Umthombo: Counterpunch
Amadoda amathathu angenacala - u-Alfred Chestnut, uRansom Watkins no-Andrew Stewart - basanda kuhlanganyela ngokugcwele. wakhululwa futhi wakhululwa ejele laseMaryland ngemuva kokuchitha iminyaka engu-36 ejele ngecala lokubulala abangalenzanga.
Ngo-Thanksgiving, 1983, intsha yangaleso sikhathi yasolwa ngokubulala umfana oneminyaka engu-14 ephaseji lesikole samabanga aphezulu saseBaltimore phezu kwejazi lakhe. Lesi sigameko sasiyingxenye yalokho okwakwaziwa ngaleso sikhathi e-Baltimore ngokuthi "ukubulala ngezingubo" ngoba intsha yasedolobheni yayinanyathiselwe phezu kwamateku noma izingubo zezemidlalo.
Lapho amadoda akhulile manje ededelwa, Ummeli Wase-Baltimore States u-Marilyn Mosby wavuma, “La madoda amathathu alahlwa amacala, njengezingane, ngenxa yamaphoyisa nokungaziphathi kahle kwabashushisi. Okwenziwa umbuso, ihhovisi lami, kubo akulungile. Ayikho indlela esingake silungise ngayo umonakalo owenziwe kubo. Ngeke sikwesabe lokho futhi kumele sibhekane nakho. ”
UMosby wanezela, “Ngifuna ukubonga la madoda ngokusuka ekujuleni kwenhliziyo yami ngokuphikelela amashumi eminyaka ukuze abonise ukuthi akanacala. Bafanelwe okungaphezu kokuxolisa.” UMosby uthi uzophusha umthetho wezwe ozodinga ukuthi umbuso unikeze isinxephezelo kwabaxoshiwe.
Umbuzo ongabuzwanga - nongaphenduleki - uthi kuthiwani ngamaphoyisa kanye nomshushisi abakha itulo “lokungaziphathi kahle” okwaphetha ngokuthi uChestnut, Watkins noStewart bachithe cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezimpilo zabo ejele ngecala abangalenzanga?
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Indima yokukhululwa emsulwa iba ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe uma kucatshangelwa ukuvuma okuphawulekayo kweJaji Lenkantolo Elifunde Isandla esinqumweni sakhe sango-1923, I-United States v Garrison: “Inqubo yethu [yobugebengu] ibilokhu ikhungethwe yisipoki somuntu ongenacala owagwetshwa. Kuyiphupho elingelona iqiniso.”
“Iphupho elingelona iqiniso”, ngokudabukisayo, liyiphupho elibi langempela. Ucwaningo lwango-2014 lwe-National Academy of Sciences, "Izinga Lokugwetshwa Kwamanga Kwabamangalelwa Bobugebengu Abagwetshelwa Ukufa," kuletha ukuqonda kwe-Hand cishe kwekhulu leminyaka kuze kube manje. Ibika okulandelayo:
Izigwebo ezingamanga, ngokwencazelo, azibonwa uma zenzeka: Uma sazi ukuthi ummangalelwa umsulwa, akagwetshwa kwasekuqaleni. Kunzima kakhulu futhi ukuzibona ngemva kweqiniso. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi labamangalelwa abangenacala alikaboshwa.
Ukuqhubekela phambili, it amanothi ukuthi “e-United States, nokho, inani eliphakeme lamacala angamanga avela obala futhi akhiphe ukukhululeka ligxile emacaleni amancane abamangalelwa abagwetshelwa kuwo intambo.” Futhi ngokuqondene nabo bonke abanye abaye baquliswa ngamanga futhi balahlwa amacala, iningi lamacala abo alikaxazululwa.
The Iphrojekthi Yobumsulwa inikeza izibalo ezilandelayo ezishaqisayo kusukela ekukhululweni kuka-2018 ngokusekelwe olwazini lwe-DNA:
+ 367 i-DNA exoshiwe kuze kube manje;
+ 28 amaphesenti alabo abakhululwa bagwetshwa ngokusekelwe ekuvumeni izono okungamanga;
+ 37 isho lapho ukukhululeka kuwinwe;
+ 14 isilinganiso senani leminyaka esekiwe;
+ 5,097.5 iminyaka isamba seminyaka esenziwe;
+ 26.5 iminyaka isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala ngesikhathi sokugwetshwa ngokungafanele;
+ 21 kwabangu-367 abantu abanikezwe isikhathi sokufa;
+ abantu abangu-41 kwabangu-367 abadedelwe benamacala abangazange bawenze.
Njengoba ibheka banzi kunalabo abagwetshiwe ngokusekelwe olwazini lwe-DNA, i-National Registry of Exonerations ihlonza abathile. 90-plus amadoda nabesifazane abambalwa asebegwetshiwe kuze kube manje kulo nyaka. Ibika futhi ukuthi kusukela ngo-1983, 2,522 abantu bakhululiwe. Futhi Isikhungo Solwazi Ngesijeziso Sokufa sibika ukuthi phakathi kuka-1973 no-2018, 164 abantu bakhululwe ohlwini lokufa.
In ucwaningo lwe-1998, izazi zezomthetho ezimbili, uRichard Leo kanye noRichard Ofshe, baphikisana, “Ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu imithetho yalo ehlelekile yakhelwe ukunciphisa imvamisa yokuboshwa okungagunyaziwe, ukushushiswa okungenasizathu, kanye nokugwetshwa ngokungafanele, ukuvuma icala kwamanga okudalwe ngamaphoyisa kuba phakathi kwezibi kakhulu konke amaphutha asemthethweni.” Baqhubeka bekhumbuza abafundi, “amaphoyisa avame ukuvuma izono ezingamanga kangangokuthi abacwaningi besayensi yezenhlalo, izazi zomthetho, nezintatheli ziye zathola futhi zabhala izibonelo zamacala amaningi kuleli shumi leminyaka kuphela.” Amagama akhathaza kakhulu athi “kaningi.”
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Phakathi kwamacala adume kakhulu ahilela ukukhululwa kanye nokukhululwa etilongweni kwabantu abamangalelwe ngamanga nabagwetshwa yicala le-“Central Park Jogger”. Ngobusuku basentwasahlobo ngo-1989, owesifazane omhlophe oneminyaka engu-28 wadlwengulwa ngesihluku futhi washiywa equlekile ngenkathi egijima e-Central Park. Ukuhamba ngolaka, umnyango wamaphoyisa aseNew York (i-NYPD) ngokushesha abopha intsha emihlanu yombala - i-antron mccray, uKevin Richardson, uRaymond Santaam, uRaymond Santaam noKorey Wise - otholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi belahlwe yicala belinecala futhi batholwe benecala futhi belahlwa yicala belahlwa yicala. Indaba yabo ilawulwe kahle ngu-Ava DuVernay ochungechungeni lwakhe olunezingxenye ezine, Lapho Basibona.
Njengoba u-DuVernay ebonisa, amaphoyisa - eholwa isikhulu sase-Afrika saseMelika, u-Eric Reynolds - ahlome ngemibuzo laba abahlanu isikhathi esingafika emahoreni angu-30 futhi abenza bonke bavuma ukuthi babeyingxenye yobugebengu. Icala lashushiswa uLinda Fairstein, inhloko yophiko lwamacala ocansi ehhovisi loMmeli Wesifunda saseManhattan kusukela ngo-1976 kwaze kwaba ngu-2002.
Khona-ke imeya ye-NYC u-Ed Koch wabiza lokhu kuhlasela ngokuthi "ubugebengu bekhulu leminyaka" futhi umongameli wesikhathi esizayo uDonald Trump wenza izikhangiso ezigcwele ikhasi emaphephandabeni amaningi afundeka kanje:
IMeya u-Koch iveze ukuthi inzondo nolaka kumele kususwe ezinhliziyweni zethu. Angicabangi kanjalo. Ngifuna ukuzonda lezi zigebengu nababulali. Kufanele baphoqwe ukuthi bahlupheke ... Yebo, Sodolobha Koch, ngifuna ukubazonda laba babulali futhi ngizokwenza njalo. … Umphakathi wethu omkhulu ungakubekezelela kanjani ukuqhubeka kokuhlukunyezwa kwezakhamizi zawo ngokuhlanya okungalungile? Izigebengu kumele zitshelwe ukuthi IZINKULULEKO ZAZO ZOMPHAKATHI ZIYAPHELA LAPHO KUQALA UKUHLASELWA OKUPHEPHA KWETHU!
U-Trump ucele abahlanu ukuthi bathole isigwebo sentambo.
Ngo-2002, owalahlwa yicala lokudlwengula nokubulala, uMathias Reyes, wavuma ukuhlasela kwalowo owayegijima kanti ubufakazi bolibofuzo baqinisekisa ukuthi nguye owadlwengula. Alahlwe amacala eCentral Park Five ahoxiswa. Kuze kube namuhla, u-Reynolds no-Fairstein basaqhubeka nokufuna ukuthi u-Reyes akenzanga yedwa futhi, cishe, wenza ne-Central Park Five. Okukhathaza kakhulu, u-Trump uyaqhubeka nokwenqaba ukuxolisa ngesikhangiso sakhe futhi avume abantu besilisa abamsulwa.
Uhlelo “lobulungiswa” lwase-US, okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu, luvikela amaphoyisa nabashushisi. INkantolo Ephakeme ithi nakuba amaphoyisa enokuvikeleka okulinganiselwe emacaleni, abashushisi bajabulela lokho okwaziwa njengokungavikeleki ngokuphelele kokuziphatha kwabo ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu kuphela zokuhlukunyezwa - okuhlanganisa ukubulala kanye namavidiyo ekhamera yomzimba njengobufakazi - lapho amaphoyisa eboshwa futhi ashushiswe. Bancane namanje abashushisi bashushiswe ngezenzo ezingabazekayo, uma zingekho emthethweni.
E-New York, isibonelo esiyihlazo kakhulu ukungaziphathi kahle kwesikhulu se-NYPD kuhilela U-Detective Louis Scarcella, isikhulu esake saduma okwathi eminyakeni yamuva nje siye sabhekana nezinsolo zokungaziphathi kahle. Manje usethathe umhlalaphansi ehola impesheni ngokugcwele. Kodwa-ke, kamuva nje, ijaji leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-Brooklyn likhiphe umyalelo wokuthi kukhululwe u-Shawn Williams 14th ukulahlwa kwecala okusekelwe ophenyweni lwamaphoyisa eScricella oluchithiwe.
Kunzima ukuthola izigameko lapho umshushisi eshushiswa ngokungaziphathi kahle; UFairstein wayengekho. The Guardian kubika ecaleni lango-2016 lapho umshushisi waseTexas, uCharles Sebesta, atholakala enecala “lokuvuma izono ezingamanga futhi wagodla ubufakazi ukuze agwebe u-Anthony Graves, owachitha iminyaka engu-18 ejele ngaphambi kokuba akhululwe engenacala.” Ibhodi eliqokwe yinkantolo ephakeme yaseTexas lokudluliswa kwezigwegwe lithe ukuziphatha kukaSebesta kuleli cala “kwakubi”.
UTrump akayedwa phakathi kosopolitiki abahamba phambili namuhla abaye basekela ukuboshwa nokushushiswa okungabazekayo. Ngo-2015, lapho lowo owayengenele ukhetho lobumongameli uSen. Kamala Harris (D-CA) enguMmeli Jikelele wase-California, wavikela umshushisi wezwe, u-Robert Murray, OweSifunda Sokudlulisa Amacala Esihlanu, Inkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala YaseCalifornia, osolwa ngokwenza “ukungaziphathi kahle kukahulumeni okuxakile. ” Utholwe ukuthi wenza amanga umbhalo wokuvuma icala lommangalelwa. Emisebenzini ye I-Observer, “wengeza imigqa emibili yombhalo ‘ebufakazini’” kummangalelwa wavuma ukuthi asongela ummangalelwa ngamacala athatha isigwebo sokudilikelwa yijele.
Lapho evuma ukuphuphuthelwa kobulungisa ecaleni lika-Chestnut, Watkins kanye no-Stewart, Ummeli Wezwe uMosby uthe uzofuna isinxephezelo sabaxoshiwe. Lesi isici esivame ukunganakwa senqubo yezomthetho, okwenzekayo ngemva kokukhululwa kwabakhululiwe.
UMaurice Caldwell usebenze izinsuku ezingu-7,494 - 20-plus iminyaka - ngokubulala okwesibili angazange akwenze. Ngo-2011, wakhululwa ejele laseCalifornia ngemuva kokuba enye indoda ivume icala. Njengoba I-Los Angeles Times kubika, “eneminyaka engu-43 ubudala, wadedelwa emigwaqweni yaseSan Francisco nezingubo zasejele kuphela ayezigqokile futhi ekholelwa ukuthi kwakuseza izikhathi ezimnandi.” Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili edlule, ubenezinkinga zempilo, i-PTSD kanye “nenhlamba yokukholelwa ekwenza kube nzima ukuthola umsebenzi nendawo yokuhlala.” Kukhona ubulungiswa bese kuba khona ubulungiswa.
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Nikela