Icala lika-Entergy elibhekene ne-Vermont linephutha Kakhulu
nguJames Marc Leas
Isebenzisa ukuhlasela okukabili, i-Entergy ihlanganisa isenzo senkantolo nomkhankaso omkhulu wobudlelwane bomphakathi ukugcina isikhungo sayo senuzi sase-Vermont Yankee sisebenza ngemva komhla zingama-21 kuNdasa, 2012. Umzamo wokuzuza ukwesekwa ngumphakathi-noma okungenani ukuvimbela ukuqubuka kokuphikiswa kwawo. isu eVermont–iyingxenye ebalulekile yesu lezomthetho le-Entergy. Umkhankaso wokuxhumana nomphakathi ubaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa icala le-Entergy elibhekene nezikhulu zezwe laseVermont libuthaka ngendlela emangalisayo.
I-Entergy's icala enkantolo yenhlangano ngokumelene neVermont [1] ifuna umyalelo wokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa komthetho wase-Vermont mayelana nokusebenza okunwetshiwe kwe-Vermont Yankee kanye nokuvimbela izikhulu zikahulumeni ekuthatheni noma yiziphi izinyathelo zokuvala i-Vermont Yankee ngosuku lwayo lokuvala oluhleliwe lwangomhla zingama-21 kuNdasa wezi-2012.
I-Entergy futhi ifuna inkantolo ikhiphe isinqumo sokuthi umthetho wenhlangano uvimbela izikhulu zase-Vermont ekufuneni i-Entergy ukuthi ibe nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesigunyazo sezwe sesitifiketi senzuzo yomphakathi ukuze isebenzise imboni noma isitolo sikaphethiloli osetshenziswe lapho. Leli cala liphinde lifune isinqumo senkantolo sokuthi umthetho wobumbano uvimbela izikhulu zase-Vermont ekubekeni isimo endaweni yokusebenza ngemuva komhla zingama-21 kuNdasa, 2012 esivumelwaneni se-Entergy sokuhlinzeka ngamanani kagesi angaphansi kwemakethe e-Vermont.
Ngolunye usuku ngemva kokufaka isudi yayo, i-Entergy ishicilele izikhangiso ezigcwele ikhasi emaphephandabeni azungeze izwe elinomsindo wesintu. incwadi eya eVermonters [2] isayinwe ngu-J. Wayne Leonard, uSihlalo kanye ne-CEO ye-Entergy.
Incwadi kaLeonard igomela ngokuthi amalungelo e-Entergy aphulwa yi-Vermont. ULeonard uyavuma ukuthi u-Entergy “ungene isivumelwano nombuso [3] ukuthi sizothola Isitifiketi Sempahla Yomphakathi eBhodini Lezemisebenzi Kahulumeni yase-Vermont uma sifuna ukwelula ilayisensi yalesi sikhungo ngale kukaNdasa wezi-2012.” Kodwa uLeonard uthi ngo-2006 uMkhandlu Kazwelonke “wasishintsha kakhulu isivumelwano sethu nombuso futhi wasiphuca amalungelo athile abalulekile esasithembele kuwo ekuthengeni lesi sikhungo.” Incwadi ibona ukuthi abantu abaningi base-Vermonters abahambisani nokunwetshwa kokusebenza kwe-Vermont Yankee edlule ngo-2012, kodwa u-Leonard unxusa ukuba nomqondo olungile kwe-Vermonters futhi ufuna ukusenza sikholelwe ukuthi i-Entergy inomthetho ohlangothini lwayo futhi imbangela yayo ilungile.
Ngokuqondile, uLeonard uyakukhokhisa lokho Umthetho we-160, umthetho owaphasiswa yi-General Assembly ngo-2006 [4] (ngazwilinye eNdlu, i-18-5 eSenate, futhi yasayinwa nguMbusi uJim Douglas) yenqabele i-Entergy amalungelo ayo.
Umthetho 160 inqobo nje uma i-Vermont Yankee ingakwazi ukusebenza ngale kosuku oluvunyelwe esitifiketini sayo sezinto ezinhle zomphakathi, Mashi 21, 2012, ngaphandle uma isishayamthetho sase-Vermont sigunyaza futhi kuze kube ibhodi lezisebenzi zikahulumeni likhipha isitifiketi senzuzo yomphakathi.
Ngomhla zingama-24 kuNhlolanja wezi-2010 iSigele saseVermont ivotele phansi S. 289 [5] ngevoti lama-26-4. Umthethosivivinywa, uma uphasisiwe, ngabe ugunyaze ukuqhubeka nokusebenza kwe-VYNPS kanye nokugcinwa kwamafutha enuzi asetshenzisiwe asuselwa ekusebenzeni kwe-VYNPS kuze kube nguMashi 21, 2032.
ULeonard uthi amalungelo ka-Entergy anqatshelwe ngoba:
umthethosivivinywa ngamunye owethulwe onyakeni odlule ukuze unikeze leyo mvume uvotelwe phansi noma uvunyelwe ukuthi uphelelwe amandla. Noma ngabe ivoti elithi “cha”, noma alikho nhlobo, umphumela uyafana. Isishayamthetho sivimbele i-Entergy ithuba lokuthola isitifiketi se-Public Good Good (CPG) eBhodini Labasebenzi Bakahulumeni.
Lokhu ngokusobala kuhluke ngokuphelele kulokho esavumelana ngakho emuva ngo-2002. Savumelana ngenqubo lapho i-ejensi yochwepheshe ezimele izonquma ngekusasa le-Vermont Yankee ngokusekelwe ebufakazini namaqiniso athuthukiswe ngenqubo engachemi kanye nethuba, uma kunesidingo, lokubuyekezwa kwenkantolo. . Asizange sivumelane nenqubo ethinta isiShayamthetho, okuyipolitiki ngokwemvelo.
Ivoti leSenethi laliyipolitiki ngempela ngomqondo wokuthi lalihambisana nentando yeningi labantu baseVermont. Isibonelo, bekuhambisana namavoti emihlangano yedolobha emadolobheni angama-51 aseVermont ngo-2009 nango-2010 owacela isishayamthetho ukuthi “(1) senqabele ukugunyazwa kokusebenza kwe-Vermont Yankee ngemuva kukaNdasa wezi-2012, okuphawula ukuphela kwempilo yayo yokuklama iminyaka engama-40. ; (2) idinga ukuthi i-Entergy Corporation yase-Louisiana igcwalise isibambiso sayo sokuxhasa ngokugcwele izindleko zokuhlanza nokuqeda ukuvala i-Vermont Yankee; futhi (3) bafune imithombo kagesi ephephile, evuselelekayo, yesifunda kuhlanganiswe nokusebenza kahle nezinyathelo zokonga ukuze bathathe indawo yamandla ahlinzekwa yi-Vermont Yankee manje.”
Amavoti omhlangano weSenethi kanye nedolobha aqinisekiswa okhethweni logubernatori lapho ikhandidethi ecele ngokusobala ukuthi i-Vermont Yankee kuvalwe ngesikhathi ewine ukhetho lokuqala kanye nokhetho lukazwelonke.
Isivumelwano uLeonard uthi i-Entergy eyangena kuhulumeni ibizwa ngokuthi “iMemorandum of Understanding” (MOU). Kanye nezinsiza ezintathu zase-Vermont (i-GMP, i-CVPS, ne-VYNPC) kanye noMnyango Wezemisebenzi Kahulumeni wase-Vermont (DPS) izinkampani ezimbili eziphethwe yi-Entergy (ezibizwa nge-ENVY kanye ne-ENO) manje ezingabanikazi be-Vermont Yankee futhi ezisebenza ngazo zasayina i-MOU ngoMashi 4, 2002. I-VYNPC yi-Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation, inkampani ngaphambilini eyayiphethe futhi yasebenzisa lesi sikhungo futhi yadayisela i-Entergy lesi sikhungo. I-DPS iyi-ejensi yegatsha ephezulu eyeseka isiphakamiso se-Entergy sokuthenga i-Vermont Yankee ngokusekelwe ekusayineni kwe-Entergy i-MOU. Okunye okushiwo ku-MOU yi-VYNPS okuyi-Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station. “Ibhodi” yiBhodi Yezemisebenzi Kahulumeni yaseVermont.
Yisigaba esisodwa kuphela se-MOU esihambisana nemvume yokusebenza kwe-Vermont Yankee ngemva kuka-2012. Nawu umbhalo ogcwele wale ndima:
12. Ukugunyazwa Kwebhodi Lokuvuselelwa Kwelayisensi YokuSebenza: Abasayine kule MOU bayavuma ukuthi noma yimuphi umyalo okhishwe Ibhodi onikeza imvume yokudayiswa kwe-VYNPS ku-ENVY nanoma yisiphi Isitifiketi Sempahla Yomphakathi ("CPG") esikhishwe Ibhodi ku-ENVY ne-ENO. izogunyaza ukusebenza kwe-VYNPS kuphela kuze kube nguMashi 21,2012 futhi ngemva kwalokho izogunyaza i-ENVY ne-ENO kuphela ukuthi ihoxise i-VYNPS. Noma yiliphi i-oda leBhodi eligunyaza ukuthengiswa lizoba nesimo esinjalo, futhi noma yiliphi i-oda Lebhodi elikhipha i-CPG ku-ENVY kanye ne-ENO lizohlinzeka ngokusebenza kwe-VYNPS ngale komhla zingama-21,2012 kuNdasa, XNUMX kuzovunyelwa kuphela uma isicelo sokuvuselela igunya ngaphansi kwe-CPG ukuze kusetshenziswe I-VYNPS yenziwe futhi inikezwe. Ngayinye ye-VYNPC, i-CVPS, i-GMP, i-ENVY ne-ENO ivuma ngokucacile nangokungenakuguquleka: (a) ukuthi Ibhodi linegunya ngaphansi komthetho wamanje lokunikeza noma ukwenqaba ukugunyazwa kokusebenza kwe-VYNPS ngale komhla zingama-21,2012 kuNdasa, 21,2012 kanye (b) nokuhoxisa noma yisiphi isimangalo umuntu ngamunye angase abe naso ukuthi umthetho wenhlangano ubeka ngaphambi kwamandla eBhodi ukuthatha izenzo kanye nokubeka imibandela okuvunyelwene ngayo kulesi sigaba ukuze kuvuselelwe, kuchibiyelwe noma kunwetshwe i-ENVY CPG ne-ENO CPG ukuze kuvunyelwe ukusebenza kwe-VYNPS ngemva komhla zingama-XNUMX kuNdasa, XNUMX, noma ukwenqaba ukuvuselela, ukuchibiyela noma ukunwetshwa.
I-Vermont General Assembly ibingeyona ingxenye yesivumelwano. Akukho lutho kulesi sigaba othi ukuthathwa kwezinqumo zentando yeningi kuvinjelwe e-Vermont noma ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zenziwe “uhlaka oluzimele lochwepheshe.”
Ukuze uthole isivumelwano se-Entergy ne-MOU, i-Entergy yathola ukwesekwa okubalulekile kwe-DPS kokuthi Ibhodi ligunyaze umnikelo we-Entergy wokuthenga nokusebenzisa i-Vermont Yankee. Ibhodi ligunyaze ukuthengwa ngokusekelwe esincomweni esisekelayo esivela ku-DPS. Kusukela ekuthengeni kwayo ngo-2002, i-Entergy iqoqe izigidigidi zamadola emali engenayo ngokuthengiswa kukagesi e-Vermont Yankee. Uma i-Entergy ikwazi ukugcina i-Vermont Yankee isebenza, i-Entergy izothatha enye imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 zamaRandi ekuthengisweni kukagesi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo ngezintengo zamanje zemakethe ezingu-6 cents/kW-h.
“Ngivumelana ngokusobala nangokungenakuguquleka”
Nakuba uLeonard ekhuluma ngesivumelwano sika-2002 encwadini yakhe, uyeka ukusho ukuthi isivumelwano sisebenzisa ibinzana elinamandla—“sivuma ngokucacile nangokungenakuguquleka” mayelana nemibandela yaso emibili yokugcina.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngisho nasekugcwaliseni ikhasi le-Entergy lamakhasi angama-57 enkantolo yombuso, kuyilapho i-Entergy icaphuna kakhulu esigabeni, ngandlela thize i-Entergy ayikushiyi nhlobo ukusho umusho othi “uvuma ngokucacile nangokungaguquki.”
Ukucabanga kuka-Entergy ngokushiya lesi sisho ngaphandle kwesikhalazo akunzima ukukuqonda. I-Entergy ingase ilunge uma icabanga ukuthi uma wazisa inkantolo ukuthi uvumelene ngokusobala nangokungenakuhoxiswa kokuthile, isivumelwano sakho besiphelele futhi akukho okwenzeka kamuva okungasishintsha. Kodwa-ke, ngokushiya ngaphandle umbhalo ogcwele wesivumelwano sokuthi idinga ukuthi inkantolo isichithe, i-Entergy ingase ifanekisele inkantolo yombuso ngokungaqondile inkinga enkulu i-Entergy enayo yokukhuluma iqiniso okwakuphakathi kwezinto eziholele ekutheni iSenate yaseVermont ivote ngobuningi. phansi ukugunyazwa kwe-S. 289, umthethosivivinywa obuyogunyaza i-PSB ukuthi ikhiphe i-CPG uma iphasisiwe.
Icala lika-Entergy eliphambi kwenkantolo yombuso lisekelwe esicelweni sayo sokuthi umthetho wombuso wenqabela umthetho wezwe, okuhlanganisa amandla eBhodi Lemisebenzi Kahulumeni. Enye yezinto i-Entergy eyavumelana ngayo “ngokusobala nangokungenakuhoxiswa” ku-MOU ukuthi ihoxisa noma yisiphi isimangalo sokuthi umthetho wenhlangano ubeka ngaphambi kwamandla eBhodi. Ukwehluleka kuka-Entergy ukwazisa inkantolo ukuthi empeleni yavuma ngokucacile nangokungenakuhoxiswa ukuhoxisa isimangalo esinjalo kungase kubonise ukuthi i-Entergy ifuna kakhulu ukubukela phansi lawa mazwi kanye nalokhu kuzibophezela.
Lapho Ummeli-Jikelele ethumela impendulo yakhe ecaleni le-Entergy sizokwazi ukuthi i-AG ibheka ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano zezomthetho eziqine kakhulu zombuso. Okwamanje, emzamweni wokuphikisa umkhankaso omkhulu wobudlelwane bomphakathi we-Entergy, ngethula lapha amanye amaqiniso nomthetho ongaphakanyiswa. Abafundi bazobona ukuthi i-Entergy isesimweni esintekenteke ngendlela emangalisayo futhi umphakathi akufanele uphelelwe amandla noma uzizwe ugajwe yimali namandla ezinkampani kanye nomkhankaso wawo wobudlelwane bomphakathi obunobukhazikhazi.
I-Entergy ilungile ukuthi ukuzwela komphakathi kuyisici esibalulekile, futhi ukuhlanganyela komphakathi esenzweni esibonakalayo sokuvikela umbuso ngokumelene ne-Entergy, njengezincwadi eziya kumhleli, ukuthamela icala, nokubamba iqhaza kweminye imicimbi yomphakathi, kuzosiza ngokungenakulinganiswa ukulwa nokubili kwe-Entergy ukuhlasela okude.
Ake sibuyekeze, ngolimi olulula izinto ezinhlanu i-Entergy evumelene ngazo endimeni efanele ye-MOU ecashunwe ngenhla:
- I-Entergy ivumile ukuthi isitifiketi sezinto ezinhle zomphakathi (CPG) esakhishwa yiBhodi ngo-2002 sizogunyaza i-Entergy ukuthi isebenzise lesi sikhungo kuze kube umhla zingama-21 kuNdasa wezi-2012.
- U-Entergy wavuma ukuthi i-CPG eyakhishwa yiBhodi ngo-2002 izogunyaza i-Entergy kuphela ukuthi ihoxise imboni ngemva kwalolo suku.
- I-Entergy ivumile ukuthi ukusebenza kwefekthri ngale komhla zingama-21 kuNdasa, 2012 kuzovunyelwa kuphela uma isicelo sokuvuselela igunya ngaphansi kwe-CPG sokusebenzisa isikhungo senziwe futhi samukelwa.
- Ngokuhambisana nezinsiza, i-Entergy yaphinde yavuma “ngokusobala nangokungenakuguquleka” (a) ukuthi Ibhodi linegunya ngaphansi komthetho wamanje ukuze linikeze noma linqabele ukugunyazwa kokusebenza kwe-Vermont Yankee ngemva kuka-2012.
- Ngokuhambisana nezinsiza, i-Entergy yaphinde yavuma “ngokusobala nangokungaguquki” (b) ukuhoxisa noma yisiphi isimangalo sokuthi umthetho wenhlangano ubeka ngaphambi kwamandla eBhodi.
Esikhalweni sayo nenkantolo yenhlangano, i-Entergy iyakuphikisa lokho
I-Vermont kamuva yachitha i-MOU, yephula leso sivumelwano futhi yathethelela isibopho se-ENVY kanye ne-ENOI sokuqhubeka nokuthobela imibandela yayo (ikakhulukazi, ukunikezwa kokuyekelela) ngokumisa imithetho eqeda "igunya ngaphansi komthetho wamanje" we-PSB njengoba kubekwe emigomweni ye-MOU futhi esikhundleni salokho. edinga ukugunyazwa okuqondile koMhlangano Jikelele we-Vermont ngaphambi kokuba i-PSB ikhiphe i-CPG yokusebenza kweSiteshi Sase-Vermont Yankee ngemva komhla zingama-21 kuNdasa, 2012 noma ukuze kugcinwe uphethiloli wenuzi osetshenzisiwe osuselwe emsebenzini womhla zingama-21 kuNdasa wezi-2012.
Okokuqala, i-Entergy ithatha inkulumo ethi, "igunya ngaphansi komthetho wamanje" ngaphandle komongo. Ku-MOU leli binzana limane liyisitatimende seqiniso okuvunyelwene ngalo lokuthi Ibhodi linegunya ngaphansi komthetho wamanje ukunikeza noma ukwenqaba ukugunyazwa kokusebenza kwe-Vermont Yankee ngemva kuka-2012. Ekugcwaliseni kwayo enkantolo i-Entergy izama ukuphinda ibhale leso sitatimende seqiniso okuvunyelwene ngalo. njengombandela.
Okwesibili, akukho lutho mayelana nomthetho we-Vermont ka-2006 owashintsha amandla eBhodi ukuze anikeze noma anqabele imvume uma i-General Assembly isivotele ukugunyazwa kwayo. Umthetho we-160, umthetho owaphasiswa ngazwilinye yi-Vermont House, wawuhambisana nokuthi Ibhodi linegunya lokunikeza i-CPG futhi laqaphela Ibhodi njengaleyo enegunya. Umthetho wawuhlinzeka ngokuthi iBhodi lingaqala uphenyo lwalo ngaphambi kokuba isishayamthetho sithathe isinyathelo. Umthetho umane wengeze ivoti elivuzayo le-General Assembly njengombandela ngaphambi kokuthi Ibhodi likhiphe umyalelo wokugcina noma linikeze i-CPG.
Ngomqondo othile uMthetho 160 ubeke isishayamthetho saseVermont endaweni elinganayo ne-Entergy. Ngaphansi kwe-MOU, i-Entergy yaba nokukhetha ukuthi isifake noma cha isicelo sokuvuselelwa kwegunya ngaphansi kwe-CPG ukuze sisebenze ngemva komhla zingama-21 kuNdasa, 2012. I-Entergy yayinokuzikhethela okusekelwe ekucatshangelweni kwebhizinisi mayelana nokuthi izosifaka yini isicelo noma cha ukuze iqale ukucutshungulwa yi-PSB. . Umthetho 160 ngokufanayo unikeze isishayamthetho esikhethiwe ukukhetha okusekelwe kunoma yikuphi ukucatshangelwa okunganqunyelwe umthetho wombuso ngaphambi kokuba i-PSB iphothule isinqumo sayo. Ngakho-ke uMthetho we-160 ubeke abameleli abakhethiwe babantu baseVermont kanye ne-Entergy Corporation esimeni esilinganayo.
Lapho icubungula i-MOU ngo-2002, i-Entergy yayazi ukuthi i-Vermont yayiyintando yeningi nokuthi abantu base-Vermont, ngesishayamthetho sabo sezakhamuzi babekhululekile ukushaya imithetho. Ngokuphikisa okuphawulekayo komphakathi ekwandisweni kweminyaka engama-20 eVermont, kanye nesandulela sezakhamizi zaseSacramento, eCalifornia. ukuvota ukuvala isikhungo senuzi iRancho Seco [6] ngo-1989, kwabonakala kusengaphambili ukuthi phakathi kwemithetho isishayamthetho esingayiphasisa kwakukhona owenezela umbandela owengeziwe, njengevoti elivunayo esishayamthetho ngaphambi kokuba i-PSB ikhiphe umyalelo wokugcina noma inikeze i-CPG.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Entergy yayazi ukuthi iVermont inamagatsha kahulumeni amathathu anamandla ahlukene futhi ahlinzeka ngamasheke namabhalansi kwelinye. U-Entergy wayazi ukuthi i-DPS, i-ejensi yombuso eyasayina i-MOU, yayiyingxenye Yegatsha Eliphethe. U-Entergy wayazi ukuthi isishayamthetho saseVermont sasingeyona ingxenye yesivumelwano sika-2002. Inkulumo ka-Entergy yokuthi izwe laseVermont sephule isivumelwano iyehluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi yigatsha eliphezulu kuphela elaliyingxenye yesivumelwano nokuthi isishayamthetho sasinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa umsebenzi waso ofanele wokubheka nokulinganisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Entergy wayazi ukuthi isishayamthetho sezakhamizi zaseVermont singase siphendule emibonweni yabantu baseVermont njengoba kuvezwe kumavoti, amavoti emihlangano yedolobha, okhethweni, nokubamba iqhaza komphakathi. Umkhankaso omkhulu wobudlelwane bomphakathi we-Entergy ubonisa ulwazi lwe-Entergy lokuthi ukusekelwa komphakathi kwe-Vermont Yankee ukuthi isebenze ngemva kokuphela kwempilo yayo yokuklama iminyaka engu-40 ngo-2012 kubalulekile. Ngakho-ke, i-Entergy kufanele ngabe yazi ukuthi ukusebenzisa lesi sitshalo ngobuhlakani, okuhlanganisa nokugwema ukuthatha izingozi zokusilungisa, kwakubalulekile ekutholeni ivoti elihle esishayamthetho.
I-Entergy yathatha izingozi ezinjalo, okwabangela ukuthi kwaqubuka umlilo eduze kwe-transformer ngo-2004 futhi imibhoshongo yayo yokupholisa yabhidlika ngo-2007. Ihluleka ukufunda kuleso senzakalo, i-Entergy yaqhubeka nokuthatha izingozi ezinjalo futhi i-tritium ne-strontium 90 yavuza emapayipini angaphansi komhlaba aya eVermont. amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngo-2009 kanye namavalvu okuphepha aklanyelwe ukumpompa amanzi ku-reactor core ukuze apholise ngesikhathi sengozi atholakala engasebenzi ngesikhathi kucima ukufakwa kukaphethiloli ngo-2010.
Ngenkathi i-Entergy ikhetha ukungenzi ukugcinwa kokuvikela obekungavimbela lezo zinkinga futhi lapho i-Entergy ikhetha ukwenza izitatimende ezingamanga ngaphansi kwesifungo eBhodini Lezisebenzi Zikahulumeni icabangela isicelo sayo sokwelulwa kweminyaka engamashumi amabili, i-Entergy yathatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokuthi yayizozihlambalaza. ohlakaniphile, onekhono, futhi othembekile ofanele ukwethenjwa, ukuhlonishwa, nokunconywa. Kwaba yi-Entergy eyenza izinqumo eziholele ekulahlekelweni kwayo ukwesekwa ngumphakathi ukuthi imikhankaso yayo emikhulu yobudlelwano bomphakathi ikhombisa ukuthi yazi ukuthi iyadingeka kuntando yeningi ukuze kuvunywe ukusebenza ngemuva kuka-2012.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Entergy ibonise ukuthi iyazi ukuthi zingasingathwa kanjani izimo ezinjalo ezibonakala kusengaphambili ku-MOU. I-MOU ihlanganisa okungenani izinhlinzeko ezinemibandela eziyisi-6, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezivumela inkululeko ye-Entergy yokwenza uma izimo ezithile zingahlangatshezwana. Enye yalezo zinhlinzeko inikeza:
Esimeni lapho iBhodi lehluleka ukugunyaza lesi sivumelwano sonke noma lithathe isinyathelo sokuchitha noma ukwenqaba noma iyiphi ingxenye yalokhu, uhlangothi ngalunye luyavuma ukuthi isivumelwano salo esibekwe lapha singaphela, uma lelo qembu linquma ngokubona kwalo, futhi ngamunye babe namalungelo afanayo njengoba ngamunye ubengekho kule Memorandamu Yokusebenzisana.
I-Entergy ibingase ifake umbandela ofanayo mayelana nesenzo sesishayamthetho esengeze isinyathelo esengeziwe, njengaleso esiphasiswe yisishayamthetho. Ngokuphawulekayo, namayelana neBhodi, i-Entergy ayizange ifake umbandela wokunqanyulwa uma Ibhodi linquma ukungeza isinyathelo esengeziwe. Iqiniso lokuthi isivumelwano sibandakanya umbandela wokunqanyulwa okuqondile uma umbandela weqiwa noma ungavunyelwa kusho ukuthi noma yimuphi omunye umcimbi, njengesinyathelo esengeziwe esingezwe yiBhodi, akusona isizathu sokuyekiswa. Ngokufanayo, uma kubhekwa ilungiselelo langempela lokuqedwa elifakwe esivumelwaneni, isinyathelo esengeziwe esengezwe yisishayamthetho mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba sitholakale njengezizathu zokuqedwa.
I-Entergy ibingase ifake umbandela ezithembisweni zayo uma okuthile mayelana nomthetho mayelana nokugunyazwa kweBhodi kushintshile. Esikhundleni salokho, i-Entergy yenza okuphambene ncamashi lapho "ngokucacile nangokungaguquki" ivuma ukuthi Ibhodi linegunya futhi lihoxisa isimangalo sokukhululwa kukahulumeni. Leyo nkulumo yayisho ukuthi ukuvumelana kwayo kulawo maphuzu amabili kwakuphelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi nakuba igama elithi “ngaphansi komthetho wamanje” livela endaweni yomthetho (a) yezinhlinzeko i-Entergy “evumelana ngokusobala nengenakuhlehliswa,” umusho omayelana nomthetho wamanje awuveli kulungiselelo elihlukile lokuyekelela (b) .
Uma sicabanga, okwamanje, ukuthi inkomba yomthetho wamanje endaweni (a) ingahunyushwa njengesimo, iqiniso lokuthi "umthetho wamanje" ucashunwe ngokucacile ngaphansi kwephuzu (a) kufanele kube ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho ukucabangela okuzenzakalelayo lelo phuzu. (a) yayingaphansi “komthetho wamanje.” Ngenxa yokuthi isivumelwano asifaki lutho ngomthetho wamanje ngokucacile endaweni ehlukene (b), i-MOU kufanele ihunyushwe njengesho ukuthi iphuzu (a) kuphela elingaphansi kwesimo somthetho samanje kanye nalelo phuzu (b), ngokuphambene nephuzu ( a), ayikho ngaphansi komthetho owawukhona ngesikhathi kungena i-MOU.
Ukube abathintekayo esivumelwaneni babehlose ukuthi iphuzu lokuyekelela (b) lincike emthethweni wamanje nganoma iyiphi indlela, noma ngempela kuncike kunoma yisiphi esinye isimo, bebengasho futhi kufanele basho ngokucacile ukuthi ephuzwini elithi (b), njengoba nje i-Entergy iphikisana ngokuthi bakwenzile. iphuzu (a). Izinhlangothi azizange, ngakho-ke kufanele zibambelele kulokho empeleni ezikwenzile ephuzwini (b), okungukuthi ukuhoxiswa OKUPHELELE KWANOMA YILUPHI isimangalo esiphathelene nokukhululwa kukahulumeni.
Nokho, ngisho maqondana nephuzu (a), ekwamukeleni umthetho we-160, isishayamthetho asizange siwuguqule umthetho ophathelene nokuphatha ibhodi. Ibhodi lalinegunya ngaphansi komthetho wamanje ngo-2002 futhi linegunya ngaphansi komthetho wamanje ngo-2011. Ikakhulukazi isenzo se-160 sengeze isishayamthetho ohlelweni njengesinyathelo ngaphambi kokuba ibhodi likhiphe umyalelo walo wokugcina. Abakwa-Entergy abakwazi ukuphikisa ngokuthi umthetho 160 wasusa amandla eBhodini.
Ngakho-ke, icala lika-Entergy lokuthi i-Vermont "inqabile i-MOU" ibonakala incike eziphakamisweni eziqinile, ezihlanganisa:
- umqondo wokuthi inhlangano engeyona ingxenye yesivumelwano ingephula isivumelwano
- umbono wokuthi isishayamthetho singase siphasise umthetho ozingezayo enqubweni yokugunyaza “awuzange ubikezelwe ngenkathi i-Entergy ithenga i-Vermont Yankee”
- umbono wokuthi umthetho washintsha amandla e-PSB
- umqondo wokuthi i-Entergy ivuma “ngokusobala futhi ngokungaguquki” (b) ukuhoxisa noma yisiphi isimangalo sokukhululwa kwenhlangano ayisebenzi ngoba iphuzu (a) mayelana negunya lihlanganisa umushwana omayelana nomthetho wamanje.
I-Entergy ingase ingayithandi imibandela yesivumelwano esayisayinile kodwa iyona kuphela okumele isole yona ngemibandela abaxoxisane ngayo, abasayine, nabavumelana ngayo.
Noma ngabe i-Entergy iphumelela ukukhombisa ukuthi i-MOU yenqatshiwe yizwe, i-Entergy kusazodingeka ifakazele isimangalo sayo sokuthi uhulumeni wobumbano uye wabeka phambili yonke inkundla yamandla enyukliya ukuze aveze ukuthi umthetho we-Vermont uchithwe, ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwe-Vermont esinqumweni. mayelana nokusebenza kwe-Vermont Yankee ngemva kuka-2012 akukho emthethweni, futhi lokho ngokusekelwe ekugunyazweni kombuso kuphela i-Entergy ingaqhubeka nokusebenzisa i-Vermont Yankee esikhathini esidlule sika-2012. I-Entergy ingase futhi iphikisana neziphakamiso zoMmeli Jikelele zokuchitha isicelo esisodwa noma eziningi ze-Entergy. Phakathi kwalezo ziphakamiso kungase kube esokuchitha isicelo se-Entergy somyalo wesikhashana nonomphela osuselwe eqinisweni lokuthi u-Entergy uhlanganyele ezenzweni ezimbi. Esinye kungase kube isiphakamiso sokuchitha ngokusekelwe kokuthi i-Entergy ihlezi nelungelo layo lokugomela ukuthi umbuso unqabe i-MOU isikhathi eside kakhulu kanye/noma ukuthi umthetho wenhlangano wandulela umthetho wezwe.
Ukuzikhulula
Isikhalazo sika-Entergy sithi:
I-AEA [Atomic Energy Act] inegunya elikhethekile le-NRC phezu kokunikezwa kwelayisensi nokusebenza kwezikhungo zenuzi. Imithetho yezwe neziqondiso ezidinga ilayisense yezwe yokusebenza kwezitshalo noma okunomthelela oqondile noma omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo kungaphansi kwe-Supremacy Clause, US Const. Art. VI.
I-Entergy ayinikezi igunya lalokhu kugomela.
Kodwa-ke, esinqumweni esivumelana ngazwi linye, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yasingatha udaba lokukhululwa ku-a Icala le-1983 [7] eqinisekisa ukuthi "uMthetho Wamandla E-athomu wakha ukugunyazwa kokuthi Imibuso ilawule izimboni zamandla enuzi ngezinye izinjongo ngaphandle kokuvikela ezingozini zemisebe." INkantolo Ephakeme yabamba:
(a) Kusukela ekuphasisweni kwe-Atomic Energy Act ngo-1954, ngezibuyekezo ezimbalwa, futhi kuze kube namuhla, iCongress igcine umthetho ombaxambili wokuphehla ugesi ophehla amandla enuzi: uHulumeni Wombuso ugcina ukulawula okuphelele kokuphepha kanye nezici "zenuzi". wokukhiqiza amandla, kuyilapho imibuso isebenzisa igunya lazo lendabuko emibuzweni yezomnotho efana nesidingo somthamo owengeziwe wokuphehla, uhlobo lwezindawo ezikhiqizayo ezizonikezwa ilayisense, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, kanye nokwenziwa kwamanani. Le Nkantolo yemukela inhloso yezomnotho yase-California eqinisekisiwe, esikhundleni sokuphepha, njengesizathu sokumisa § 25524.2, futhi ngokufanelekile lo mthetho ungaphandle kwenkambu yombuso yombuso yokulawula ukuphepha kwenyukliya. Pp. 461 US 205-216.
Isikhundla sika-Entergy asihambisani nalesi sinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esivumelana ngazwi linye.
Izenzo ezimbi
Izenzo ezimbi ze-Entergy zihlanganisa ukwenza isitatimende esingelona iqiniso ngaphansi kwesifungo ku-Vermont Public Service Board ekuqhubekeni phambili okuphathelene nesicelo se-Entergy sokuthi i-CPG isebenze iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemuva komhla zingama-21 kuNdasa, 2012. Isitatimende esingamanga sasiwukuthi awekho amapayipi angaphansi angavuza i-tritium. . I I-PSB ikhiphe umyalelo [8] eyakhokhisa inhlawulo ku-Entergy ngokwenza izitatimende ezingamanga ngoJuni 2010. Inhlawulo izokhokhwa kumaqembu ezithakazelo zomphakathi angenele ngezindleko lawo maqembu azithola ekukhulumeni nezitatimende ezingamanga ze-Entergy. Inkampani ivume izitatimende ezingamanga futhi yasusa iPhini Likamongameli Omkhulu u-Curt Herbert kanye nezinye izikhulu zenkampani, okuhlanganisa nePhini Likamongameli wesizinda uJay Thayer.
Engxenyeni yomyalelo wayo ephendula isicelo sezinhlangano ezithakasela umphakathi sokuchitha isicelo se-Entergy sokugunyaza ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ngemuva kuka-2012 ngenxa yesitatimende esingamanga i-PSB yaphawula ukuthi “I-Entergy VY imile kwelokuthi ukuxoshwa ngokucwasa kuzofana nomyalelo wokugcina. isicelo sokukhipha ilayisensi, futhi ngenxa yalokho sivinjwe yi-30 V.SA. § 248(e)(2) [umthetho ka-2006, uMthetho 160] kuze kube yilapho uMkhandlu Jikelele usuthathe isinqumo ngombuzo wokukhipha ilayisensi.”
Encwadini kaLeonard kanye nasenkantolo emelene neVermont, i-Entergy ithi umthetho ka-2006 wavimbela Ibhodi ukuthi livume isicelo salo sokusebenza ngemva kuka-2012. Nokho, i-Entergy kufanele iguqe phansi futhi ibonge isishayamthetho ngokuphasisa uMthetho 160 ngo-2006 kusukela erekhodini. kokuqhubeka kweBhodi kukhombisa, ngokuphambene, ukuthi i-Entergy empeleni yathembela ngempumelelo emthethweni ka-2006, uMthetho 160, ukugwema ukuchithwa kwesicelo sayo yi-PSB ngenxa yesitatimende sayo esingamanga kwiBhodi.
Izenzo ezimbi ekuqulweni kwecala zingase zenze inkampani ingakufanelekeli ukucatshangelwa ukuthola usizo olulinganayo njengomthetho omisiwe. Isiqondiso kulolu daba sanikezwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US eyaqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwenkantolo encane kwesikhalazo senkampani eyayenze izitatimende ezingamanga ehhovisi lelungelo lobunikazi ukuze ithole ilungelo lobunikazi eyayifuna ukulisebenzisa. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi:
Imfundiso eyisiqondiso kule ndaba yisimiso esilinganayo sokuthi "ongena ekulinganeni kufanele eze nezandla ezihlanzekile." Lesi simiso singaphezu nje kokuvinjelwa. Kungumthetho ozibekela wona ovala iminyango yenkantolo yobulungisa kulowo ongcoliswe ukungalingani noma ukholo olubi oluhlobene nendaba afuna ukukhululeka ngayo, noma ngabe ukuziphatha kommangalelwa kwakungalungile. Leyo mfundiso isekelwe emcabangweni womlando wenkantolo yokulingana njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuphoqelela izimfuneko zikanembeza nokholo oluhle. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukwenqaba kwayo ukuthi kube "ngcono kobubi."
[o] ukungaziphathi kahle kuka-ne kwakungadingeki ukuthi kube okohlobo olungajeziswa njengecala noma ukuze kuthethelelwe izinyathelo zomthetho zanoma yimuphi uhlamvu. Noma isiphi isenzo sangamabomu esiphathelene nembangela yesenzo okungashiwo ngokufanelekile ukuthi seqa izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezilinganayo siyisizathu esanele sokunxeshezelwa kwesimiso [sokuthi “ongena ekulinganeni kufanele eze nezandla ezihlanzekile.”] . . .
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho icala lokulingana lithinta izithakazelo zomphakathi, kanye nezithakazelo zangasese zabamangaleli, le mfundiso ithatha izilinganiso ezibanzi nakakhulu nezibaluleke nakakhulu. Ngoba uma inkantolo yezokulingana isisebenzisa ngokufanelekile lesi simiso ukuze igodle usizo lwayo esimweni esinjalo, ayivimbi nje umenzi wobubi ukuba ajabulele izithelo zesiphambeko sakhe, kodwa igwema ukulimala emphakathini. Ukunqunywa kokuthi i-maxim kufanele isetshenziswe nini ukuze lolu hlobo lwesudi lube ngokubaluleka okubalulekile. [9] Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US: Precision Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Auto. I-Maint. UMach. Co., 324 US 806, 815 (1945)
Lapho befakaza ngalolu daba olubalulekile oluthinta umphakathi ku-PSB ekuqhubekeleni phambili kokunweba ukusebenza iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemva kuka-2012, izikhulu ze-Entergy zazazi noma kwakufanele zazi ukuthi isikhungo sayo sasinamapayipi angaphansi komhlaba. I-Entergy ibambeke kuphela esitatimendeni sayo esingamanga lapho lelo payipi liqala ukuvuza i-tritium namanye ama-nuclide akhipha imisebe emanzini angaphansi komhlaba e-Vermont.
Izitatimende ezingamanga ngaphansi kwesifungo esinqumweni esifanele zinganele ukuvimba i-Entergy ekutholeni umyalo owudingayo ukuze iqhubeke nokusebenza ngemva komhla zingama-21 kuNdasa 2012 ngaphandle kwemvume yezwe lase-Vermont.
Kodwa kulokhu kwakungaphezu nje kokukhuluma amanga. U-Entergy wayazi ukuthi ezinye izimboni eziningi zenuzi zivuze i-tritium emapayipini angaphansi komhlaba, udaba lwahlonzwa njengento ezophenywa kumthetho wase-Vermont ka-2008, njengoba i-Entergy ivuma esikhalazweni sayo (isigaba 71), futhi i-Entergy yayimbe imithombo eminingana ukuze iqaphe ukuvuza. kusuka kumapayipi angaphansi komhlaba. Nokho, i-Entergy ayizange ithathe isinyathelo sokuhlola amapayipi ayo angaphansi komhlaba futhi ishintshe izingxenye ezikhubazekile noma ezilimele ngaphambi kokuba zivuze. Esikhundleni salokho i-Entergy ithembele ekuqapheni ukuvuza, futhi kungemuva kokuba kutholakele ukuvuza lapho yafuna futhi yalungisa lezo zingxenye ezivuzayo. Ngakho-ke, i-Entergy ayizange ivele yenze izitatimende ezingamanga ezikhulwini zombuso ukuze ithuthukise isimo sayo maqondana nesitifiketi sokulunga komphakathi ebifuna ukwelula ukusebenza kwalesi sikhungo iminyaka engu-20 ngaphezulu. I-Entergy iyaqhubeka nokushiya i-Vermont ngamabomu isengozini yokuvuza okwengeziwe ezweni layo namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lesi isenzo esibi esiqhubekayo.
Kungenziwa icala elihle lokuthi izenzo ezimbi ze-Entergy ziyivimbela ekutholeni inkululeko elinganayo yomthetho ovimbela izwe lase-Vermont ogunyazwe yinkantolo. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yasho, iminyango yenkantolo kufanele ivalwe ngokumelene nabo.
Ama-Laches nokuvuma
Incazelo yomthetho mayelana nokuvikela ngokulinganayo okusebenzayo lapho uhlangothi lubonisa ukuntula ukukhuthala ekuphoqeleleni ilungelo futhi uhlangothi olugomela ilungelo lonyazwa ukubambezeleka lunikezwa emacaleni eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US kusukela 1929 futhi 1904 [10] naseNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala ecaleni leSekethe yesiBili kusukela 1976.
I-Entergy manje ithi inelungelo lokusebenzisa i-Vermont Yankee ngemuva kuka-2012 ngokusekelwe ku-federal preemption futhi i-Entergy ifuna umyalelo wokuvimbela ukusebenza komthetho wase-Vermont kanye nokumisa izikhulu zase-Vermont ekuthatheni izinyathelo zokuvala isikhungo ngo-March 21, 2012. Nokho, hhayi kuphela ingabe i-Entergy yehlulekile ukugomela ilungelo layo elisolwayo lokukhululwa kukahulumeni eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, futhi akugcinanga nje ngokuthi i-Entergy ivume lokho okusolwa ukuthi bekungalungile ngaso sonke leso sikhathi, i-Entergy ibambe iqhaza kusukela ngo-2001 (ngaphambi kokuthi ithenge ngisho nesitshalo) kuze kube manje neVermont. UMnyango Wezemisebenzi Kahulumeni kanye neBhodi Yezemisebenzi Kahulumeni yaseVermont futhi wazuza kakhulu ekuzibandakanyeni kwawo. Ukubambezeleka kwayo okungadingekile ekuqinisekiseni ilungelo layo elisolwayo lokufuna ukukhululwa kukahulumeni kungasho ukuthi i-Entergy iyeka ilungelo layo, uma ngempela yaba nayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni emihlanu edlule isishayamthetho samukela uMthetho we-160 manje i-Entergy ethi uhoxise izibopho zayo ngaphansi kwe-MOU. Ngaleso sikhathi i-Entergy yayingaphikisani nomthetho, yaphasisa iNdlu 130-0, kwathi uMbusi uJim Douglas wasayina. I-Entergy ayizange imemezele ukuthi umthetho uyayichitha i-MOU. I-Entergy ayizange ithathe isinyathelo somthetho ukuze ivikele ilungelo layo elisolwayo lokukhululeka ezimeni ze-MOU kusukela ngo-2006 kuze kube manje. Ngalesi sikhathi i-Entergy iqhubekile nokubamba iqhaza ku-PSB nokulalelwa kwezomthetho.
Futhi ngalesi sikhathi isishayamthetho, abavoti emadolobheni ase-Vermont, ama-ejensi, njenge-PSB, nezinhlangano ezithakasela umphakathi nabantu abanomqondo womphakathi bachithe amahora amaningi besebenza ukuvala i-Vermont Yankee ngokwethembela ekuphoqeleleni ukusebenza kwe-MOU, bethembele ekuphoqeleleni umthetho ka-2006, kanye nokuthembela esizweni sase-Vermont ukuba nezwi kuzo zonke kodwa ezindabeni zokuphepha.
Ngenxa yokungenzi lutho kwawo ukugomela kanye nokuvikela kokubili ilungelo lalo lokugwetshwa kuhulumeni kanye nesimangalo sawo sokuthi umbuso wawuyichithile i-MOU ngo-2006, futhi ngenxa yokwethembela ku-MOU kanye nomthetho ka-2006 yizikhulu zombuso namalungu eNhlangano. emphakathini ukuthi umbuso unegunya ezindabeni ezingahlobene nezempilo esikhungweni senuzi sase-Vermont Yankee, i-Entergy ingase ibe nesikhathi esinzima ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ingazange iliyeke ilungelo layo lokusho ukuthi umbuso awunalo igunya ngesikhathi ilinde isikhathi eside kangaka ukugomela lesi simangalo. .
Isiphetho
Icala lika-Entergy alinaso nhlobo isisekelo esiyiqiniso noma esingokomthetho. Izingxabano zayo zicishe zivuze njengesikhungo sayo senuzi esikhipha i-tritium i-Vernon. Umkhankaso wayo wokuxhumana nomphakathi uthembekile njengobufakazi bayo kwiBhodi Yezemisebenzi Kahulumeni mayelana nokuba khona kwamapayipi angaphansi komhlaba. Isici esiqine kakhulu endabeni ye-Entergy ukuthi iyinhlangano ebiza izigidigidi zamadola, futhi izinkantolo beziqopha amalungelo ezinkampani ezidiliza amalungelo abantu abavamile. Kodwa thina bantu baseVermont singakwazi ukumelana nalokhu kuhlomula okungafanele sisebenzisa izindlela esizinikezwe yilabo abasungula lesi sifundazwe kanye naleli zwe nalabo abasiza ekwandiseni intando yeningi namalungelo alinganayo: ukudonsa ndawonye, ukwakha umkhankaso obonakalayo ovela emazingeni aphansi, nokusebenzisa umkhankaso wethu. insiza engenamkhawulo yothando, uzwelo, ukholo, nesibindi sokufuna inkantolo ichithe icala lomgunyathi le-Entergy kanye nokusekela umsebenzi wezomthetho omuhle kakhulu esiwulindele kubameli abavikela izwe lethu ehhovisi Lommeli Omkhulu waseVermont.
UJames Marc Leas ungummeli welungelo lobunikazi emsebenzini wangasese eSouth Burlington. Usebenze njengesazi sefiziksi ye-Union of Concerned Scientists ngemuva kwengozi e-Three Mile Island.
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[1] Isikhalazo esifakwe yi-Entergy ecaleni layo lango-April 18, 2011 enkantolo yombuso eVermont:
http://www.entergy.com/content/investor_relations/pdfs/4-18-11_complaint.pdf
[2] Incwadi kaJ. Wayne Leonard eya eVermonters: http://www.safecleanreliable.com/20110419.html
[3] Imemorandamu Yokusebenzisana: http://www.leg.state.vt.us/jfo/envy/6545 MOU.pdf
[4] Umthetho we-160, owaphasiswa yi-General Assembly ngo-2006: http://www.leg.state.vt.us/jfo/envy/ACT160.pdf
[5] S. 289, ukugunyazwa kokusebenza okunwetshiwe kuvotelwe phansi yiSigele saseVermont ngoFebhuwari 24, 2010: http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2010/bills/Intro/S-289.pdf
[6]I-athikili ye-Time Magazine mayelana nevoti lokuvala isikhungo senuzi sase-Rancho Seco e-California: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957975,00.html
[7] Ukukhululwa: Enkantolo Ephakeme yase-US, PG & E v. State Energy Comm'n, 461 US 190 (1983), Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission: http://supreme.justia.com/us/461/190/case.html
[8] Umyalo we-PSB okhokhisa inhlawulo ku-Entergy kanye nokwenqaba isicelo sokuchitha isicelo se-Entergy sokwelula ukusebenza kwe-Vermont Yankee iminyaka engu-20 ngenxa yesitatimende sayo esingamanga mayelana namapayipi angaphansi esinqubeni, “I-ORDER RE: IZICELO ZEMITHETHO KANYE NEZIMALI ZOMTHETHO KANYE. IZINDLEKO,” Juni 4, 2010: http://psb.vermont.gov/sites/psb/files/orders/2010/7440OrderReAttorneysFees.pdf
[9] Izandla Ezingcolile: Enkantolo Ephakeme Yase-US, Precision Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Auto. I-Maint. UMach. Co., 324 US 806, 815 (1945) http://supreme.justia.com/us/324/806/case.html
[10] I-Laches kanye nokuvunyelwa: Enkantolo Ephakeme yase-US, I-Ancient Egypt Arabic Order v. Michaux, 279 US 737 (1929) http://supreme.justia.com/us/279/737/case.html
Patterson v. Hewitt, 195 US 309 (1904) http://supreme.justia.com/us/195/309/case.html
naseNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yase-United States, Isifunda Sesibili, Rochester v. US Postal Service 541 F.2d 967 http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/541/541.F2d.967.76-6065.1187.html
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