Isizwe Esikhathazekile: Imibono YaseJapane Ngesu Likazwelonke
Ibhalwe nguRichard Tanter
Kusukela enkabeni yombuso, imephu yomhlaba wonke ayinalutho, kucatshangwa ukuthi "ifana nathi" ngakho-ke iyisicefe, noma "ayifani nathi" futhi ngenxa yalokho isithakazelo esincane. Kunoma ikuphi, umhlaba wonke awukhathazeki kangako kulabo abasesikhungweni, okungenani kuze kube yilapho amabala amabi โezindawo ezihluphayoโ aqhekeza ubucwebe obucwebezelayo be-narcissism yasebukhosini.
Amazwe asonqenqemeni lombuso adinga ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nezwe, ukuze nje asuke endleleni. Ngisho noma, njengeJapane ne-Australia yangemva kwempi, behlangene namandla aphakeme futhi bengabhekananga nosongo olukhulu lwezempi lwangaphandle, umlando wabo uvame ukubhalwa ngokumangalisayo njengokulandisa kokukhathazeka. Bayizinkathazo, labo ababili, bahlale bebheke esikhungweni, bekhathazeka uma benza okufanele ngesikhungo, bakhathazeke uma benza okuningi kakhulu, noma okuncane kakhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, ukucabanga kwamasu okuzimele akuvamile ukuba kube nobufakazi. Izicukuthwane zezombangazwe zivame ukuhambisana kakhulu, futhi imisebenzi yenziwa ngokuxhunyaniswa neminyango efanele yesikhungo sombuso.
Uchungechunge lwakamuva lwe-Honda Masaru ku-Asahi Shimbun lubamba abahlonishwayo base-Japan becabanga ngendlela abanomuzwa wokuthi kufanele bagudluze kuyo izwe ngesikhathi esithakazelisayo - okungenzeka ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzobonakala kuseduze noshintsho. Ikhuluma nezifundiswa ezingu-40, izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nezazi zezombusazwe, ezisebenzayo nezithatha umhlalaphansi, iHonda idlulisa amazwibela okukhathazeka koklebe namajuba, ngesikhathi lapho oklebe sebelule amaphiko nakanjani.
Uchungechunge luvula ngesinye sezimo zezindaba ezixoxwayo zaseJapane zomlando wesimanje - "Amaphutha esikhathi esidlule aseJapane". Isisho esinelukuluku esisho ubukoloni, impi kanye nezimpi ezinonya engxenyeni yokuqala yokubusa kombusi waseShowa (1925-45). Ngakho-ke leli gama limelela ukuhlelwa kabusha kwalokho okwenzeka ngaphambili okwamukeleka kancane noma kwamukeleka kwabaningi balabo abakha kabusha izwe, njengoba uJohn Dower akubeka, ngokwamukela ukunqotshwa, kodwa ngemizwa eyahlukene. Kuwumusho ongakhululekile, isenzo sokungabaza sokulinganisa sokukhuluma esidlangalaleni, phakathi kwalabo abangakhuluma ngezimpi ngokuya ngobugebengu obenziwa yiJapan ezimpini zaseChina nasePacific kanye nalabo, njengabaningi abasondelene nondunankulu, manje abakhuluma nabo. ukuziqhenya ngeqhaza leJapan eMpini Enkulu YaseMpumalanga Asia. "Amaphutha" iyi-trope izinhlangothi zombili ezingahumusha ngendlela ehlukile ukuze zineliseke.
Izingxoxo zikaHonda zingcono kakhulu embuzweni wokuzimela nokuncika kanye nokucabanga kwezizukulwane ezintsha ezikucasulayo ukwamukelwa, ngisho nokwanga, kokuhlulwa. Lokhu ubuzwe obuphezulu - ukucasuka nokucasuka. AbakwaHonda benza kahle kakhulu ekudluliseleni amazwi akhathazekile kanye nama-hawkish hhayi abasolwa abajwayelekile nje kuphela njengoNdunankulu wangaphambili uNakasone Yasuhiro kanye ne-hyperbolic Morimoto Satoshi, kodwa nalabo abangadalulwanga amagama abantu besimanje abaphezulu kwezokuphepha. Omunye "wochwepheshe abaningi bezokuvikela" ovumelana no-Nakasone uthukuthele wathi i-US "igcwele iJapan ngohlelo lwesivumelwano samazwe amabili" futhi "idonsele iJapan emakethe yaseMelika". โIJapaneโ, ngokuhahela kwayo ukukhula komnotho, โyaneliseke kakhulu ngelungiselelo kangangokuthi yakhohlwa iqiniso lokuthi incike kakhulu [e-US].โ
I-Honda igcwalisa ama-akhawunti ajwayelekile emfundiso ye-Yoshida - ingena ngaphansi kwe-United States, ihoxisa izimfuno zayo zokubuyiswa kabusha kwezempi ngokweqile, futhi ibeka inkambo yokwenza imali engathi sรญna ye-mercanantilist - ngezikhalo zalabo abaxoxa naye mayelana neminye yemiphumela engasebenzi ebonakala kancane. Ngasohlangothini lokulandela imithetho ethile ukhiye owodwa inkinga yokubusa ngokwayo: ukwehluleka okusobala ukuhlanganisa ngempumelelo imishini yenqubomgomo yamandla nengcebo - noma idiplomacy, amandla kanye nezomnotho. Kwabaningi abalwela ubuzwe - kanye nakubalandeli babo bezwi eWashington - lokhu kubonakala kakhulu emikhawulweni yezomthetho neyokuphatha emandleni e-SDF ukusebenza njengebutho "lezwe elijwayelekile", kanye "nokushoda" kwezokuphepha zezwe. izinsiza zokuthatha izinqumo. โIsu likazwelonkeโ kumele, lisebenze, lingabi khona lapho kubhekene lokho kusilela.
Asiwezwa amazwi abo bonke okukhulunywe nabo kwaHonda, kodwa bakhona abaphakamisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zalezi zinkinga. Owayengusomaqhinga u-Ogura Kazuo ukhomba embuzweni osobala okufanele ubuzwe ngaphambi kokuba iJapan ivume ngokungenakulungiseka ingcindezi eqinile neqhubekayo yase-US โyokuthwala imithwalo yayo yemfanelo yomhlaba wonkeโ ngokumelene neChina kanye โnokwesabeka komhlaba wonkeโ: โ[t]uhlelo lomhlaba wonke olubonwa yiJapan lungase lungenzeki. kufane nohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe i-United States elizama ukuyakha.โ Sizwa okuncane kakhulu ngo-Ogura ukuze siqiniseke ngezinto ezimkhathazayo, kodwa emibuthanweni enjalo ukungezwani kungase kuhlanganise ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ezikhungweni zomnotho zomhlaba wonke njenge-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba, futhi ngenxa yalokho uhlobo โlweselulekoโ sesakhiwo esinikezwayo. izinkinga zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke njengenkinga yemali yase-Asia yango-1997-98; izimpendulo enseleleni yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu; ubuhlakani bokuqondanisa eduze ne-United States phezu kokubili kwenqubomgomo yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye ne-East Asia, esimweni ngasinye ukubheja kungenasidingo nesikhungo sombuso ngokumelene nalabo okungenzeka bawine isikhathi eside.
Uchungechunge empeleni lufushane, futhi amakhona asikwa ku-akhawunti yakho kokubili ukuncika nokungasebenzi. Ngosuku lapho isimo saseJapane sokubusa unomphela ohlelweni lwangemva kwempi senziwa ngokusemthethweni eSan Francisco ngokusayinwa kwesivumelwano sokuthula kanye nesivumelwano sezokuphepha sase-Japan-US, uNdunankulu uYoshida naye wasayina inothi elibhalelwe yena nguJohn Foster Dulles. ukwenqaba ukuthi kungenzeka iJapan ezimele isungule ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana neShayina esanda kuzalwa yamaKhomanisi. U-Yoshida wenze konke okusemandleni akhe ngamathuluzi ayekhona, kodwa izwe alikaze libuthole ubukhosi obugcwele. Inkulumo yokusungula kabusha isimo esijwayelekile ifihla kokubili inkimbinkimbi yalowo msebenzi kanye nezingozi zendlela yobuzwe ebusayo njengamanje. Impela, impumelelo yokufakwa kwalowo musho - "ukubuyisela iJapan njengesimo esijwayelekile" - kuzo zombili izinhlelo zomphakathi zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe, kube enye yempumelelo enkulu yobuzwe yangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngakho-ke "okujwayelekile", umqondo weJapane njengesimo esivamile ngokwawo uba, ngokuyingozi, ibinzana elisho izinto ezihluke kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Ngenkathi abashisekeli bobuzwe baseJapan bethukuthele ngemiphumela engasebenzi yokuncika komfelandawonye isikhathi eside ngokwemibandela โyokucekelwa phansi kombuso waseJapanโ, abaholi bentando yeningi baseJapan bakhomba ukuchotshozwa kwezisekelo zezenhlalo nezepolitiki ukuze kukhethwe enye indlela ephalamende. Akumangazi ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu kwezombusazwe uNakasone ukhethe ukuzivikela kanye nemfundo njengezinkambu zakhe ezimbili ezibalulekile "zokulungisa ama-akhawunti angemva kwempi" - ne-US, okuthe emehlweni kaNakasone yanciphisa izwe laseJapane.
Kodwa okushaqisayo ukuthi ababusa ngentando yeningi eJapan abakwazanga ukuchaza enye indlela eqhubekayo neqhubekayo ohlelweni lwamanje oluzuzwe njengefa futhi lwabekwa yi-United States. Awekho amandla abalulekile aphikisayo angaphandle kwephalamende, ukuphikiswa kwephalamende akunamazinyo, futhi akukho mathemba okuthi kukhona ukwehluka kuhulumeni weqembu elilodwa (noma nengxenye) esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo. Ukumelana nezingcindezi ezilokhu zikhula ezivela e-US kanye nabashisekeli bezwe cishe njalo kuthatha uhlobo lokuvikela okuqinile nokunqunyiwe kwesimo esikhona - ngokusobala kakhulu kumthethosisekelo, futhi ukusuka lapho, ifulegi, iculo, kanye ne-SDF. Uma kuchazwe ngendlela ehlukile, ngisho nabagxeki abaqine kakhulu abavamile ukunikeza ezinye izindlela zamasu esikhundleni se-quo esincike emandleni aseMelika ukuchaza indima yomhlaba wonke ye-Japan.
Okuhlukile okumbalwa okuhloniphekile ngokwehlukana, imibuzo yamasu ayivamisile ukuba kuxoxwe ngayo esidlangalaleni ngendlela yokwakha ukholo lomphakathi ekutheni kube khona enye indlela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucabanga okuhle kakhulu kwe-conservative okuvamile esikhathini sangemva kwempi - okwenqaba ukubamba iqhaza ezimpini zaseKorea naseVietnam, umphakathi wezokuphepha wezempi kanye nomphakathi wezokuphepha wenqaba ubudlelwano baseJapan namaphupho we-Weinberger mayelana "nokuvikela imigqa yokuxhumana yasolwandle" izinsuku "zosongo lwamaSoviet ePacific", ukubonakaliswa okusha okuphawulekayo kwesiko le-Article 9 ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980 ukucabanga kwamaJapane mayelana "nokuphepha kwabantu" kanye "nokuphepha okuphelele" - manje sekucishe kwalibaleka.
Kunokukhathazeka okusabalele e-Japan mayelana nesiqondiso senqubomgomo yamasu yamanje, kodwa cishe konke akusebenzi. Ngokuvamile kuthathwa iphutha ngokuzimisela, izikhundla eziqinile eziqinile zihlala zilahleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwezombusazwe. Ngaphandle uma omunye umbono waseJapane wokujula namandla okudonsa uchazwe maduze, cishe zonke izinzuzo zesiko elikhiqizwe Isigaba sesi-9 zizobe sezihwamukile lapho kubhekene nokuhlaselwa kwemizwa yobuzwe, nakuba ubuzwe obugxiliswe ngokuqinile ekuvuseleleni kabusha futhi manje. kukhulunywa emhlabeni wonke, umfelandawonye wase-US.
Ukukhathazeka ngesu lohulumeni bamazwe kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kubhekene nokuhwebelana kwezomnotho namasiko okungalingani futhi okungalingani kunangaphambili, ngenxa yokuthi amandla ohulumeni bezizwe ayawohloka. Okuningi kokuthanda kwamazwe ngamazwe okwakugqugquzelwa isiko leSigaba 9 sekwehlile ngokudlula kwezizukulwane ezaziyazi impi ngqo. Ukholo nokuzibophezela endimeni yezokuphepha yamazwe ngamazwe yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene osekuyisikhathi eside yahlukanisa iJapane phakathi kwamazwe ezimboni athuthukile kuye kwaqedwa ngandlela thize, nakuba kungakaqedwa ngokuphelele, ukuhlaselwa kobuzwe kanye naseMelika, kanye nokudumala okukhulu ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi UN. uqobo.
Ubuzwe besimanje baseJapane, obufana ne-Australia, buhlanganisa kokubili ukuphikisa okukhulu kobuzwe kumfelandawonye, โโnjalo kubheke indlela eya ekuzimeleni kwangempela, kanye nobuzwe obumaphakathi obungaboni ukungqubuzana phakathi kokwethembeka ezweni nokwethembeka embusweni. UNakasone waqala ukubusa ekhuluma ulimi lwekamu lokuqala, wabe esephoxeka kakhulu, wazithola edingeka ukuthi adlale ubhanana wesibili noRonald Reagan emdlalweni kaRon-Yasu, kube inhlekisa ozakwabo bangaphambili njengo-Ishihara Shintaro. Emashumini amabili eminyaka kamuva, owalandela ngokusobala ngobuzwe, u-Koizumi Junichiro, wengamele ukuqinisekiswa kwemisebenzi emibili yesu lezwe laseJapan elisekelwe ohlotsheni lokulwa kabusha olukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezimfuno eziqhubekayo ezivela eWashington kanye nalezo ezikhulayo. ubuzwe obusemthethweni nobunamandla.
URichard Tanter ubhale lesi sihloko seJapan Focus. Uyibamba likaMqondisi we-Nautilus Institute e-RMIT, udidiyela i-Austral Peace and Security Project http://nautilus.org/~rmit/index.html kanye ne-Global Collaborative, futhi ungumhlanganyeli wase-Japan Focus. Ungumdidiyeli (noGerry Van Klinken kanye noDesmond Ball) weMasters of Terror: Military yase-Indonesia e-East Timor ngo-1999 (uhlelo lwesibili), (uRowman noLittlefield, 2006). I-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
Ukufuna Amasu Amasha: Umzabalazo Wase-Japan Wokuzicabangela Kusu Likazwelonke
Ibhalwe nguMasaru Honda
Ukukhuluma โngesu Lesizweโ laseJapane ngokuvamile bekugwenywa kuleli zwe kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamaphutha esikhathi esidlule aseJapane.
IJapan ingamandla esifunda sase-Asia futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Izenzo zayo zibangela ukuguquguquka emhlabeni wonke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyathanda noma cha.
Futhi lapho izizwe ezinamandla zenza iphutha emasuni azo noma zingawacacisi, omakhelwane bazo bayakhathazeka.
I-Asahi Shimbun ixoxisane nochwepheshe abangu-40 mayelana nesu lezwe lase-Japan, noma ukuntuleka kwalo, phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha edlule. Kusukela kwezifundiswa kuya kubenzi benqubomgomo, imibono yabo inikezwa ngezansi.
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Independence
Iningi lochwepheshe I-Asahi Shimbun ekhulume nabo ithe ngokombono wabo, kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kuze kube manje, iJapane ayizange ibe neqhinga lezwe.
Kodwa-ke, umbono ophathelene nesikhathi esiphakathi kokuzimela kwe-Japan kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970 uhlukene phakathi.
Umehluko ubonakala uncike ekutheni leyo mfundiso ebizwa nge-Yoshida ka-1951 kuya ku-1972, indlela eyasungulwa nguNdunankulu wangaphambili u-Yoshida Shigeru, kufanele ithathwe njengesu langempela lezwe ngalinye.
Isikhathi sisuka ekupheleni kokuhlala kwe-Japan yi-Allied Forces kuya esikhathini lapho i-Okinawa ibuyiselwa e-Japan kusukela ekulawuleni kwe-US.
UNakanishi Hiroshi, uprofesa wezombangazwe zamazwe ngamazwe eNyuvesi yaseKyoto, unombono wokuthi izifundo zaseJapane zangemva kwempi, njengoba zamiswa uYoshida, ngempela โzaziyisu lohlobo lwesizwe.โ
Ngokombono kaNakanishi, izici ezintathuโukuqhubekela phambili kusukela ngemva kokuba izwe elihluliwe, ukubambisana ne-United States neBrithani, kanye nokusimama komnothoโzidlulele futhi zahlanganiswa zaba isu elilodwa.
โMayelana nezokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi, emzamweni weJapane wokuba isizwe esivamile futhi ehlise isimo sesizwe esinqotshiwe, cishe uYoshida wanquma ukuthi indlela esheshayo nelula yokwenza lokho kwakuwukuthola usizo lwe-United States,โ uNakanishi. kusho.
โLe ndlela yaphinde yalolongwa abalandela esikhundleni sakhe, njengondunankulu u-Ikeda Hayato noSato Eisaku, futhi yagxila emphakathini ngawo-1960.โ
Lo mbono wabelana ngawo nezikhulu eziningi zoMnyango Wezangaphandle. U-Kuriyama Takakazu, owayeyinxusa e-United States, ucabanga ukuthi imfundiso kaYoshida ikhuthaza ukuthula esizweni futhi yasiza ukululama kwayo ngemva kwempi.
"Yakha isisekelo sokuthuthuka kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke, leli qhinga likazwelonke libe yimpumelelo enkulu," kusho uKuriyama.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, owayenguNdunankulu uNakasone Yasuhiro, uyayigxeka indlela kaYoshida.
"Lowo bekuwumgomo wokuhambisana ne-United States," kusho uNakasone.
"Empeleni, okwakuseqhulwini kwakuwukusimama komnotho, futhi yayingekho indawo yokusungula isu ngokuzimela."
UNakasone uthi izifundo zika-Yoshida zazingenawo umbono wokwakha isizwe sangemva kwempi mayelana nezindaba ezifana noMthethosisekelo, imfundo nokuzivikela.
"Ayinawo umbono wezinhlelo zikazwelonke," esho.
Uphinde athi iJapan bekumele isebenze ngokubambisana ne-United States ukwenza isu lomhlaba wonke, noma ngabe ingaphansi kwesivumelwano se-Japan-US Security Treaty, ngokuzwakalisa izincomo zayo eWashington.
Ukugxeka okufanayo kungazwakala nakochwepheshe abaningi bezokuvikela.
โI-United States ecebile yahlanganisa iJapane ngesimiso sesivumelwano sokuvikeleka samazwe amabili,โ kusho esinye isikhulu se-Defence Agency esiye sachitha isikhathi e-United States sifunda isu lezwe. โKwadonsela iJapane emakethe yaseMelika, futhi ngangokunokwenzeka yamukela ubugovu beJapane ukuze iJapane igcinwe njengephambili ekulweni nobukhomanisi.
"IJapan yaneliseke ngaleli lungiselelo kangangokuba yakhohlwa iqiniso lokuthi incike kakhulu kulo."
Le mibono ephikisanayo iyizinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo. Ukuvumelana kubonakala sengathi imfundiso kaYoshida yakhetha ukuchuma kweJapane ngezindleko zokuzimela kwayo. Ukwahlulela ukubaluleka kwaleyo ndlela kuncike ekutheni umuntu ugxile ebuhleni noma ekushiyekeni kwayo.
iMpi Yomshoshaphansi
I-diplomacy yalowo owayenguNdunankulu u-Kishi Nobusuke yayizungeza emithethweni emithathu: ukugxilisa i-diplomacy yaseJapane ku-United Nations, ukusebenzisana nezwe elikhululekile, nokugcina isikhundla se-Japan e-Asia.
Ukuphatha okwalandela kwabonakala kuyigcina leyo migomo, okungenani phezulu. Iqiniso, nokho, ukuthi ubudlelwano be-Japan ne-US senze umgogodla wenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-Japan.
Nakuba kube nemizamo yokusungula inqubomgomo yase-Asia eyayizimele, njengemfundiso kaFukuda ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, yayihlala ingaphakathi kwemingcele yalokho okwakungabekezelelwa yizinqubomgomo zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaseWashington.
โUkuba nezimiso konga ukucabanga nesikhathi,โ kusho esinye isikhulu soMnyango Wezangaphandle.
โUma sinesimiso esimisiwe, ngeke kudingeke sikungabaze ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho siphikisana ngokuthile.
โEndabeni yami, angikaze ngiwungabaze umgomo wokuthi ukuthuthukiswa komfelandawonye we-Japan-US kuzuzisa iJapan. Umbono wami uwukugxila emizamweni yokuphatha lolo mbimbi.โ
Ukuphawula kwalesi sikhulu kusikisela ukuthi kumuntu obambe iqhaza kwidiplomacy ezingeni lokusebenza asikho isikhala sokuhlale ecabanga kabusha ngamasu ayisisekelo.
Ngempela, ukuphatha umfelandawonye wamazwe amabili sekuwumsebenzi onzima.
Nakuba i-United States yayiyingxenye ye-GDP yomhlaba ngawo-1950, leso sibalo sehle safinyelela cishe kumaphesenti angama-30 ngawo-1980. I-GDP yaseJapan, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhuphuke yafinyelela engxenyeni ephelele ye-United States'. Lolu shintsho lwaba yimbangela enkulu yokungezwani kwezohwebo phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili, nesizathu esenza iWashington yaqala ukubiza iTokyo ukuthi ibambe iqhaza elikhulu kumbimbi.
Abanye e-United States baqala ukukhononda ngokuthi indlela kaYoshida yayimane nje iwukuba i-mercantilism.
Noma kunjalo, iTokyo ayizange ibuyekeze inqubomgomo yezobuzwe yaseJapan, yakhetha izindlela zokumisa isikhashana, ngaso sonke isikhathi iphinda inkulumo-ze yasekhaya yokuthi "ubudlelwano baseJapan ne-US abuzange bube ngcono."
Kwathi ngo-1989, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi yaphela.
Omunye owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezangaphandle, nowayengumnyombo walo mnyango, uvumile ngaphandle kokudalulwa igama lokuthi osopolitiki kanye nomnyango ngokwawo abanawo umqondo ofanele wesu.
โNgaphansi kohlelo lweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kwakungadingeki sicabange ngesu eliphathelene nenkambo evamile okufanele siyihlose nokuthi yini okufanele siyenze ukuze sifike lapho,โ kusho lesi sikhulu.
"Ngokuwa kohlelo, saqaphela kakhulu ukuthi kufanele sizicabangele thina."
Osopolitiki nezikhulu zomnyango babejwayele ukungacabangi ukuthi ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi babelahlekelwa ngokuphelele ukuthi bathembele kukho noma bangazicabangela kanjani, kusho lesi sikhulu.
Kuyisimo, isikhulu siyavuma, esisaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Esikhathini sangemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi
I-Japan manje ibhekene nomsebenzi omkhulu wokusiza ukwakha nokugcina ukuhleleka komhlaba wonke enkathini entsha. Ngeke sisakwazi ukumane sibheke izintshisekelo zesizwe ngendlela ekhona.
Ukuthumela Amabutho Okuzivikela ukuba ahlanganyele emisebenzini yokugcina ukuthula ye-UN kwakuyingxenye yalowo mhlahlandlela. Esinye kwakuyisiphakamiso sikaTokyo sokuguqula uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, nokho, ukuthi iJapan inalo yini isu eliphelele lokusekela izinqumo ezinjalo zenqubomgomo.
Engqungqutheleni yabo kaMeyi ka-2003, uNdunankulu u-Koizumi Junichiro kanye noMongameli wase-US uGeorge W. Bush bavumelana ukuthi umfelandawonye we-Japan-US kufanele udlale indima ebalulekile ezindabeni zomhlaba. Umphumela wokuqala waleso sivumelwano kwaba ukuthunyelwa kweTokyo amasosha e-SDF e-Iraq.
Kodwa izincazelo zikaKoizumi zaleso sinyathelo zabonakala zingasekelwe phezu kwesu eliphelele.
"Umfelandawonye weJapan ne-US ususukile ekuvikeleni iJapan waya emazweni amabili ngokuhlanganyela athwala umthwalo womphakathi wamazwe omhlaba," kusho uKazuo Ogura, umongameli weJapan Foundation.
โKodwa-ke, ukuhleleka komhlaba wonke okubonwa yiJapan kungase kungafani nohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe i-United States ezama ukulwakha. Ingabe kunjalo? IJapan manje ibhekene nalowo mbuzo omkhulu,โ kusho u-Ogura, owake waba yinxusa laseJapan eSouth Korea naseFrance.
NgoFebhuwari 2005, i-Tokyo kanye ne-Washington babeka imigomo yesu efanayo phakathi nenqubo yoguquko lomhlaba wonke lwamasosha ase-US, okuhlanganisa nezindaba eziphathelene ne-China ne-Taiwan. I-Japan ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili yayibuyekeze uhlelo lwesizwe oluyisisekelo lwesikhathi eside lwezokuvikela.
Inqubomgomo ebuyekeziwe yase-Japan ihlanganisa ukuqinisa umfelandawonye wezokuphepha wase-Japan-US ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukuphepha endaweni yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze i-Japan ingabhekana nanoma yiziphi izinsongo.
Lesi sakamuva isengezo esisha kunqubomgomo yezokuvikela, futhi sidinga ukunwetshwa kwemisebenzi ye-SDF. Isikhulu esiphezulu se-Defence Agency sibize lolu hlelo ngokuthi โisu lokuvikela.โ Ukuchaza ngokusobala isu lesizwe ngale ndlela kwakudingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulawulwa kwezakhamuzi phezu kwe-SDF. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni kusamele enze futhi axhumane namasu acacile kazwelonke noma ezokuxhumana, isu lezokuvikela lavusa ukukhathazeka phakathi komakhelwane base-Japan base-Asia. La mazwe ayazibuza ukuthi iJapan yenzani.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Japan kufanele ihlanganise isu likazwelonke eliphelele elibonisa imibono yezwe mayelana nendlela yokwakha nokugcina ukuhleleka kwamazwe ngamazwe, kucatshangelwa imibono yakho kokubili i-United States ne-Asia.
Leso kuzoba yisinyathelo sokuqala ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezokuxhumana kweJapan okubonakala sengathi muva nje kulahlekelwe umkhombandlela kumagagasi obuzwe nokushisekela abantu abaningi.
Ochwepheshe okwaxoxwa nabo yi-Asahi Shimbun bazwakalise imibono efanayo mayelana nesimo esibucayi esibhekene nezokuxhumana nokuphepha kwaseJapan.
Ukuntuleka kwesu elihlanganisiwe
Ukuqhamuka nesu likazwelonke kubandakanya ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izintshisekelo zezwe eziningi okufanele zibekwe eqhulwini. Izinqubomgomo ezibunjwe undunankulu nabeluleki bakhe abaphezulu kumele zibandakanywe kulolu hlelo. Nokho, abakaze. Futhi lokho kuye kwaholela ekudidekeni mayelana nezinto eziza kuqala.
โEzomnotho nezokuxoxisana kumele kusebenze ngokubambisana. Kodwa akubanga namnyakazo wokuhlanganisa izenzo zabo,โ uSakakibara Eisuke, owayeyiphini likangqongqoshe wezeziMali obhekelele izindaba zamazwe ngamazwe, ukhumbula ngezinsuku zakhe ekule ndima enamandla.
โUMnyango wezeziMali wengamele izingxoxo zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe ngaphandle kokuxoxisana noMnyango Wezangaphandle, obungamele kakhulu ukuxoxisana ngezindaba zokuphepha. Ngicabanga ukuthi nowayenguMnyango Wezohwebo Nezimboni Wasebenza ngokuzimela ukuze axazulule izinkinga zokuhwebelana nezinye izizwe,โ usho kanje. "Kwakungekho mshini kuhulumeni waseJapan wokuhlanganisa konke lokho, noma osopolitiki abazange bazame."
Manje osenguprofesa eWaseda University, uSakakibara uthe isimo asikashintshi.
Ngisho nakuMnyango Wezangaphandle, kubonakala sengathi umzamo omncane owenziwayo phakathi kwezikhulu ukubeka izinto eziza kuqala kuzinqubomgomo zokusebenzelana.
โUMnyango Wezangaphandle usebenzisa ngobuhlakani ondunankulu nongqongqoshe bezangaphandle ngezindlela ezihlukene, ukuze kuzuze wona,โ kusho isikhulu sikahulumeni.
Udaba lwenqubomgomo yezokusebenzelana lungase lusingathwe yinduna yophiko, bese ludluliselwa kumqondisi wehhovisi ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe kusekela ngqongqoshe wezokuphatha. Ezinye izindaba bese ziya kungqongqoshe wezangaphandle, kanti ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu ziya kundunankulu. Isakhiwo esimile esiqinile esishiya isikhala esincane senkulumompikiswano phakathi kwabakhi benqubomgomo.
"Akukho zingxoxo phakathi kwezikhulu mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinketho ezikhona ngaphambi kokuthi kuthathwe isinqumo esithile," kusho lowo owayeyisikhulu sikahulumeni.
Ngo-1986, uhulumeni wamisa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WaseJapane ukuze usingathe izinqumo zokuphepha zezwe. Usihlalo walo ndunankulu, umkhandlu ubuhlanganisa nongqongqoshe beKhabhinethi ababhekelele ezangaphandle, ezezimali, ezohwebo nomnotho kanye nezokuvikela, phakathi kokunye. Yasungulelwa ukuqinisa umsebenzi weKhabhinethi ekumiseni izinqubomgomo zezokuvikela zikazwelonke.
Kodwa-ke, uMorimoto Satoshi, owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu soMnyango Wezangaphandle obambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuphepha manje osenguprofesa wezindaba zokuphepha e-Tokyo's Takushoku University, wenza ukungabaza ngokuzimela kwalo mkhandlu.
Uthe zonke izinkulumo zongqongqoshe eMkhandlwini wezokuPhepha zinqunywa emihlanganweni yezikhulu eziphezulu zeminyango nezinhlaka ezihambisanayo kusasele usuku olulodwa ngaphambi komkhandlu. Uthe imihlangano yomkhandlu yamalungu eKhabhinethi โiyimikhosiโ enezitembu zenjoloba.
โI-Bureaucracy yiyona ehamba phambili. Imihlangano yomkhandlu ayinalutho olutheni. Ongqongqoshe bahlukanisa amandla ngokwezindawo zabo zenqubomgomo,โ kusho uMorimoto. "Lolu hlelo lwenza kungenzeki ukwenza isu likazwelonke (elibumbene)."
Ithimba labeluleki eliya kundunankulu ngezokuxoxisana, eliholwa yilowo owayeyinxusa lika-Yukio Okamoto, ngo-2002 leluleka ukuthi kumiswe umkhandlu wezokuphepha ngaphakathi kweKhabhinethi. Kodwa-ke, undunankulu kubukeka sengathi kuze kube manje akawunakile lowo mbiko.
Lesi sihloko sivele ku-IHT/Asahi Shimbun ngoMeyi 4, 2006.
UHonda Masaru ungumbhali oMkhulu wabasebenzi u-Asahi Shimbun.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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