Ukuqokwa kabusha okulandelanayo kwenhloko yezwe akukho emthethweni ngokwemithetho-sisekelo yamazwe amahlanu eMelika Ephakathi, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumise ukwanda kobushiqela esifundeni. I-El Salvador iyizwe lakamuva ukwephula izimiso zomthethosisekelo.
Kusihlwa, kulandela imigubho yeminyaka engama-201 i-El Salvador yakhululeka eSpain, umongameli wezwe uNayib Bukele. kumemezela uzongenela ukhetho kabusha ngo-2024.
"Ngimemezela kubantu baseSalvador ukuthi ngithathe isinqumo sokungenela ukhetho lokuba ngumongameli weriphabhulikhi," uBukele. wathi kuya ku ihlombe elimile kanye nenjabulo eSan Salvador ngo-September 15. โAmazwe athuthukile anokhetho kabusha. Futhi ngenxa yokucushwa okusha kwesikhungo sentando yeningi yezwe lethu, manje i-El Salvador izoba nayo. "
Lesi simemezelo asisithusi abahlaziyi. Selokhu athatha izintambo ngoJuni 2019, i-populist esencane iye yanda ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa amandla. Futhi imizamo yakhe ihambisana nezinyathelo ezifanayo zokusheshisa indlela yokuqokwa kabusha ngabanye abaholi baseMelika Ephakathi.
"Kunokukhathazeka ngomlando weMelika Ephakathi uqobo, ikakhulukazi okwenzeka kamuva nje eNicaragua naseHonduras," kusho uRicardo Castaneda, isazi sezomnotho kanye nomhlaziyi weCentral American Fiscal Studies Institute, noma i-ICEFI, etshela. I-Progressive. Cishe kuyafana modus operandi lapho izinkantolo zomthethosisekelo zinquma ukuthi kungaba khona ukukhethwa kabusha naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imithethosisekelo ngokwayo ibeka ukuthi [alukho ukukhethwa kabusha].
"Lokhu kungabonakala futhi njengoba zonke izinsiza zombuso zihlelelwe ukunqoba ukhetho, hhayi ukubusa," uyanezela.
Isimemezelo sikaBukele iyaphikisana isitatimende sakhe ngo-2013 sokuthi weseka umthethosisekelo kanye nezinyathelo ezenqabela ukukhethwa kabusha okulandelanayo, ngenxa yokukhathazeka mayelana nezinsongo zentando yeningi esifundeni esikhungethwe imibuso yobushiqela.
Njengomongameli kusukela ngoJuni 2019, uBukele uthathe izinyathelo eziningi zokugunyaza. Ngo-2020, yena esetshenziswa ngokungemthetho amasosha ahlomile ukuze asabise abenzi bomthetho ukuze bagunyaze ukusetshenziswa kwezokuphepha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waphoqa a ukuhlelwa kabusha weNkantolo eNkulu yezwe, exosha amajaji ayo amahlanu wabe esehlanganisa ibhentshi nabalingani bakhe. Kulandela lesi sinyathelo, inkantolo wabusa ngoSepthemba 2021 ukuthi uBukele angangenela ukhetho kabusha naphezu kokwenqatshelwa komthethosisekelo wezwe.
Emva kwakho konke lokhu uBukele usaqhubeka nokuzithokozisa amazinga aphezulu yokusekelwa komphakathi e-El Salvador.
โEsinye sezizathu esenze ukuthi agcine ukuthandwa kungenxa yokwehla kobugebengu,โ uHector Lindo Fuentes, uprofesa osekhulile wezomlando eFordham University eNew York futhi ophethe umlando waseSalvador. Isiteshi se-Youtube, uyabalisa Oqhubekayo. โUkulawulwa kwamaqembu ezigebengu kuhlotshaniswa nemigomo โyesandla esinzimaโ yokumisa iziqinisekiso zomthethosisekelo ukuze kuvalwe ejele bonke abasolwa ngokuba ngamaqembu ezigelekeqe, bephula amalungelo omthethosisekelo amakhulu namakhulu abantu.โ
"Lokhu kungabonakala ngokuthi, wonke amagatsha wombuso ahlelelwe ukunqoba ukhetho, hhayi ukuphatha."
Kusukela ngoMashi 2022, i-El Salvador ibingaphansi kwe- Isimo Sezimo Eziphuthumayo lokho kuvumela amasosha namaphoyisa ukuthi alwe namaqembu ezigebengu, okuholela ekuboshweni ngokungekho emthethweni kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zentsha, iningi labo elivela ezindaweni ezihola kancane. Lesi simemezelo size ngemuva kokubulawa kwabantu abangaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa ezinsukwini ezimbili kuleyo nyanga. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule, ukuphatha kukaBukele kuqhubekile ukuvuma ukwelula isimo esiphuthumayo.
Izingqapheli zamalungelo abantu ziye ulahlwe lokhu, ekhomba ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okukhulu okwenzeke ngaphansi kwalesi simemezelo. Kodwa lokhu kwephulwa kuyingxenye yokwakhiwa komlando kobushiqela e-El Salvador.
U-Bukele akayena umongameli wokuqala wase-Salvador ukufuna ukuqokwa kabusha, nakuba ukuvinjelwa kube khona kusukela kumthethosisekelo wezwe wango-1886.
"Bekulokhu kunemizamo yomongameli yokuqhubekisela phambili kumthethosisekelo ukuthi kungenzeka kuphinde kukhethwe," kusho uLindo Fuentes.. โKube yindikimba ephindaphindayo abantu abebeyiphikisa.โ
Umongameli wokugcina ukuqokwa kabusha kwaba undlovukayiphikiswa uMaximiliano Hernรกndez Martรญnez, eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu edlule. Ngokusho ku-Lindo Fuentes, u-Hernรกndez Martรญnez wahlanganisa amandla ngeminyaka yawo-1930, futhi lapho eselawule wonke amagatsha ombuso, wabuyekeza umthethosisekelo ukuze avumele ukuqokwa kwakhe kabusha.
Kodwa lesi sinyathelo asizange sihlale kumthethosisekelo waseSalvador isikhathi eside. U-Hernรกndez Martรญnez waphoqwa ukuba asuke esikhundleni kulandela ukuketulwa kwamasosha kanye nokuvukela umbuso okwaduma ngo-1944. Uhulumeni owalandela waphinda wenqabela ukuqokwa kabusha kumthethosisekelo wezwe.
Kepha i-El Salvador njengamanje ilungele ukwamukela abaphathi abasha, njengoba ucwaningo okwenziwe yi-Jesuit Central America University eSan Salvador kubonisiwe. Abantu baseSalvador okuvotwe ngabo bamukela kakhulu noma bafisa izimpendulo ezigunyazayo ezinkingeni eziningi izwe elibhekene nazo njengodlame lwamaqembu ezigelekeqe.
"Izakhamizi zase-El Salvador bezilokhu zisho iminyaka eminingi ukuthi azinandaba nokuba nombuso wobushiqela inqobo nje uma izinkinga zazo zixazululiwe," kusho uCastaneda. "Futhi nokho lo hulumeni, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi awukazixazululi izinkinga eziningi ngendlela ebambekayo, udala inkohliso yokuthi ungakwazi."
Ukuqokwa kabusha komongameli sekuvame kakhulu eMelika Ephakathi phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule. UBukele akayena inhloko yokuqala yezwe ukuphonsela inselelo isibonelo somthethosisekelo esifundeni.
I-Nicaragua, ngaphansi kokuphathwa kukaDaniel Ortega, ine unikeze incwadi yokudlala kwabagunyaziwe abasha esifundeni sonke. Ngo-2011 nango-2014, iNicaragua yenza uchungechunge lwe izinguquko zomthethosisekelo eyasusa imikhawulo yesikhathi senhloko yezwe.
Lezi zinguquko zivumele u-Ortega ukuthi aqhubeke nokubamba izintambo kusukela aqokwa kabusha esikhundleni sokuba ngumongameli ngo-2007. Lezi zinguquko zenzeke ngesikhathi lapho izwe libona ukunqwabelana kwamandla ngendlela ehlelekile. eduze Ortega, owayengumholi wabashokobezi baseSandinista, kanye nomkakhe uRosario Murillo, owaqokwa njengephini likamongameli ngu-Ortega ngo-2017.
U-Ortega usebenzise ingcindezelo enonya ukuze aqede imibhikisho emelene nombuso wakhe futhi uthulisile ukuphikisa ngokubopha abaholi nabangenele ukhetho ngaphambi kokhetho lwango-2021, alunqoba kalula. Ngenxa yalokho, izishoshovu eziningi nosopolitiki baye benza kanjalo baphoqwe ekudingisweni noma ubhekane nokushushiswa ngobugebengu.
Ngo-2017, uMongameli waseHonduran uJuan Orlando Hernรกndez weqembu elikude kwesokudla likaZwelonke wasebenzisa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakemeโesavumela inhloko yezwe ukuthi icabangele ukuqokwa kabushaโukuze ethule futhi awine umkhankaso wokhetho kabusha. Ngokwenza kanjalo, wephule umthetho isihloko se-41 womthethosisekelo wezwe, owenqabela ukuqokwa kabusha kukamongameli noma iphini likamongameli.
Ukukhethwa kabusha okungekho emthethweni kukaHernรกndez kwahlangatshezwana nakho isakazeke imibhikisho kulo lonke elaseHonduras, ehola ekubulaleni, ezenzweni zobugebengu, nasekufudukeni kwabantu abaningi. Iqembu leNational lilahlekelwe umkhankaso ngo-2021 lapho kungenele ukhetho u-Xiomara Castro. U-Hernรกndez wabe eselandela kukhishwe ngoFebhuwari 2022 ukuya e-United States ukuyobhekana namacala okwakha uzungu lokushushumbisa izidakamizwa.
UBukele uthole ugqozi ngokusobala ekuhlanganisweni kwamandla ombuso we-Ortega eNicaragua, kusho uLindo Fuentes. Kepha uBukele ulusheshisile lolu hlelo, kanye nezepolitiki ukuphikiswa e-El Salvador ubebuthakathaka kakhulu ukuthi angabhekana nokushisekela kwakhe igunya.
Uma kubhekwa lokho okwenzeka eNicaragua, uLido Fuentes uyanezela, โLeyo yinto ekhathaza kakhulu.โ
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Nikela