Eminyakeni ethile edlule mina no-Noam Chomsky sakuthola kuwusizo ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezigaba ezintathu zobuphekula—ozakhayo, omnene nononya—ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe ngokuqinile ekusetshenzisweni kobuphekula ezithakazelweni zase-US njengoba kubonwa iqembu elibusayo lezombusazwe [1]
Ngakho-ke, lapho ubuphekula bubonwa yizikhulu zase-US njengenzuzo enkulu ezithakazelweni zase-US, ziphathwa yilezo zikhulu, ngakho-ke ngabezindaba, njengentuthuko enhle futhi "eyakhayo." Lokhu kwaba njalo ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi kukaSuharto kanye nozakwabo e-Indonesia ngo-1965-1966, okwaqeda isisekelo seqembu lamaKhomanisi futhi kwasusa intuba yokuvula umnyango wokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuguqulwa kabusha kwenqubomgomo yase-Indonesia yamazwe angaphandle ivuna Entshonalanga. Kulokhu akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi akukho ukucasuka kokuziphatha okuvezwe ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi kwezinkulungwane zezinkulungwane, kodwa kwathathwa njengenzuzo evela kumgomo wethu wokusiza amasosha ebuthweni lase-Indonesia (uRobert McNamara), kanye "nenzuzo" ukubenyezela kokukhanya" e-Asia (uJames Reston). [2]
Lapho ubuphekula bungasizi ikakhulukazi ezithakazelweni zase-US kodwa lwenziwa umfelandawonye noma ikhasimende izikhulu zase-US ezifuna ukulibeka noma ukuvikela, ukubulawa kwenani elikhulu lezakhamuzi kuthathwa njengento engathandeki futhi akukho kukhathazeka okusobala kokuziphatha-kuwukuthi " benign" - njengasendabeni yokuhlasela kwe-Indonesia i-East Timor ngo-1975 nangemva kwalokho, okwaholela ekufeni kwengxenye yesithathu yabantu base-East Timorese, kodwa eyasizwa futhi yavikelwa nguhulumeni wase-US, ngokusekelwe kulokho okucatshangwayo. ukufaneleka kobushiqela be-Suharto kanye ne-kleptocracy. [3]
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuphekula obenziwa amakhomanisi noma yimuphi omunye umbuso oyisitha oqokiwe bunakwa kakhulu, buvusa intshiseko enkulu yokuziphatha, futhi bubhekwa "njengobubi." Lokhu kwaba njalo ekubulaweni kukaPol Pot eCambodia, i-NLF eVietnam, kanye noSaddam Hussein e-Iraq–ngaphandle kwangenkathi yama-1980s lapho uSaddam ayesebenzela i-US ngokubulala abantu base-Irani. Lolu hlelo lokuhlukanisa lwalulusizo futhi luhlala luwusizo, futhi luphawuleka ekulandeleni kwalo ngempumelelo hhayi kuphela amagama asemthethweni kodwa nokuphathwa kwabezindaba. Ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zokuqala zobuphekula, abezindaba banokwethenjelwa kakhulu bathule, banokufaka okuncane, isinqandakuvunda futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwelashwa okuxolisayo kokuziphatha kokubulala lapho kushiwo khona nhlobo, [4] futhi ngaphandle kokucasuka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwesaba okubi, ukusabalala kunamandla, kunemininingwane eminingi, kufaka phakathi izindaba eziningi zomuntu siqu zokuhlupheka, futhi kudala intukuthelo enkulu. [5]
Kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, lapho ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga kuvame ukuvezwa yizikhulu zaseNtshonalanga, osolwazi kanye nezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu, uhlelo olusondelene kakhulu lokuphathwa ngokusemthethweni kanye nokulandela abezindaba nakho kubonakala. Njengobuphekula, ngokombono osemthethweni ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kungaba okwakhayo, okungalungile, noma okubi, futhi abezindaba bayakubona lokhu futhi balungise cishe ngokunemba kwewashi kuzidingo zenqubomgomo yezwe ekuphatheni ukubonakaliswa kwakho okuhlukile.
Ukuhlanzwa Kohlanga Okwakhayo: I-Croatia kanye nama-Krajina Serbs
Njengesibonelo esiyisibonelo sokuhlanjululwa kohlanga okwakhayo, singase sithathe udaba lokuhlanzwa kohlanga lwamaSerb aseCroat esifundeni saseKrajina eCroatia ngo-August 1995. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwalolo suku abaphathi bakaClinton babezihlanganise namaCroats namaMuslim aseBosnia ngaphandle. impi yombango eyaqubula isifunda kusukela ngo-1991 kuqhubeke: yayisekele unswinyo kumaSerbs kuphela, yaxhasa futhi yasebenzisa i-International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) njengethuluzi lezokwahlulela lezepolitiki elimelene namaSerb, [6] AmaSulumane aseBosnia ahoxa esivumelwaneni saseLisbon ngoMashi 1992-isivumelwano esasizoxazulula ukungqubuzana futhi savimbela ukuchithwa kwegazi okukhulu-okusiza ukuhlela umbimbi phakathi kwamaSulumane namaCroat ukuze abasize balwe kangcono namaSerb, futhi wasekela ukungeniswa kwezikhali kanye ne-mujahadeen ukusiza amaSulumane ukulwa nokubulala ngempumelelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ukuqhubeka nokwenza buthaka isikhundla sokuxoxisana sama-Serbs, abaphathi bakaClinton basekela ngenkuthalo ukuhlasela kwebutho laseCroatia emiphakathini yamaSerb e-Croatia ngo-Operation Flash ngoMeyi 1995 kanye nasekuqothulweni okukhulu kohlanga lwama-Krajina Serbs ku-Operation Storm ngo-August 1995. URichard Holbrooke uvakashele i-Zagreb ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokuqala kwe-Operation Storm, futhi ngokusobala akazange abe nethonya elivimbelayo ekusebenzeni kokuhlanza okuseduze. Ukusekelwa okusebenzayo kwe-US kufike ngendlela yosizo lwezempi, ukuhlinzekwa "kwabeluleki" bezempi abasondelene kakhulu namasosha ahlomile ase-US, ukubamba iqhaza okuqondile emisebenzini yezempi ngokuhlinzekwa kwezobunhloli kanye nemishini yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu, kanye nokwenqaba ukubambisana ne-ICTY ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngamacala empi angenzeka enziwe amabutho ahlomile aseCroatia. [7]
Olunye uhlobo lokusekelwa kwe-US kwakuwukugxila okukhulu nokucasulwa kwesibhicongo saseSrebrenica, [8] okwenzeka phakathi nenyanga ngaphambi kwe-Operation Storm futhi kwasiza ukuthethelela nokuphazamisa ukunaka ekuhlanzweni nasekubulaweni kwabantu baseCroatia. I-Operation Storm yayihilela ukususwa kwama-Krajina Serbs angaba ngu-200,000 kuya ku-250,000, ngokungafani mhlawumbe nengxenye eyodwa kweshumi yalelo nani lamaSulumane aseBosnia asuswa eSrebrenica. [9] I-Operation Storm ingase futhi ihilele ukubulawa kwezakhamuzi eziningi zaseSerb kunezakhamuzi zamaSulumane aseBosnia ezabulawa endaweni yaseSrebrenica ngoJulayi: cishe zonke izisulu zamaMuslim aseBosnia kwakungamasosha, hhayi izakhamuzi, njengoba amaSerb aseBosnia ahambisa abesifazane nezingane zaseSrebrenica. ekuphepheni. AmaCroat awazange enze lokho futhi amakhulu abesifazane, izingane kanye nabantu abadala babulawa eKrajina. [10] Unya lwamaCroat lwaluhlaba umxhwele: UTim Ripley uphawula ukuthi "amasosha e-UN abukele ethukile njengoba amasosha aseCroat ehudula izidumbu zamaSerb afile emgwaqeni ngaphandle kwesakhiwo se-UN abese ezimpompa zigcwele ama-AK-47s. wabe esechoboza izidumbu ezazigcwele izinhlamvu ngaphansi kwemizila yethangi." [11]
Ukuphathwa kwabezindaba kwamacala e-Srebrenica nase-Krajina kulandele iphethini evamile yokulungisa ukufaneleka kwezisulu nokungafaneleki ngokuvumelana ne-ajenda yezombusazwe. Njengoba amaSerb ayehlose uhulumeni wawo, kanye nohulumeni wabo esiza ngenkuthalo uhlelo olukhulu lokuhlanjululwa kohlanga lwaseCroat eKrajina, abezindaba banikeze impatho enkulu necasulayo kowokuqala, ngolimi olungenanhlonipho, izingcingo zokuthi kwenziwe okuthile, kanye nengqikithi encane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nge-Krajina, ukunakwa kwakuncane futhi kudlula, ukubika okuningiliziwe ngesimo sezisulu kwakuncane, ulimi oluchazayo lwalungathathi hlangothi, intukuthelo yayingekho, futhi umongo omncane owawunikezwa wenza ukuhlanzwa nokubulawa kwamukeleke.
Umehluko olimini uyaphawuleka: ukuhlasela kwe-Srebrenica "kuphola," "ukubulala," "ubudlova," "ukubulala ngegazi elibandayo," "ukubulala," "ubudlova," kanye "nokuhlanzwa kohlanga." Nge-Krajina, abezindaba abasebenzisanga ulimi oluqine kangako-ngisho nokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga kwakungaphezu kwamandla kubo, nakuba lokhu kwakuyicala elisobala, elihlelwe ngokucophelela, futhi elikhulu. Ukuhlasela kweCroat kwakumane nje "isiphithiphithi" esikhulu "esithambisa isitha," "umbani ohlaselayo," okuchazwa ngokuthi "impendulo ye-Srebrenica" kanye nomphumela wabaholi baseSerbia "abadlalisa isandla sabo ngokweqile." I-Washington Post yaze yacaphuna Inxusa laseMelika e-Croatia u-Peter Galbraith ethi "ukufuduka kwama-Serb kwakungekona 'ukuhlanzwa kohlanga'." [12] Iphepha alizange livumele inselele kuleso sahlulelo. Eqinisweni, nokho, ukusebenza kweCroat eKrajina kushiye iCroatia ihlanzwe ngokwedlulele kunazo zonke izingxenye zangaphambili zeYugoslavia yangaphambili, nakuba umsebenzi we-NATO waseKosovo wavumela ukuhlanzwa kohlanga lwase-Albania lwamaSerbia, amaRoma nabanye ababephikisana neCroatia ngobuhlanga. ukuhlanzwa. [13]
Nakuba eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba khona indledlana yamaSerb axoshwa abuyela eCroatian Krajina, emacaleni aseKrajina naseKosovo akukaze kube khona umzamo wamandla we-NATO wokuhlela ukubuyiselwa kwamaSerb ahlanjululwe ngokobuhlanga ezindlini zawo ezivela kuwo. isuswe ngamandla. Izisulu zezakhamuzi ezihlotshaniswa nethagethi yaseNtshonalanga azifaneleki. Ngokusekelwe kunoma yikuphi ukungezwani okukhulu, ababulali babo nabahlanza uhlanga bavunyelwe ukuba baziphindiselele futhi baziphindiselele, kunokuba baphishekele ukuhlanzwa kobuhlanga ngezisusa ezimbi kakhulu (inzondo yobuhlanga, indlala yomhlaba), futhi lezi zisulu ezingafanelekile azinalungelo lokubuya.
Odabeni lwase-Kosovo, i-UN empeleni ihlelela ababaleki abangama-40,000 abengeziwe abangama-Serb uma kwenzeka kunikezwe inkululeko egcwele e-Kosovo nase-Kosovo yase-Albania. [14] Ngakho-ke, akuzona kuphela izisulu ezingafaneleki abaphathwa ngozwelo noma abavunyelwa noma yiliphi ilungelo lokubuya, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe uyoze uhlele ukuhlanganyela komunye umzuliswano wokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga ngumngane waseNtshonalanga noma iklayenti, futhi abezindaba ngeke bakhononde. noma ngisho isaziso.
Ukuhlanzwa Kwezizwe Ezinhle: Ukususwa Kwama-Israyeli KwabasePalestina Ukuze "Ahlenge Izwe"
Njengomfanekiso wokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga, icala lokudliwa kwezwe lika-Israyeli isikhathi eside nokususwa kwamaPalestina kwa-Israyeli ngokufanelekile, eWest Bank, eMpumalanga yeJerusalema, naseGaza licacile futhi libaluleke kakhulu, ngokokuziphatha kanye nezombusazwe. "Ayilungile," ngoba i-United States ayizuzi kule nqubo, enomthelela omubi wempendulo kumbono wama-Arab kanye nabanye abantu abaningi nge-United States; lokhu kuyindaba yomsila onyakazisa inja, inja izilimaza njengoba izungeza isebenzela umsila wayo.
Ukubaluleka kwayo kuncike kwezinye izinto ezimbalwa ezicatshangelwayo: Lokhu kube yisibonelo esisobala-ngisho nesibonelo-sokuhlanzwa kohlanga, lapho isizwe esisodwa sasebenzisa amandla aso ezempi kanye nosizo oluvela eNtshonalanga (ikakhulukazi i-United States) ukuze kuxoshwe olunye uhlanga ime endleleni yayo. Leli qiniso eliyisisekelo liye lavunywa umugqa omude wezikhulu zakwa-Israel kanye nabavikeli bongqondongqondo bakwa-Israyeli, abaye bavuma, ngezinye izikhathi ngokudabuka, ukuthi "ukuhlenga izwe" elithathwe amaPalestine ngokuvuna "abantu abakhethiwe" kungadinga ukudliwa okuhlelekile kanye nokuhambisana. ukubulala kanye nokudluliselwa ngenkani.
Emuva ngo-1948, uDavid Ben-Gurion kwakusobala ukuthi "Kumelwe sisebenzise ukwesaba, ukubulawa, ukwesaba, ukuphucwa umhlaba, nokunqunywa kwazo zonke izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle ukuze kuqedwe iGalile labantu base-Arab." Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva, ngo-1998, u-Ariel Sharon waveza iphuzu elifanayo mayelana nengqikithi yokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga kumgomo wakwa-Israel: "Kungumsebenzi wabaholi bakwa-Israyeli ukuchaza umbono womphakathi, ngokucacile nangesibindi, inani elithile lamaqiniso alibalekayo. Isikhathi sokuqala salokhu ukuthi abukho ubuZionism, ubukoloni noma umbuso wamaJuda ngaphandle kokuxoshwa kwama-Arabhu nokuphucwa imihlaba yawo." Ngomhla zingama-24 kuNhlaba wezi-2006, uNdunankulu wakwa-Israel u-Ehud Olmert utshele iseshini ehlanganyelwe yengqungquthela ukuthi "ngangikholelwa futhi kuze kube namuhla ngisakholelwa, emalungelweni abantu bakithi aphakade kanye nomlando kulo lonke izwe."
Naphezu kwalezi zinkulumo kanye nezinye izitatimende eziningi ngendlela efanayo, [15] abahlonishwayo baseNtshonalanga benza sengathi ukudliwa kuka-Israyeli kanye nokuhlanzwa kohlanga akukona okuyimbangela eyisisekelo (futhi enokuziphatha okubi ngokujulile) emzabalazweni wePalestine, futhi ngendlela yaseKafkaesque yiPalestine. ukumelana nokuhlanzwa kwabo ngokobuhlanga okufanele kulahlwe.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi "ilungelo laphakade nelomlando" lika-Israyeli "kulo lonke izwe" lika-Olmert lingase libe ngaphansi kobudlova bamanje nobuye bavuselelwa bakwa-Israyeli eLebanon kanye nesizukulwane esikhulu sokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga kanye nababaleki eningizimu yeLebanon. Ngokusemthethweni, ukuhlasela kuka-Israyeli eLebanon kuyisenzo sokuzivikela ngokumelene nosongo lwe-Hezbollah, okuhloswe ngalo ukudala indawo yokuphepha kuze kube yilapho kufika "ibutho lezizwe eziningi elinamandla okuphoqelela." Kodwa ngokwandayo, njengoba umgomo wokuqala womugqa omncane ongamakhilomitha ambalwa manje usunwetshiwe wafinyelela eMfuleni i-Litani ojulile eLebanon, izisusa zangempela zokuhlasela kuka-Israyeli ziya ngokuya ziba sobala.
Emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1940 u-Ben Gurion wamemezela ukuthi "imingcele yemvelo" yakwa-Israyeli inabela eLitani enyakatho kanye neJordani ngasempumalanga-kwaqondana nemithombo emibili yamanzi aphekelwa yiqhwa esifundeni. Ngisho nasohlelweni lwabo lwamanje olumenyezelwe lokuphuma eWest Bank ama-Israyeli ahlose ukubamba iJordani "ngezizathu zokuphepha." ILitani ilandela. I-Golan nayo iyigugu ngenxa yamanzi ayo. Ngakho-ke, nakuba ngokusemthethweni, ukuhlasela kuka-Israyeli eLebanon kuthiwa kuyisenzo sokuzivikela ngokumelene nosongo lwe-Hezbollah, okuhloswe ngalo ukudala indawo yokuphepha kuze kufike "ibutho lamazwe ngamazwe elinamandla okuphoqelela," inhloso yokuqala umugqa omncane waseningizimu yeLebanon "manje usunwetshiwe wafinyelela eMfuleni i-Litani ekujuleni kweLebanon, [futhi] izisusa zangempela zokuhlasela kuka-Israyeli sezicaca ngokusobala…. Lena impi yokuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yendawo yaseLebanon ngaphandle kokusho ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezaba le-buffer yezokuphepha kanye nokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa okuzayo kwa-Israyeli." [16]
Lokhu kugqugquzelwa “kokuhlenga izwe,” okudinga ukuthi kuthathwe umhlaba othathwe abanye ngendluzula, kuphinde kube yisibonelo sokufuna inhlangano “enkulu”—lapha i-Greater Israel—okuwumgomo odabeni lukaMilosevic. kanye nezinsolo zokuthi ama-Serb afuna "i-Serbia Enkulu" kwethulwe njengento eyinhloko yomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ekubekweni kwecala kukaMilosevic kwe-ICTY (bona ngezansi ngaphansi kwe-Nefarious). Akukho lutho lapho lokhu kushayela kwe-Greater Israel kukhonjiswe yizikhulu zase-US noma abezindaba abajwayelekile base-US njengohlelo olungcolile nolungekho emthethweni okufanele lubize ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe kanye nokushushiswa ngendlela yokushushiswa kweSerb, nakuba uhlelo lwe-Israel luye lwacaca ngokucacile. yakhelwe ukuhlanza ngokobuhlanga inani elikhulu labantu.
Leli cala eliyisibonelo lokuhlanzwa kohlanga liphinde limele isibonelo esicacile sokucwasa ngokwebala, lapho umbuso onamandla wezempi nokuhlanzwa kohlanga-abaholi bawo, amabutho ahlomile, kanye nengxenye enkulu yemithombo yezindaba, ongqondongqondo kanye nezakhamizi, abazobizwa ngokuthi "ababulali abazimisele. " uma uhlala esifundeni esiqondiswe eNtshonalanga—ngamagama nezenzo zombili, siphatha abantu abasisusayo njengabaphansi (untermenschen kumodi yamaNazi). Laba bantu abaphansi abagcini ngokucwaswa kodwa bahlukunyezwa ngokukhululekile ngokushaywa, ukuphathwa kanzima ezindaweni zokuhlola, ukubhidlizwa kwezindlu kanye nokudliwa komhlaba ngokuvumelana nezifiso zama-Israel, ukwebiwa komhlaba namanzi, kanye nokubulawa kwabantu ngaphandle kwesijeziso. Njengoba inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yakwa-Israel i-B'Tselem isho, "I-Israel isungule eZifundeni ezihlaselwe umbuso wobandlululo, lapho igcina khona izimiso ezimbili zemithetho, futhi amalungelo omuntu asekelwe emvelaphi yezwe lakhe. okuwukuphela kohlobo lwayo emhlabeni, futhi kusikhumbuza imibuso emnyama yesikhathi esidlule, njengombuso wobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika."
Izikhulu eziphezulu zakwa-Israel sezineminyaka zichaza abantu basePalestine ngokuthi "amaphela," "izintwala," "izintethe," "izilwane," "izilwane ezinemilenze emibili," "umdlavuza," kanye nezinye iziqephu zokululaza ubuntu, futhi ziye zalulaza kaningi. Impilo yasePalestine uma iqhathaniswa neyamaJuda (kamuva nje, isitatimende sika-Olmert sokuthi "impilo nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zaseSderot ibaluleke kakhulu kuneyabahlali baseGaza"; okumangazayo kakhulu, "Ama-Arabhu ayisigidi awafanele amaJuda" kaRabbi Yaacov Perin. uzipho"). Izinombolo zasePalestine zimelela lokho kwa-Israel okubizwa ngokuthi “usongo lwezibalo zabantu,” futhi isishoshovu sezemfundo nesamalungelo abantu sakwa-Israel uJeff Halper sithi "amasu 'wokudluliselwa' asephenduke ingxenye eyamukelekayo yezingxoxo zezombusazwe zakwa-Israel. : ukudingiswa nokudingiswa, ukuhoxiswa kwamalungelo okuba ngumhlali, ukuswelakala kwezomnotho, ukudliwa komhlaba, ukubhidlizwa kwezindlu, nezinye izindlela zokwenza impilo ingabekezeleleki ukuze kubangele ukufuduka kwabantu basePalestine 'ngokuzithandela'." [17]
Amakhulu ezindawo zokuhlola enza umnyakazo wasePalestine ube nzima futhi ungavikeleki, ngisho naphakathi kwezindawo zasendaweni, futhi zivalwa ngamaholide amaJuda, okukhubaza impilo yezomnotho nezenhlalo yasePalestine. Kusukela eminyakeni emibili edlule abantu basePalestine abangama-79 base beshonile ngenxa yokubambezeleka ezindaweni zokuhlola futhi inqwaba yabesifazane babetele (kanye nabaningi ababesazalwa) ezindaweni zokuhlola ezivimbekile noma eduze kwazo. [18] Kube nokubhidlizwa kwa-Israyeli okungaphezulu kwe-11,000 kwezindlu zasePalestine kusukela ngo-1967, okungaphansi kwama-600 okungowabantu abasolwa ngemisebenzi yobuphekula noma imindeni yabo (lokhu kuyindlela yesijeziso esiyiqoqo okuyicala lempi). Omunye ungqongqoshe weKhabhinethi yakwa-Israel, u-Yosef Lapid, owasinda ekuqothulweni kwesizwe, udale isiphithiphithi emhlanganweni owodwa wamasonto onke wekhabhinethi, lapho bekudingidwa khona ukubhidlizwa kwezindlu ekamu lababaleki laseRafah, lapho ethi isithombe sesalukazi sasePalestine siphezu kwemfucumfucu. emzini wakhe wamkhumbuza "ngogogo wami ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe," wanezela ngokuthi "akukho ntethelelo kubantu abaphatha isalukazi ngale ndlela." [19] Amazwi akhe, angabikwanga kuyi-New York Times, ayengenalo ithonya kunqubomgomo yakwa-Israyeli.
Ukubhidlizwa cishe konke ukusula indawo yezindlu noma imigwaqo noma "izindawo zokuphepha" ze-ubermenschen, ngesaziso esincane nentukuthelo engekho evela endaweni yaseNtshonalanga. EJerusalema, "imizi yamaJuda-yakwa-Israyeli ayikaze ichithwe, nakuba i-80% yokwephulwa kwesakhiwo kwenzeka ohlangothini oluseNtshonalanga yedolobha." [20] Ngenkathi abahlali besuswa eGaza, babenesaziso eside futhi bathola phakathi kuka-$ 140,000 no-$ 400,000 umndeni ngamunye ngalokhu kususwa. Abantu basePalestine ababhidlizwa izindlu zabo abavamile ukuthola isinxephezelo sethokheni futhi, njengoba i-Amnesty International iphawula, "umndeni ungase ube nemizuzu engu-15 kuphela yokukhipha lokho onakho ngaphambi kokuba ifenisha iphonswe emgwaqeni futhi ikhaya labo lidliwe" [21] Lokhu kucwasa ngokwebala. izinga eliphindwe kabili, kanye nolimi oluhlobene nokucwasa kanye nemibono, yenziwe yaba ngokwejwayelekile futhi ayizange ibangele ukusabela okungekuhle mayelana nesimo sokucwasa ngokwebala eNtshonalanga.
Uhlelo lwakwa-Israel oluvunywe ngaseNtshonalanga lokuhlanzwa kohlanga lube lukhulu, luqhubekela phambili ekuhlanzweni kwesilinganiso esikhulu kanye nasekuthathweni komhlaba okunezinga eliphansi okuqhubekayo kanye nokususwa cishe iminyaka engama-60 (1947-2006). Abantu basePalestine abangaba ngu-750,000 bahlanjululwa ngokobuhlanga ngo-1947-48, amakhulu ambalwa ezinkulungwane asuswa ngesikhathi nangemva nje kwempi ka-1967, futhi ufuduko, ngokwengxenye "ngokuzithandela," olusekelwe odlameni lwase-Israel, izinsongo, ukwesaba, kanye nobumpofu bekulokhu kuqhubeka ngezinye izikhathi. kuze kube namuhla. Udonga lobandlululo olwakhiwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yaseWest Bank lubandakanye ukususwa kwezinkulungwane, okulindelwe amanani amakhulu, kanye nomonakalo kwabaningi abadliwe izindawo zabo ngokwengxenye noma zahlukaniswa ngodonga (okugwema ngokucophelela ukuphazamisa izindawo zokuhlala zamaJuda, kodwa hhayi izindawo zokuhlala noma impahla yasePalestine). Inani elikhulu labantu basePalestine bavele baphuma ezweni labo, bengeza isigidi esingu-2.4 esingebona ababaleki ku-diaspora yababaleki eyizigidi ezingu-2.5 (inani labantu basePalestine emhlabeni wonke lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-9.7).
Kuyiqiniso elibalulekile ukuthi le nqubo ehlala isikhathi eside futhi enkulu yokuhlanjululwa kohlanga yenzeke ngokwephulwa kwansuku zonke komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, lapho umbuso wokuhlanjululwa kohlanga ukhululiwe ngenxa yokusekelwa okuyisisekelo kwase-US isikhathi eside, ukwesekwa okuncane kodwa kwangempela okunye okukhulu. amandla, kanye nobuthakathaka kanye nesimilo esixegayo sama-Arab kanye namanye amalungu omphakathi wamazwe omhlaba. I-Israel imane yaziba inqwaba yoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha kanye nezinye izinqumo ze-UN, i-Geneva Conventions esebenza emandleni aphethe, kanye nezinqumo zeNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe. I-Article 49 ye-Fourth Geneva Convention ibeka ukuthi "amandla aphethe angeke adlulisele izingxenye zezakhamuzi zawo endaweni ehlala kuyo," ukuvinjelwa okucacile kwezindawo zokuhlala, okunganakwa kanye nezinye izinhlinzeko eziningi zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe (okwenza kube semthethweni ukweba amanzi, izindawo zokuhlola kanye nokuphathwa kabi, kanye neminye imikhawulo eminingi yokuhamba).
Udonga olukhulu lwakwa-Israyeli, olwakhiwe cishe ngokuphelele endaweni yasePalestine, lwadala umonakalo omkhulu kumakhulu amaningana ezinkulungwane zabantu basePalestine futhi ngokwephula ngokusobala iziVumelwano zaseGeneva, lwatholakala lungekho emthethweni yiNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe ngoJulayi 9, 2004, inkantolo icela umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ukuthi "ungalinge uvume." ukunikeza noma yiluphi usizo noma usizo odongeni kanye nombuso ohambisana nawo." Kodwa u-Israel uvele wasishaya indiva lesi sinqumo esingokomthetho, ngokwesekwa okubalulekile kwe-United States kanye nokwesekwa okuyiqiniso komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, okugcina (kuhlanganise neBhange Lomhlaba), eqhubeka nokwenza ibhizinisi elijwayelekile nomuntu ongekho emthethweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela ephule umthetho wawo. kanye nohlelo lokuhlanzwa kwezinhlanga. [22]
I-Israel ikwazile ukwephula umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe futhi iqhubeke nomsebenzi wayo wokuhlanzwa kohlanga ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesijeziso kuze kube namuhla. I-United States yaphikisana nesidingo sabaqaphi bamazwe ngamazwe ngesikhathi se-intifada yesibili ngo-2002, futhi ivimbele noma yikuphi ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe ekuhlaselweni okuhlomile nonya kwama-Israel emakamu ababaleki basePalestine namadolobha (isb., Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah ngo-2002) futhi okwamanje. iGaza neLebanoni futhi. Ngokusobala, azikho izinkantolo ezisunguliwe ukubhekana nala macala empi asobala namakhulu kanye nokuqothulwa kwezinhlanga okukhulu. Lokhu ukuhlanzwa kohlanga.
Izizathu zalokhu kuhlanjululwa kohlanga zibe luhlaza kakhulu futhi zicela imibuzo, kodwa zisebenza kahle eNtshonalanga. I-Israel ihlale ivunyelwe ukuthi "iziphindiselele" ekusabiseni, nakuba kukhona njalo ukulandelana kodlame lwe-tit-for-tat isikhungo saseNtshonalanga esihlala sinqamula endaweni yesenzo sasePalestine, singanaki ukucasulwa kwangaphambili kuka-Israyeli. [23] Ukuthi ama-Israel aqhubeke nokuthatha iziqephu ezinkulu nezincane zomhlaba ohlalwe yiPalestine ephendula "ukwesaba" kanye "nokuvikeleka" kwama-Israel kuyahlekisa, futhi vele kundiza phambi kokwamukelwa kwezinhlelo zakwa-Israyeli isikhathi eside " ukuhlenga umhlaba,” kodwa ama-Israyeli avunyelwe ukubaleka nalesi sisekelo esihlekisayo sokweba umhlaba nokuxoshwa. Ukumelana namaPalestine ekususweni kwawo kuvunyelwe ukuthi kube "ubuphekula" futhi hhayi ukuziphindiselela ngodlame lwase-Israel, okungelona neze ubuphekula noma imbangela.
Abantu basePalestine basesimweni sokulahlekelwa: uma bengamelani nokususwa bazosuswa futhi abaseNtshonalanga ngeke babasize; uma bemelana ngaphandle kobudlova, njengaku-intifada yokuqala, iNtshonalanga ngeke ibasize futhi bayoqhubeka besuswa; futhi uma bemelana namandla abo amancane, bayoba “amaphekula” futhi abaseNtshonalanga bayobugxeka “ubudlova” babo njengoba ibambisana ngokuqhubekayo ekuhlanzweni kwabo kohlanga!
Ama-Arab kanye nezizwe ze-Third World ngokuvamile ziyabona ukuthi naphezu kwezintshumayelo zaseNtshonalanga mayelana nezindinganiso zokukhanyiselwa ukulingana, ukubaluleka komuntu ngamunye, ukubekezelelana, nokubaluleka kokubusa komthetho, zonke lezi zindinganiso zimisiwe kule ngxabano. phakathi kwama-Israel namaPalestine, lapho amazwe aseNtshonalanga enikeza ukwesekwa okungaguquki nokuzenzisa ekuhlanzweni okunonya kohlanga kuka-Israyeli nokusebenzisa ukucwasa ngokwebala. Lokhu kuye kondla intukuthelo yezwe lamaSulumane nangale kwayo ngokunikeza icala elibonisayo eliqhubekayo nelicace ngokwedlulele lokucwasa nokucwasa kwaseNtshonalanga, icala lapho iNtshonalanga ihileleke empini yobudlova engavunyelwe ngokuphelele kanye nokwehliswa kwamakholoni kubantu abangewona abaseNtshonalanga. .
Ukuhlanzwa Kwezinhlanga Okubi: Indaba YamaSerb e-Kosovo
Icala elaziwa kakhulu lapho amazwe aseNtshonalanga aye alahla futhi alwa nokuqothulwa kohlanga kube yilelo lamaSerb alwa eBosnia, Croatia naseKosovo. Eqinisweni leli gama lafika kwelalo ngempela ngokusebenza kuleli cala. AmaSerb aphinde asolwa ngokuqothulwa kohlanga eBosnia naseKosovo, nakuba kwakukhona ubunzima bokuthi ngemva kokuphela kwempi yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eKosovo ngoJuni 1999 futhi uphenyo olunzulu lwaveza kuphela izidumbu ze-4,000 kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, izimangalo zezikhulu zase-US (okuyinto inani eliphakeme lafinyelela ku-500,000 izisulu zase-Kosovo Albania) kwaboniswa njengehaba lenkulumo-ze. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kutholwe icala lokubulala uMilosevic i-ICTY kwadingeka yelule ubuwula bakhe eBosnia futhi, ngokufanelekile, wenziwa ingxenye "yetulo lobugebengu elihlangene" kanye nezikhulu zaseBosnia Serb. [24]
Akukho ukungabaza ngaphandle kokuthi kwakukhona ukuqothulwa kohlanga eBosnia eminyakeni ka-1991-1995, nokuthi amaSerb aseBosnia ayenesandla ekuhlanzweni kohlanga kuleyo minyaka. Kodwa babengebona bodwa-amaCroats namaBosnia amaSulumane ayengabambiqhaza abakhuthele, enamabutho amaningi ahlomile, ama-mujahadeen fighters avela kwamanye amazwe, nosizo olukhulayo oluvela e-United States kanye namanye amadlelandawonye angaphandle (kuhlanganise neTurkey, iPakistan kanye neSaudi Arabia) akhiqiza impi ekugcineni. ukuqina kanye nokusabisa ngokuhlulwa kwama-Bosnia Serbs. [25] Futhi njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ukuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga okukhulu kunazo zonke ezimpini zaseYugoslavia kwakuse-Operation Storm, eyenziwa amaCroats ngokumelene nama-Krajina Serbs, ngosizo olusebenzayo lwase-US. EBosnia ukuqothulwa kohlanga kwabangelwa umzabalazo wokulawulwa komhlaba amaqembu amathathu ezizwe noma "izizwe" empini yombango eyadalwa ukuhlukana kweYugoslavia ngaphandle kokulamula. Akekho kulaba abathathu owayengenamandla, futhi bonke balimala, amaSulumane aseBosnia iningi kakhulu, amaCroat okuncane kakhulu. [26]
Umehluko owodwa obalulekile odabeni luka-Israel ePalestine ukuthi zontathu izinhlanga eBosnia bezifuna ukwenza ngcono isimo sazo, kanti ecaleni lika-Israel-Palestine, lunye uhlangothi obelufuna ukuthatha umhlaba kolunye olungenele. Umehluko wesibili ukuthi eBosnia naseCroatia womathathu amaqembu emzabalazweni ayehlome eyizingovolo, futhi ekugcineni amaSerb aseBosnia ayeseqiniswe yizitha zawo zezempi, [27] kanti endabeni yakwa-Israel-Palestine abangenele umncintiswano amandla ezempi anamandla emhlabeni (u-Israyeli), esekelwa amandla amakhulu, ngokumelene nenani labantu elingakwazi ukuzivikela elingakutholi ngisho nokusekelwa omakhelwane bayo abambalwa basendaweni base-Arab. Umehluko wesithathu, olandela ngokusobala kusukela kowesibili, ukuthi nakuba isilinganiso sokufa kwezakhamuzi zamaSulumane kuya kwabaseSerb eBosnia mhlawumbe kwakubili kokukodwa, isilinganiso sokufa kwabantu basePalestine kuya kwa-Israel kwakuyiminyaka eminingi into efana ne-25 kuya ku-1, yehla okwesibili. intifada kuya ku-3 noma 4 kuya ku-1 (enezinga eliphezulu lokulimala). [28]
E-Kosovo, i-Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) yaqala ukusebenza kakhulu ngo-1998 futhi ibutho laseYugoslavia lasabela ngokuhlukumeza okwakhiqiza inani elikhulu lababaleki bangaphakathi. Izinsongo ze-NATO kanye nesivumelwano ngo-Okthoba 1998 kwaphoqa amaSerbs ukuthi amukele indikimba enkulu yabaqaphi be-OSCE futhi ahoxise amabutho ebutho laseYugoslavia eKosovo. I-KLA yayingekho ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izithiyo ze-NATO futhi yasebenzisa amalungiselelo amasha okuthatha indawo eyengeziwe yaseKosovo, futhi yahileleka ezicathulweni eziningi zokuyenga amaphoyisa aseYugoslavia ekuhlaseleni okuzosiza ukusheshisa ukungenelela kwe-NATO. I-Racak "massacre" kaJanuwari 15, 1999, cishe akusona isibhicongo sangempela kodwa isigameko lapho ukufa kwe-KLA empini kwaguqulwa kwaba ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi yi-KLA-OSCE-ICTY kanye nokubambisana kwabezindaba, [29] yasiza ukusheshisa impi ye-NATO. egameni lama-Albania aseKosovo. Impi yaveza izikhukhula zababaleki ababalekela ibutho laseYugoslavia, i-KLA, namabhomu e-NATO.
Ingabe kukhona kulokhu "kuhlanzwa kohlanga"? Ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale impi yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-NATO kwakunababaleki abaningi abadalwe izenzo zebutho laseYugoslavia bephishekela i-KLA futhi bephatha abantu base-Albania ngezinye izikhathi kanzima. Kodwa-ke, awekho amacala abikiwe ngokubulawa kwamaSerbs afana nokubulawa kwabantu base-US eHaditha, akukho lutho olukude njengokucekelwa phansi kwe-Falluja yase-US, kanye nezisulu zangaphambi kokuqhuma kwamabhomu eKosovo kwakuyingxenyana encane kakhulu yalezo ezivezwa yi-US. Amasosha ase-US e-Iraq. [30] Abantu base-Kosovo base-Albania ababa ababaleki ngaleso sikhathi babeyizisulu zempi yombango engxenyeni ethile yase-Serbia, kuyilapho izisulu zaseWest Bank zazisendaweni ehlala ngaphandle kwase-Israel. Okubaluleke kakhulu odabeni lokuhlanzwa kohlanga, ama-Albanian ase-Kosovo awazange akhishwe ukuze enze izifiki zaseSerbia, njengoba amaPalestine axoshwa yizifiki ezingamaJuda ecaleni langempela lokuhlanzwa kohlanga eWest Bank. Ihhovisi lezangaphandle laseJalimane lasho ngokusobala ukuthi izinxushunxushu kanye nesizukulwane sababaleki eKosovo ngaphambi kwempi yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwakungelona icala lokuhlanzwa kohlanga, [31] kanye nezikhulu zaseBrithani zaze zavuma ukuthi empini yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu i-KLA yabulala abantu abaningi eKosovo, kuhlanganise "amambuka" ase-Albania kanye namaphoyisa nama-Serb nezakhamuzi, ukwedlula ibutho laseYugoslavia namaphoyisa. [32]
Abantu base-Albania ababaleka phakathi nempi yokuqhuma kwamabhomu babengababaleki bempi, bengezona izisulu zokuqothulwa kohlanga, futhi amaSerb eKosovo abaleka kaningi kunabase-Albania. Noma kunjalo, ekuvukeleni kwenkulumo-ze okuphawulekayo, abasakazi bempi benza futhi empeleni babalekela isimangalo sokuthi impi yayidingeka ukuze kubuyelwe abantu base-Albania abaphuma kwabo ngenxa yempi ngokwayo.
Kwalandela imiphumela eminingana eqinisweni lokuthi amaSerbia ayeyizisulu ze-United States namadlelandawonye ayo. Ngokusuka ngokuqinile kulokhu kuhambisana kwezombusazwe, ukuphathwa kwamaSerb kwabamelene nabo ezimpini zaseBosnia, Croatia naseKosovo kwakunonya, futhi kusukela ngo-1991 kuye phambili amaSerb ayegxile kakhulu ekunakweni nasekukhulumeni kabi futhi ngaphansi kwezimangalo eziphakeme, unswinyo kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezomthetho (ICTY) lapho abanye abenza okufanayo babekhululekile. Ngokuqondene nokuhlanzwa kohlanga, leli gama lalisetshenziswa kubo ngokukhululekile, hhayi eBosnia kuphela kodwa naseKosovo, lapho lalingasebenzi khona. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kwakusebenza kakhulu ekususweni kwamaSerb eCroatian Krajina, kodwa njengoba lokhu kwenziwa ngaphansi kwesisekelo sase-US leli gama alizange lisetshenziswe lapho, futhi alizange lisetshenziswe ku-Israel eWest Bank lapho ukuhlanzwa kobuhlanga kwakucacile.
Enkathini yeminyaka emithathu kusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku-2000, i-New York Times, i-Washington Post, i-Los Angeles Times, i-Time ne-Newsweek yasebenzisa inkulumo ethi "ukuhlanzwa kohlanga" izikhathi ezingaba ngu-1,200 lapho kuxoxwa nge-Kosovo, cishe kwezingxenye ezine kwezinhlanu zamacala ekhuluma ngesiSerb. inqubomgomo, kuyilapho phakathi nayo yonke ishumi leminyaka yawo-1990 basebenzisa leli binzana izikhathi ezingu-14 kuphela ekuxoxeni ngo-Israyeli, futhi izikhathi ezinhlanu kuphela bebhekisela kumgomo wakwa-Israel. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuchema okukhulu okwenziwe ngaphakathi.
Omunye umphumela wokuthi amaSerb abe yizisulu ze-US ukuthi babenecala lokulwela "iSerbia Enkulu," isici esibalulekile ecaleni le-ICTY elibhekene noMilosevic. Kodwa leli cala laliwubuwula futhi labhidlika ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala likaMilosevic lapho umshushisi uGeoffrey Nice evuma enkantolo ukuthi uMilosevic wayengazami ukukhulisa izimangalo zamaSerb kodwa wayemane nje agcine wonke amaSerb ngaphansi kwefulegi elilodwa njengoba iYugoslavia ihlakazeka-futhi kwakukhona okukhulu. ubufakazi bokuthi uMilosevic wayengazami kanzima ngisho nokugcina amaSerbia esesimweni esisodwa. [33] Umehluko lapha no-Israel ePalestine uyamangalisa-u-Israyeli ubelokhu ezama ngokusobala ukukhulisa indawo yakwa-Israel ngezindleko zabanye abantu. Kodwa njengoba kuphawuliwe ekuqaleni, lokhu akuyona into ephazanyiswa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ophethwe yi-US, futhi leli cala eliyisibonelo lokuhlanzwa kohlanga akufanele ngisho nokuxoxwa ngalo eNtshonalanga. Lokhu akulungile, hhayi ukuhlanzwa kohlanga.
Odabeni lwaseKosovo, amazwe aseNtshonalanga acasulwa imiphumela yomzabalazo wakhona kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu base-Albania baseKosovo kangangokuthi amaSerb axwayiswa ngokuthi kungase kusetshenziswe amandla ngokumelene nawo uma engazibambi, futhi amaSerbia aphoqeleka ukuba yamukela inani elikhulu labaqaphi be-OSCE, nakuba njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili akukho mingcele eyabekwa yi-OSCE ku-KLA. Futhi umehluko wecala laseWest Bank uyamangalisa: lapho, lapho kwakukhona ukuhlanzwa kwangempela kobuhlanga ngu-Israyeli egameni lezifiki ezithatha impahla yasePalestina, kanye nokusebenza okukhulu kwe-Israel ngokuphulwa kweSivumelwano Sesithathu nesesine se-Geneva, abekho abaqaphi abavunyelwe, ngoba i-United States ibingeke ikusekele lokhu, ngakho ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kungaqhubeka ngaphandle kwezihibe.
Khona-ke, ngezaba zikaRacak, iUnited States ingangena empini futhi icekele phansi iSerbia neKosovo, ukuze ivikele lezozisulu zaseSerbia eKosovo empini enkulu yokuziphatha emelene “nokuqothulwa kohlanga”! URacak wayengesona isibhicongo sezakhamuzi, amaSerbs ayengahlanjululwa ngokobuhlanga eKosovo, futhi amaSerbs ayengaphuli umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe emzabalazweni wawo wempi yombango eKosovo njengoba ama-Israel ayesenza eWest Bank, kodwa i-United States ikwazile phuma ngokusekelwa okusebenzayo kokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga esimweni esisodwa kanye nempi engekho emthethweni ngokumelene nokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga okungekho ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokusekelwa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe.
Isiphetho
Enkathini ye-Kafka, ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kwamukeleka ngokucacile lapho kusebenza e-United States noma kwenziwa ngomunye wabalingani bayo noma amakhasimende, kodwa kuhlaselwa ngamandla amakhulu nentukuthelo futhi kuphikiswa ngamandla lapho kwenziwa (noma kugonyelwa). ukuzibandakanya) ngethagethi yase-US. Ezimweni zangaphambili, i-United States namadlelandawonye ayo bangase basize ngenkuthalo izwe lokuhlanzwa kohlanga, futhi, ngaphandle kwezenzo ezivamile umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ongazami ukuziphoqelela, kanye nokukhala kwazo ngezikhathi ezithile ezifuna ukuzithiba, ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kungaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. ngokwephula kokubili umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nemithetho yokuziphatha okuthiwa iqondisa iNtshonalanga ekhanyisiwe. Lokhu kudinga isiyalo esikhulu yisigaba songqondongqondo nabezindaba, okumele bagcine inqwaba yamaqiniso abalulekile bangabonakali futhi bavumele izwe lokuhlanzwa kohlanga ukuthi lithathe futhi lisuse inani labantu abangabahlosiwe ngalo ngaphansi kwesembozo senhlanganisela yokuthula kanye nezinsolo ezidingekayo. impendulo "kukwesaba" kanye nokungakwazi ukuthola "uzakwethu oxoxisanayo."
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kanye nezimangalo zokuhlanzwa kohlanga ezweni okuhloswe ngalo njengeYugoslavia yangaphambili kuphathwa ngokugxila okukhulu, ukucasuka okukhulu kokuziphatha, kanye "nokungenelela kosizo" okunonya, okuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhanyiselwa zaseNtshonalanga. Kulokhu, unswinyo lungabekwa futhi abaqaphi bamazwe ngamazwe bangaphoqeleka ukuba baphoqelele izwe elihlubukayo ukuthi bavimbele ukuziphatha okungalungile, futhi isigameko esifana nokubulawa kwama-40 ase-Kosovo Albanians ngamaphoyisa aseYugoslavia kungadala impi yokuqhuma kwamabhomu kanye nokuhlala kwengxenye ye-villain. insimu yezwe. Kulokhu futhi kungahlelwa isigcawu samazwe ngamazwe ukuze silethe abaholi bezwe lokuhlanzwa kohlanga kanye nabaphathi bezempi. Ukuhlanjululwa kwezinhlanga okungekuhle kungaphathwa ngonya.
Ngo-1996 u-Israel wayengabulala izakhamuzi zaseLebanon ezingu-104, ezingu-86 zazo okuyizingane, ekuhlaseleni ngamabhomu endaweni yababaleki ye-UN, kwathi ngoJulayi 2006 wabulala ezinye izingane ezingama-36 endaweni ye-UN kanye nokubulala izibukeli ezine ze-UN ngoJulayi 4, futhi waqamba amanga ngabo. ulwazi lwemvelo yalokhu okuhlosiwe kuzo zontathu lezi zimo, futhi akukho nokusolwa okuvela kumxhasi wayo wase-US futhi ngenxa yalokho akukho mpendulo engathi sína evela "kumphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe." Eqinisweni, ukuthatha kuka-Boutros-Boutros Ghali ukubulawa kuka-2006 njengento engathi sína kakhulu kulokho akuthandayo ku-Clinton kungenzeka ukuthi kwasheshisa ukushintshwa kwakhe njengomholi we-UN. [1996] Lona kwakuwukuphatha okufanayo kukaClinton okwathola abangu-34 babulawa e-Racak (akukho ngane, owesifazane oyedwa, bonke ngaphandle kowesifazane cishe ngokuqinisekile ama-KLA fighters) umcimbi omubi ngempela okufanele impendulo enobudlova yamazwe ngamazwe!
Ubuzenzisi obuhilelekile kule ndinganiso ekabili esetshenziswayo budonsa umoya. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ekuqaleni, nakuba kokubili ubuholi baseCroat ekuhlanzeni amaSerb eKrajina kanye nobuholi bakwa-Israel ekususeni amaPalestina babekwenza ngokucacile lokhu ukuze basuse abantu abangafuneki esikhundleni sabo bafake iqembu lobuhlanga eliqhudelanayo, izenzo zaseYugoslavia eKosovo zaziyizici ze impi yombango. Nakuba ubuholi bakwa-Israyeli babufuna futhi namanje ngokusobala befuna "u-Israyeli Omkhulu" ngokweba umhlaba nokuxoshwa kwabantu, uMilosevic wayezama ukugcina amaSerb aseYugoslavia yangaphambili engaphakathi kwenhlangano eyodwa yezombangazwe esele futhi engazami ukukhulisa indawo yaseSerb ngezindleko. bolunye uhlanga (njengoba uMshushisi uGeoffrey Nice avuma ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala likaMilosevic). Nakuba ubuholi bakwa-Israel sebuneminyaka buchaza abantu basePalestine ngolimi oludelela kakhulu nolucwasa ngokwebala, akukho ukudelelwa okunjalo kwama-Albanian ase-Kosovo (noma ezinye izizwe) okwake kwathiwa ku-Milosevic, futhi ama-Albanian e-Belgrade awakaze abandlululwe njengama-Arabhu. U-Israyeli (singasakhulumi ngendawo ethathwayo). Sekukonke, impatho ehlukile kaMilosevic noSharon, lowo owashushiswa-ngemuva kwemizamo ehlulekile yokubulala--[35] futhi omunye wahlonishwa njengomholi weFree World kanye “nomuntu wokuthula,” bekungasekelwenga emaqinisweni wobuhlanga. ukuhlanzwa noma noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa komthetho ngokwethembeka, kukhombisa amandla amsulwa kanye nokungabi nabulungisa okuhleliwe enkathini ye-Kafka.
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Imibhalo engezansi:
1. U-Noam Chomsky no-Edward S. Herman, i-Washington Connection kanye ne-Third World Fascism (Boston; South End Press, 1979).
2. Ibid., isahluko 4, isig. 4.1.
3. Ibid., isahluko 3, isigaba 3.4.4.
4. Endabeni yakudala, lapho udlame lwase-Indonesia e-East Timor lufinyelela umvuthwandaba walo ngo-1977-1978, ukusakazwa kwe-New York Times kwehle kwaze kwaphela; bheka ibid.; bheka futhi u-Edward S. Herman noNoam Chomsky, Imvume Yokukhiqiza (New York: Pantheon, 1988, 2002), isahluko 2, “Izisulu Ezifanelekayo Nezingafaneleki.”.
5. Bheka iWashington Connection, isahl. 5, ikh. 5.2; U-Noam Chomsky no-Edward S. Herman, Ngemva Kwe-Cataclysm (Boston: South End Press, 1979), esp. isahl. 6.
6. Bheka uMichael Mandel, How America Gets Away With Murder (London: Pluto, 2005), izahl. 4-6.
7. Raymond Bonner, "Iphaneli Yamacala Empi Ithola Amasosha E-Croat 'Ahlanza' AmaSerb," i-New York Times, ngoMashi 21, 1999.
8. Bheka u-Edward Herman, "http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=74&ItemID=8244> The Ipolitiki ye-Srebrenica Massacre," i-ZNet, Julayi 7, 2005..
9. Ngo-August 10, 1995, uMadeleine Albright wakhala kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ngokuthi “abesilisa, abesifazane nezingane abangaba ngu-13,000 XNUMX baxoshwa emakhaya abo” eSrebrenica.I">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/PRO/N95/858/
26/PDF/N9585826.pdf?OpenElement>Isimo eRiphabhulikhi yase-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina (S/PV.3564">http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/
PRO/N95/858/26/PDF/N9585826.pdf?OpenElement>S/PV.3564), UMkhandlu Wokuphepha we-UN, Agasti 10, 1995, 5.30 pm, amakhasi 6-7). Akudingekile ukusho ukuthi, u-Albright akazange akhale mayelana nama-Karajina Serbs angu-200,000+ axoshwa ezindlini zawo ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba ekhalela abangu-13,000.
10. Inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu i-Krajina Serb i-Veritas ilinganisela ukuthi kwabulawa izakhamuzi eziyi-1,205 ku-Operation Storm, okuhlanganisa nabesifazane abangama-358 kanye nezingane eziyi-10. Bheka "Ukukhunjulwa Kokuphuma Kwabase-Croatian," i-Agence France Press, Aug. 4, 2004; futhi, Veritas at www.veritas.org.yu'">http://www.veritas.org.yu/>www.veritas.org.yu'. Emathuneni azungeze i-Srebrenica ambiwa ngo-2000, isidumbu esisodwa kuphela kwezingu-1,883 esahlonzwa njengesabesifazane.
11. Tim Ripley, Operation Deliberate Force (Lancaster, UK: CDISS, 1999), p. 192.
12. "UN Report: Bosnia Serbs Massacred Srebrenica Muslims," Washington Post, Aug. 12, 1995. Ukuze uthole ulimi olunemifanekiso, bheka futhi uJohn Pomfret, "Abaphenyi Baqala Ukukhipha Iqembu Lenqwaba Yamathuna eBosnia," Washington Post, July 8, 1996 .I-"Upheaval" iku-"Softening Up The Enemy," Newsweek, Aug. 21, 1995.
13. U-Jan Oberg, "Umbiko we-UN odukisayo nge-Kosovo (Ingxenye A)," i-TFF PressInfo 77, i-Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, e-Lund, e-Sweden, Okthoba 3, 1999,http://www.transnational.org/pressinf/pf77.html
14. "I-Europe Ilungiselela Ukukhipha I-40,000 Kosovo Serbs," I-Focus News Agency (Bulgaria), Ephreli 18, 2006.
15. Ezitatimendeni ezimbalwa zabaholi bakwa-Israyeli zokululazwa ngokobuhlanga kanye nezinkomba zokuthi ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kuyinkambo edingekayo nefanelekile, bheka "Quotes">http://www.monabaker.com/quotes.htm>Izilinganiso," I">http://www.monabaker.com/quotes.htm> I Ingxabano YaseMpumalanga Ephakathi (Iwebhusayithi yomuntu siqu kaMona Baker); "Israel">http://www.just-international.org/article.cfm?newsid=20001494>Israel's Isenzo Esihlabayo Nesokuqala: Izibonelo Zenkulumo Enenzondo," i-International Movement for a Just World, 2005. Inkulumo ka-Olmert ingatholakala kokuthi http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Communication/
I-PMSpeaks/speechcong240506.htm
16. U-Kaveh L Afrasiabi , "Imayelana nokuxutshwa, siphukuphuku!":">http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HH05Ak01.html>
; bhekafuthi. U-Paul Larudee, "Ukucaciswa kwe-South Lebanon: I-Lebanese Nakba kanye ne-Israel Ambititions": http://www.counterpunch.org/larudee08082006.html
17. UJeff Halper, Izithiyo Zokuthula: Ukuhlelwa Kabusha Kwengxabano YasePalestina-Israel (Carrboro, NC: Ikomidi Lakwa-Israel Elimelene Nokudilizwa Kwezindlu, 2004), p. 17.
18. Ibid, p. 18.
19. AP, "Ngokusemthethweni Iqhathanisa Isenzo Sakwa-Israyeli NesamaNazi," Guardian, May 21, 2004.
20. Halper, Izithiyo Zokuthula, p. 34.
21. I-AI, "Israel: Ukubhidlizwa Kwekhaya," Dec. 8, 1999.
22. Bheka "Izimakethe Zamahhala: Abantu Ababoshiwe," kwesithi "Against 'Sustainable' Apartheid & Occupation," www.stopthewall.org'">http://www.stopthewall.org/>www.stopthewall.org'
23. Lokhu kubonakala ngokumangazayo ezimweni zokuhlasela kwakamuva kwama-Israyeli eGaza naseLebanon, lapho abezindaba abajwayelekile base-US bavele bathatha ukuthunjwa kwamasosha ambalwa akwa-Israel njengezehlakalo ezishubile, bashaya indiva zombili izenzo zakwa-Israyeli zangaphambili kanye nobufakazi be-Israel. izinhlelo zalezi zenzo ebezilinde isikhathi esifanele ukuze zifezwe.
24. Ukuze uthole ingxoxo "ngebhizinisi elihlangene lobugebengu," kanye nezinye izindaba ezifanele, bheka u-Edward Herman noDavid Peterson, "Milosevic's">Milosevic's">http://www.electricpolitics.com/2006/05/
milosevics_death_in_the_propag.html>Milosevic's Ukufa ohlelweni lwe-Propaganda,"ElectricPolitics.com">ElectricPolitics.com">
http://www.electricpolitics.com/index.html>
I-ElectricPolitics.com, May 14, 2006.
25. Lokhu kuqina kwezempi kuxoxwa ngakho encwadini ka-Tim Fenton ethi "The Military Context," ku-Edward S. Herman, umhleli, The Srebrenica Massacre: Ubufakazi, Umongo, Ezombusazwe (okuzayo).
26. U-Ewa Tabeau kanye no-Jakub Bijak, "Ukufa Okuhlobene Nempi Ngezingxabano Zezikhali Zango-1992-1995 e-Bosnia nase-Herzegovina: Ukugxeka Kwezilinganiso Zangaphambili Nemiphumela Yakamuva," i-European Journal of Population, Vol. 21, No. 2-3, June, 2005, amakhasi 187-215; UMirsad Tokaca weSikhungo Sokucwaninga Nemibhalo Esizinze eSarajevo, njengoba ecashunwe "empini yaseBosnia 'yabulala abantu abayizi-100,000'," iDeutsche Presse-Agentur, Novemba 21, 2005; ku-Nedim Dervisbegovic, "Ucwaningo lunciphisa inani lokufa kwempi yase-Bosnia lifinyelele ku-100,000," Reuters, Novemba 23, 2005.
27. Bheka inothi 25 ngenhla.
28. Ibid.; U-James Bennett, "IZIMBI EZIPHAKATHI: UKUHLAZIYWA KWEZINDABA; I-Mideast Balance Sheet," i-New York Times, Mashi 12, 2002.
29. Bheka iMandel ethi, Indlela IMelika Ibalekela Ukubulala, amakhasi 72-80; Edward Herman, "Propaganda System Number 1," Z Magazine, July-Aug. 2001
30. Ingqikithi yokubulawa kwabantu eKosovo onyakeni owandulela impi yokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ye-NATO kwalinganiselwa kwabangu-2,000, okungaphansi kwengxenye yalokho okwabelwa ibutho laseYugoslavia (bheka inothi 30). Njengoba ukubulawa kwe-US e-Iraq kukhulu kune-50,000, sikhuluma ngesilinganiso esingcono kune-50 kuya ku-1 sivuna i-United States njengombulali.
31. Kokubili ihhovisi lezangaphandle laseJalimane, izinkantolo zaseJalimane, kanye nezobunhloli zaseBrithani zaphika ukuthi izenzo zamaSerb eKosovo ngaphambi kwempi zazihlotshaniswa nobuzwe: bheka uNoam Chomsky, ethi, A New Generation Draws the Line [London: Verso, 2000], kk. 112.
32. UNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela waseBrithani uGeorge Robertson utshele iNdlu Yezikhulu ngoMashi 24, 1999 ukuthi kuze kube maphakathi noJanuwari 1999 "i-KLA yiyona ebangele ukufa kwabantu abaningi eKosovo kunalokho iziphathimandla zaseYugoslavia." (Kucashunwe ku- ibid., p. 106.)
33. Bheka uHerman noPeterson, "Ukufa kukaMilosevic ohlelweni lwe-Propaganda."
34. Encwadini kaRan HaCohen ethi "UN kusukela eQana kuya eJenin: Kungani Umbiko KaNobhala Jikelele Ungethenjwa," Incwadi Evela Kwa-Israel, Aug. 14, 2002, uHaCohen uchaza ukuthi emuva ku-1996 uNobhala Jikelele u-Boutros-Ghali wayephikelele ekushicileleni incwadi. kubika ngokubulawa kuka-Israel izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-100 eQana, ngenxa yemibhikisho yaseMelika. Umphumela waba ukuthi ngemva kwesonto, ngo-May 13, 1996, uNobhala Wezwe wase-United States uWarren Christopher wazisa uBoutros-Ghali ukuthi i-United States yayizokwenqabela ukukhethwa kwakhe kabusha. Ebhala ngo-2002 u-HaCohen wayechaza ukuthi u-Kofi Annan othembeke kakhulu, lapho esebenzelana noJenin, "ngaphandle kokuvakashela indawo yesehlakaloÅ wakhipha umbiko oyihlazo, enanela inkulumo-ze yakwa-Israyeli, enganaki ngisho 'okuphoxayo' okushicilelwe emaphephandabeni akwa-Israel."
35. Ukuhlasela komcibisholo wase-US kwaqondise lapho kuhlala khona uMilosevic eBelgrade ngo-April 22, 1999, kodwa kwahluleka ukumbulala.
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