngiwuzwile."
Akuwona amahemuhemu la. Kuyiqiniso: Amalebhu asebenza namagciwane ayingozi. I-US ne-China ngayinye inezinhlelo ze-biowarfare/biodefense ezisebenzisa kabili. I-China inezindawo ezinkulu e-Wuhan - ilebhu ye-biosafety level 4 kanye nelebhu ye-biosafety level 2. Kukhona ukuvuza kwamalebhu. (Bheka โUkuvimbela Umjaho Wezikhali Zebhayoloji,โ MIT Press, 1990, ehlelwe nguSusan Wright; futhi, ukubuyekezwa okuyingxenye ku Ijenali Yomthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1992.)
Ingxoxo eningi yalesi sihloko esibucayi esiyingozi sonakaliswe i-snark egwema noma evika umbuzo "wokuzuza umsebenzi". ABC waqhuba indaba ngoMashi 27 enesihloko โUxolo, Abaqaphi Bozungu. Ucwaningo luphetha nge-COVID-19 'Akulona Ukwakhiwa Kwelabhorethri.'โ Leyo ndaba ayizange ikhulume nokwenzeka kokuthi leli gciwane lalingase litholakale endle, lacwaningwa elebhu bese lidedelwa.
NgoMashi 21, USA Today kushicilelwe ucezu enesihloko esithi โHlola Iqiniso: Ingabe ICoronavirus Yaqala Elabhorethri YaseShayina?โ โ futhi ilinganise ngokuthi โFALSE.โ
Leyo ndaba ye-USA Today incike kuWashington Post, okucashunwe kabanzi ngayo Februwari 17 "UTom Cotton ulokhu ephindaphinda inkolelo-mbono yozungu lwe-coronavirus ebisivele ichithiwe." Leso sihloko sicaphune ukuphawula komphakathi okuvela kuprofesa wesayensi yamakhemikhali e-Rutgers University uRichard Ebright, kodwa ngaphandle komongo futhi ngokwengxenye kuphela. Ngokuqondile, indaba ecashunwe ku-tweet ka-Ebright ukuthi i-coronavirus bekungeyona "i-bioweapon eyakhiwe." Eqinisweni, amazwi akhe aphelele afaka nokucaciswa ukuthi leli gciwane lingaba โwangena kubantu ngengozi yaselabhu.โ (I-imeyili ecela ukucaciselwa ethunyelwe intatheli yePosi uPaulina Firozi ihlangatshezwe kwathula.)
I-Bioengineered โ Isuka elebhu
Ezinye izingcezu ePosini kusukela ngaleso sikhathi (ezinye zitholakala kakhulu kuya Izikhulu zikahulumeni wase-US) idlulise ukucabanga kuka-Ebright, kodwa kuba kubi kakhulu. Engxoxweni yangasese, u-Ebright - ophinde washo ngokusobala ukuthi i-coronavirus yenoveli ayizange yenziwe nge-bioengineered kusetshenziswa ukulandelana kwe-coronavirus eyaziwayo - uthe ezinye izindlela zokukhohlisa elebhu bezingahle zibe nembangela yalolu bhubhane olukhona manje. Lokhu kuphambene nokubika okuningi, okungenzeka ukuthi okungafundile ngokwesayensi kakhulu ukubona umehluko.
Ukusabela ku- isiphakamiso sokuthi i-coronavirus yenoveli ibingaqhamuka ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ngaphandle kwe-bioengineering - eyenziwe ngu UDkt. Meryl Nass, okwenzile ukuhlukumeza sebenza kwi i-biowarfare - U-Ebright uphendule nge-imeyili:
Ukulandelana kofuzo lwe-SARS-CoV-2 akunawo amasiginesha okukhohlisa komuntu.
Lokhu kukhipha izinhlobo zocwaningo lwe- gain-of-function (GoF) olushiya amasiginesha okukhohlisa komuntu ngokulandelana kwe-genome (isb., ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ze-DNA ezihlanganisiwe ukwakha amagciwane e-chimeric), kodwa ayizikhiphi izinhlobo zocwaningo lwe-GoF ezingashiyi amasiginesha (isb., isiqephu esilandelanayo sezilwane). [kugcizelelwe]
Kulula kakhulu ukucabanga okulingana โnezigaba eziyishumi kuma-ferretsโ zika-Fouchier ezinegciwane lomkhuhlane we-H10N5, kodwa, kulokhu, kunezigaba eziyi-1 ezinkambini ezingezona ezabantu ezine-bat coronavirus RaTG10 noma i-bat coronavirus KP13.
Leso sigaba sokugcina sibaluleke kakhulu. Kubhekiselwa kudokotela wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane u-Ron Fouchier we-Erasmus Medical Center e-Rotterdam, owenza ucwaningo ngokwandisa ngamabomu amazinga ezinga lokuguqulwa kwegciwane ngokusabalalisa igciwane lisuka kwesinye isilwane liye kwesinye ngokulandelana. I-New York Times yabhala ngalokhu encwadini umhleli ngoJanuwari 2012, isixwayiso esithi โAn Engineered Doomsday.โ
โManje ososayensi abaxhaswa yiNational Institutes of Healthโ sebedale โigciwane elingabulala amashumi noma amakhulu ezigidi zabantuโ uma liphunyuka ekuboshweni, kubhala i-Times. Indaba yaqhubeka:
Ngokusebenzisana nama-ferrets, isilwane esifana kakhulu nabantu ekuphenduleni umkhuhlane, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukuguqulwa kofuzo okuyisihlanu kuphela kwavumela leli gciwane ukuthi lisabalale emoyeni lisuka kwelinye i-ferret liye kwenye ngenkathi ligcina ukubulawa kwalo. Ucwaningo oluhlukile eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin, okuyinto encane eyaziwa esidlangalaleni, lukhiqize igciwane okucatshangwa ukuthi alinabo ubudlova obuncane.
Igama elithi โunjiniyelaโ esihlokweni se-New York Times alilungile ngokwezobuchwepheshe, njengoba ukudlulisa igciwane ezilwaneni akubona โubunjiniyela bofuzo.โ Lo mehluko ofanayo uvimbe abanye ekuqondeni umsuka wobhubhane olukhona manje.
Umsebenzi womkhuhlane kaFouchier, lapho igciwane le-H5N1 lenziwa laba yingozi kakhulu ngokulidlulisela ngokuphindaphindiwe phakathi kwama-ferrets ngamanye, wathumela isikhashana ukushaqeka kwabezindaba. โEzibilinini zesakhiwo sophiko lwezokwelapha lapha futhi okufinyeleleka kososayensi abambalwa kuphela kukhona igciwane lomkhuhlane owenziwe umuntu elingashintsha umlando womhlaba uma lingakhululwa,โ kubhala umagazini i-Science ngo-2011. indaba enesihloko "Ososayensi Babhekana Nesiphepho Semidiya Mayelana Nezifundo Zomkhuhlane Oyimpikiswano." Iyaqhubeka:
Leli gciwane liwuhlobo lomkhuhlane wezinyoni i-H5N1 olushintshwe izakhi zofuzo futhi manje selidluliselwa kalula phakathi kwama-ferrets, izilwane ezilingisa kakhulu indlela umuntu asabela ngayo kumkhuhlane. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-pathogen, uma ivela emvelweni noma yakhululwa, ingadala ubhubhane lomkhuhlane, okungenzeka kube nezigidi eziningi zokufa.
Ehhovisi lesitezi se-17 esakhiweni esifanayo, udokotela wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane uRon Fouchier we-Erasmus Medical Center uchaza ngomoya ophansi ukuthi kungani iqembu lakhe lidale lokho athi โmhlawumbe ingelinye lamagciwane ayingozi kakhulu ongawenzaโ - nokuthi kungani efuna ukushicilela iphepha elichaza ukuthi kanjani. bakwenza. U-Fouchier uphinde wabhekela isiphepho sabezindaba. Emuva kokukhuluma neScienceInsider izolo ube nesikhathi sokuhlangana nesikhulu sabezindaba sesikhungo ukuze ahlele isu lokuxhumana.
Iphepha likaFouchier lingolunye lwezifundo ezimbili eziye zadala impikiswano eshubile mayelana nemikhawulo yenkululeko yesayensi futhi engase ibonise izinguquko endleleni abacwaningi baseMelika abasingatha ngayo lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ucwaningo olusetshenziswa kabili: izifundo ezingaba wusizo empilweni yomphakathi kodwa ezingaba iwusizo ngezinjongo ezimbi njenge-biowarfare noma i-bioterrorism.
Naphezu kokuphikisa, isihloko sikaFouchier sanyatheliswa iSayensi ngo-Juni 2012. Okunesihloko esithi โAirborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets,โ ifinyeze indlela ithimba labacwaningi bakaFouchier elenza ngayo i-pathogen ibe yingozi kakhulu:
Igciwane elinamandla kakhulu le-avian influenza A/H5N1 lingabangela ukugula nokufa kubantu kodwa kuze kube manje ayikatholi ikhono lokudluliselwa nge-aerosol noma i-droplet yokuphefumula ("ukudluliselwa emoyeni") phakathi kwabantu. Ukuze sibhekane nokukhathazeka kokuthi igciwane lingathola leli khono ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, siguqule igciwane le-A/H5N1 ngofuzo nge-mutagenesis eqondiswe kusayithi kanye nokuhamba kwe-serial okulandelayo kuma-ferrets. Igciwane le-A/H5N1 elishintshwe izakhi lithole ukuguqulwa phakathi nokudlula kuma-ferrets, ekugcineni libe lidluliselwa emoyeni ngama-ferrets.
Ngamanye amazwi, ucwaningo lukaFouchier lwathatha igciwane lomkhuhlane akenzanga khombisa ukudluliswa kwezindiza, bese uthelela inqwaba yama-ferrets kuze kube yilapho eguqukayo aze afike ezingeni lokuthi adluliseke emoyeni.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, 2012, a isifundo esifanayo ngu-Yoshihiro Kawaoka wase-University of Wisconsin yanyatheliswa ku-Nature:
Amagciwane omkhuhlane wezinyoni i-H5N1 A amagciwane ahlasela abantu ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa okwamanje awadlulisi ngendlela efanele kubantu. โฆ Lapha sihlola izinguquko zamangqamuzana โฆ ezingavumela igciwane โฆ ukuthi litheleleke phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Sihlonze โฆ igciwane โฆ elinokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezine kanye nezingxenye eziyisikhombisa zofuzo ezisele zegciwane le-H2009N1 eliwubhubhane lwango-1 - elalikwazi ukudlulisa amaconsi ngemodeli ye-ferret.
Ngo-2014, uMarc Lipsitch waseHarvard no-Alison P. Galvani waseYale wabhala mayelana nomsebenzi kaFouchier noKawaoka:
Ukuhlola kwakamuva okudala inoveli, amagciwane ayingozi kakhulu futhi athathelwanayo lapho kungekho khona ukuvikeleka komuntu akukona ukuziphatha ... kubeka engcupheni yokukhululwa ngengozi noma ngamabomu okuthi, uma kuholele ekusabalaleni okukhulu kwe-ejenti entsha, kungadla izimpilo eziningi. Nakuba ukukhululwa okunjalo kungenakwenzeka elabhorethri ethile eyenza ucwaningo ngaphansi kwezinqubo eziqinile ze-biosafety, ngisho namathuba amancane kufanele athathwe ngokungathi sรญna, uma kubhekwa izinga lokucekeleka phansi uma isigameko esinjalo esingalindelekile singenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuba okuba sengozini ayanda njengoba inani lamalabhorethri enza ucwaningo olunjalo likhula emhlabeni jikelele.
Njengoba kunikezwe le ngozi, izimiso zokuziphatha, njengalezo eziqukethwe ku Ikhodi yaseNuremberg, inqume ukuthi ukuhlola okunjalo kuzovunyelwa kuphela uma kunikeza izinzuzo zobuntu ezihambisana nobungozi, futhi uma lezi zinzuzo zingenakufinyelelwa ngezindlela ezingenabungozi kangako.
Siphikisa ngokuthi izinzuzo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezifunwayo zalokhu kuhlola - ukwakhiwa komgomo othuthukisiwe kanye nokuchazwa okuthuthukisiwe kokubhekwa - mancane amathuba okuthi kuzuzwe ngokudalwa kwezifo eziwubhubhane ezingaba khona (i-PPP), ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "inzuzo yokwenza umsebenzi" (GOF) ukuhlolwa. .
Kungase kube nombono osabalele wokuthi kunokuvumelana ngokwesayensi ukuthi ubhubhane aluphumanga elebhu. Kodwa empeleni ososayensi abaningi abanolwazi kakhulu kulo mkhakha bathule ngokuphawulekayo. Lokhu kufaka i-Lipsitch e-Harvard, u-Jonathan A. King e-MIT nabanye abaningi.
Ngonyaka odlule nje, uLynn Klotz weCentre for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation wabhala a iphepha kuyi-Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists enesihloko esithi โHuman Error in High-biocontainment Labs: A Cishe Ubhubhane Lwesifo.โ Ubhale u-Klotz:
Izehlakalo ezidala ukuchayeka okungaba khona kumagciwane zenzeka kaningi kumalabhorethri zokuphepha aphezulu ezivamise ukwaziwa ngamagama ashuniwe, i-BSL3 (Izinga Le-Biosafety 3) kanye ne-BSL4. Izehlakalo zaselabhorethri eziholela ekuthelelekeni okutholwa elabhorethri okungatholakali noma okungabikwanga kungaholela ekukhishweni kwesifo emphakathini ongaphandle kwelebhu; abasebenzi baselabhu abanezifo ezinjalo bazoshiya umsebenzi bephethe i-pathogen. Uma i-ejenti ehilelekile bekuyi-pathogen engaba ngubhubhane, ukukhululwa komphakathi okunjalo kungaholela kubhubhane lomhlaba wonke olubulala abantu abaningi. Okukhathaza kakhulu ukukhishwa kwesilwane esidalwe ilebhu, isilwane esincelisayo esisemoyeni-
igciwane lomkhuhlane wezinyoni othathelwanayo, obangela izifo kakhulu, njengamagciwane e-H5N1 adluliselwa emoyeni adalwe kulabhorethri ka-Ron Fouchier e-Netherlands kanye no-Yoshihiro Kawaoka e-Madison, e-Wisconsin.
โUyahlanya, uyingoziโ
I-Boyle, uprofesa wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe eNyuvesi yase-Illinois, ugxeke u-Fouchier, u-Kawaoka nabanye - okuhlanganisa okungenani oyedwa wababhali be-athikili ye-Nature Medicine yakamuva ngamagama aqinile, ebiza umsebenzi onjalo ngokuthi "ibhizinisi lobugebengu." Yize uBoyle engene ezingxabanweni eziningi, abaningi bamchithile kakhulu ngalolu daba. Iwebhusayithi "yokuhlola iqiniso". Izinyoka umchaze โnjengommeli ongaqeqeshwanga ngokusemthethweni nge-virologyโ - ngaphandle kokuphawula ukuthi yena wabhala umthetho wase-US ofanele.
Njengoba eshilo uBoyle e 2015:
Kusukela ngomhlaka-11 Septhemba 2001, sisebenzise cishe u-$100 wezigidigidi ezimpini zebhayoloji. Manje sesinomkhakha we-Offensive Biological Warfare kuleli zwe owephula umthetho I-Biological Weapons Convention futhi yami I-Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act ka-1989.
Umthetho owabhalwa nguBoyle uthi: โNoma ubani osungula, akhiqize, aqongelele, adlulise, athole, agcine, noma abe nanoma iyiphi i-ejenti yezinto eziphilayo, ubuthi, noma uhlelo lokulethwa ngamabomu ukuze asetshenziswe njengesikhali, noma asize izwe langaphandle ngamabomu noma iyiphi inhlangano ukuba yenze lokho. , uzohlawuliswa ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko noma aboshwe udilikajele nanoma yisiphi isikhathi seminyaka, noma kokubili. Kukhona i-extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction phezu kwecala elingaphansi kwalesi sigaba elenziwe noma ngokumelene nesizwe sase-United States. "
UBoyle uphinde waxwayisa:
I-Russia ne-China ngokungangabazeki bafinyelele eziphethweni ezifanayo engizithole emithonjeni efanayo evulekile neyomphakathi, futhi ngiphendule ngendlela efanayo. Ngakho-ke lokho umhlaba okubonayo manje umjaho wezikhali wezempi wemvelo ohlaselayo phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu yezempi yomhlaba: i-United States, iRussia, iBrithani, iFrance, iChina, i-Israel, phakathi kokunye.
Sakhe kabusha i-Offesive Biological Warfare Industry ebesiyifakile kulesi sifunda ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa kwayo yi-Biological Weapons Convention yango-1972, echazwe nguSeymour Hersh ekudaluleni kwakhe okudabukisayo โI-Chemical and Biological Warfare: I-Arsenal Efihliwe YaseMelika. "(I-1968)
Manje uBoyle uthi uke waphathwa kabi kwabezindaba ngalolu daba, naphezu kokubhala kwakhe umthetho ofanele. Iqembu asebenze nalo kwezomthetho, iCouncil for Responsible Genetics, langena ngaphansi kweminyaka eminingana edlule, okwenza imibono kaBoyle emelene ne-โbiodefenseโ ibe mncane kakhulu njengoba imali kahulumeni yokusetshenziswa okukabili ithululelwa emkhakheni futhi abagxeki emphakathini wesayensi bawile. athule. Ngokulandelayo, ukugxeka kwakhe kuye kwanda kakhulu.
Encwadini ka-1990 ethi "Ukuvimbela Umjaho Wezikhali Zebhayoloji,โ isazi uSusan Wright saphikisa ngokuthi imithetho yamanje ephathelene nezikhali eziphilayo ayenele, njengoba kwakukhona โamaphrojekthi lapho izici ezihlaselayo nezivikelayo zingahlukaniswa kuphela ngezisusa ezishiwoyo.โ UBoyle uyaphawula, ngokufanelekile, ukuthi umthetho wamanje awubhala awenzi okuhlukile emsebenzini "wokuzivikela", kodwa kuphela "ukuvimbela, ukuvikela noma ezinye izinjongo ezinokuthula."
Nakuba uBoyle ekhuluma kakhulu ngokugxeka kwakhe, akayedwa. Kube khona ukunaka okungajwayelekile, kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile abezindaba kulokhu kusongela. I-Guardian yadlala isiqephu ngo-2014, "Ososayensi bayakugxeka ukudalwa 'okuhlanyayo, okuyingozi' kwegciwane elibulalayo lomkhuhlane womoya,โ ngemva kokuba uKawaoka edale igciwane elisongela ukuphila โelifana kakhulu nohlobo lomkhuhlane waseSpain wango-1918 owabulala abantu abalinganiselwa ku-50mโ:
โUmsebenzi abawenzayo uyahlanya impela. Yonke le nto iyingozi kakhulu, โkusho u-Lord May, owayengumongameli weRoyal Society futhi owake waba ngumeluleki omkhulu wesayensi kuhulumeni wase-UK. "Yebo, ikhona ingozi, kepha ayiveli emagciwaneni laphaya ezilwaneni, iqhamuka kuma-labs abantu abafisa ukuvelela."
OkaBoyle amacala aqala ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ukuthi i-coronavirus yenziwa i-bioengineered - izinsolo ezisanda kufakwa ngudokotela wezifo zaseFrance kanye Umnqobi weNobel uLuc Montagnier - azizange ziqinisekiswe yinoma yikuphi okutholwe esidlangalaleni kwanoma yimuphi usosayensi wase-US. UBoyle uze asole ukuthi ososayensi abafana no-Ebright, oseRutgers, basengozini ngenxa yokuthi inyuvesi ithole ulwazi. Ilebhu ye-biosafety level 3 ngo-2017 - nakuba u-Ebright mhlawumbe engumgxeki ovelele walolu cwaningo, phakathi kososayensi base-US. Ngaphandle kwalezi nezinye izingxabano, ukukhathazeka kukaBoyle ngezingozi ze-biowarfare kusemthethweni; ngempela, u-Ebright uyabelana ngazo.
Amanye amazwi akhuluma kakhulu okuxoxa ngomsuka we-coronavirus yenoveli abemagange ukunciphisa ubungozi bomsebenzi welebhu, noma agxile kakhulu โezimakethe ezimanziโ noma ezilwaneni โezingavamileโ njengembangela engase ibe yinkinga.
Abezindaba babungaze uLaurie Garrett, umbhali owine uMklomelo kaPulitzer kanye nalowo owayeyisikhulu eMkhandlwini Wezobudlelwano Nezangaphandle, lapho ememezela kuTwitter ngoMashi 3 (kwi-tweet esuliwe) ukuthi kutholwe umsuka walolu bhubhane: ama-pangolin. #COVID19 Abacwaningi bahlole izicubu zamaphaphu ezilwaneni ezincelisayo eziyi-12 ezazishushumbiswe ngokungemthetho e-Asia futhi bathola i-#SARSCoV2 kwezingu-3. Lezi zilwane zatholakala e-Guangxi, e-China. Elinye igciwane+ elishushumbisiwe litholakale eGuangzhou.โ
Wayeshesha kulungiswe ngu-Ebright: โUmbhedo oqinile. Waze walifunda iphepha? I-pangolin coronavirus ebikiwe ayiyona i-SARS-CoV-2 futhi ayisondele nakakhulu kwa-SARS-CoV-2. I-Bat coronavirus RaTG13 iseduze kakhulu ne-SARS-CoV-2 (ifana ngo-96.2%) kune-pangolin coronavirus ebikiwe (ifana ngo-92.4%). Wengeze wathi: โAsikho isizathu sokubiza i-pangolin njengemaphakathi. Uma u-A esondele kakhulu kuno-B ukuya ku-C, uma ingekho idatha eyengeziwe, asikho isizathu esinengqondo sokuvuna indlela ethi A>B>C phezu komzila A>C.โ Lapho othile ebuza ukuthi uthini uGarrett, u-Ebright Uphendule: "Uthi akafundile ngokwesayensi."
Ngosuku olulandelayo, uGarrett wazilungisa (ngaphandle kokuvuma u-Ebright): โNgayifutha ephepheni le-#Pangolins, ngase ngithatha ikhefu lamahora ambalwa ku-Twitter. AYIBANGAkufakazeli uhlobo = umthombo we-#SARSCoV2. Sekunokugxeka okuningi manje, okungigxekayo nokungithumelayo. Ukugxeka okuningi kufundisa kakhulu ngakho kukushiya konke ku-4 ngenkathi. "
Okungenani esinye isikhulu sikahulumeni waseShayina uphendule izinsolo zokuthi amalebhu aseWuhan angaba umthombo walolu bhubhane ngokuthi mhlawumbe i-US yiyona enecala. Kwabezindaba ezijwayelekile zaseMelika, lokho kuthathwa njengokulinganayo okuhlekisayo okwengeziwe kunezinsolo zokuqala zokuthi leli gciwane beliqhamuka elebhu.
Ngokusobala izinsolo zikahulumeni waseShayina akumele zibhekwe ngamehlo abomvu, kodwa akufanele nezimangalo zikahulumeni wase-US - ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukuthi amalebhu kahulumeni wase-US abengumthombo osobala we Ukuhlasela kwe-anthrax ngo-2001. Lokho kuhlasela kuthumele ukwethuka e-US futhi kwavala iCongress, kwavumela abaphathi bakaBush ukuthi benze umthetho PATRIOT Act futhi akhuphule ukuhlasela kwe-Afghanistan ne-Iraq. Ngempela, ngo-Okthoba 2001, abathandi bemidiya bathanda URichard Butler futhi U-Andrew Sullivan yasakazwa ngempi ne-Iraq ngoba ukuhlasela kwe-anthrax.
Ukuhlasela kwe-anthrax yango-2001 kuphinde kwanikeza izaba eziningi zokusetshenziswa kwemali kwe-biolab kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, nakuba ngokusobala kwavela elebhu yase-US noma yase-US. Ngempela, lokho kuhlasela kusekhona kusitshekelwe in imfihlakalo.
Uhulumeni wase-US uqhamuke nezindaba eziningilizayo zokuphazamisa emsebenzini wakhe we-bioweapons. Isibonelo, uhulumeni wase-US wabiza kabi ngokufa kuka-1953 kukaFrank Olson, usosayensi waseFort Detrick, eMaryland, Ukuhlolwa kwe-LSD akuhambanga kahle; manje kubonakala sengathi bekuyisenzo sokubulala impi yase-US yebhayoloji.
Kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyini imbangela yobhubhane olukhona manje, la malebhu e-biowarfare/biodefense adinga ukubhekisiswa kakhulu. Isimemo sokubavala umlomo nguBoyle nabanye sidinga ukuzwakala ngokucacile - futhi ukukhanya kumele kukhanyiswe ngokunembile ukuthi yiluphi ucwaningo olwenziwayo.
Ukuba yimfihlo kwala malebhu kungasivimbela ukuthi sazi ngokuqiniseka umsuka wobhubhane olukhona manje. Kungaba ukukhishwa kwelebhu, okungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeke ngengozi, noma bekungaba ukutheleleka โkwezoonotic,โ noma isilwane kuye kumuntu.
Esikwaziyo ukuthi lo msebenzi waselabhu uza nezingozi zangempela. Umuntu angase aqhathanise nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Ngeke sathi isiphepho esithile sibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa umuntu, kodwa isayensi isitshela ukuthi izinto ezenziwa abantu zenza kube neziphepho ezinamandla kakhulu. Lokho kusibuyisela emuva ekuphoqelekeni kokuyeka izinhlobo zezenzo eziveza izingozi ezinjalo kwasekuqaleni.
Uma lokho kungenzeki, abantu bomhlaba bazoba semseni wamaqhinga namaphutha abalingisi bombuso abadlala ngomlilo ngenxa yezinhloso zabo zezwe.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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