Ngo-1948, u-Harry Truman waphusha uhlelo lukazwelonke lomshwalense wezempilo ongenzi nzuzo emkhankasweni wakhe oyimpumelelo, ophuma ngemuva. Lapho uhlelo lukaTruman lalahlwa “njengomuthi wokuxhumana nabantu” kanye “no-non-American” yi-American Medical Association enamandla, “Give 'Em Hell Harry” wema, evikela isiphakamiso sakhe esithi “ubuKristu obulula.”
Ngo-1965, lapho uMongameli uLyndon Johnson ethola ukudlula kweMedicare (kanye neMedicaid), waya eMissouri ukuyoyisayina ngokusemthethweni ibe ngumthetho. ebukhoneni bukaTruman - ememezela ukuthi "ubaba wangempela weMedicare" kwakunguTruman. I-Medicare yayiwumshuwalense wezempilo wombuso walabo abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu, kodwa abasekeli bathemba ukuthi kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala endleleni eya ku-Medicare yabo bonke.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1970, kwahlala kuyisikhundla esisemthethweni seDemocratic Party ukusekela uhlelo lomshwalense wezempilo oluhlinzekwe nguhulumeni kubo bonke (“umkhokhi oyedwa”) - futhi ummeli walo onamandla kwakungusihlalo wekomidi elincane leSenate Health, u-Ted Kennedy. Besekelwa izinyunyana nabadala, UKennedy wethula a Medicare for all proposal in 1971: the “Health Security Act.” Ekhathazekile ngokuthandwa kwalolu hlelo, uMongameli u-Nixon waphikisana noshintsho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi luzogcina inzuzo, umshwalense wangasese: "Umthetho Wokubambisana Komshwalense Wezempilo." UKennedy umemezele, “Ukubambisana phakathi kwabaphathi nezinkampani zomshwalense. Akubona ubudlelwano phakathi kweziguli nodokotela balesi sizwe.”
Ngo-1976, uJimmy Carter wathembisa uhlelo lomshwalense wezempilo kazwelonke emkhankasweni wakhe wokunqoba wokuba ngumongameli. Kamuva uKennedy wakubiza ngokuthi "isithembiso esingekho" - futhi ukungezwani kwabo mayelana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwaqhubeka ngenselelo ehlulekile kaKennedy kaCarter yokuqokwa kukamongameli weDemocratic Alliance ngo-1980.
Njengoba ubungxiwankulu obunonya be-neoliberal buqala ngeminyaka yama-Reagan’s kwaba khona uguquko lolwandle ezweni nangaphakathi kweDemocratic Party. Abaholi bentando yeningi - abazibiza ngokuthi "Amademokhrasi amasha” – akulula ngisho nokwenza sengathi umelana nezithakazelo zebhizinisi ezinomhobholo. Lezo zintshisekelo zamenywa eqenjini nasekusungulweni kwenqubomgomo.
Faka uBill Clinton.
Ngawo-1990, njengoba izinqumo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zansuku zonke zisuka ezigulini kanye nodokotela bazo zaya kubashuwalensi kanye nezinkampani ezenza inzuzo, odokotela abaningi babejoyine ucingo lokuthi bonke abantu baseMelika bathole umshwalense wabo ohlelweni olulodwa lwenhlangano.
Kodwa abekho kulaba dokotela abamenyiwe etafuleni njengoba abaphathi bakaClinton bethuthukisa inqubomgomo yabo “yokuguqulwa kwezempilo” ngaphansi kobuholi bukankosikazi wokuqala u-Hillary Clinton. Lo mgomo wadalwa kakhulu ngabameleli bezempilo kanye nabameli abaziwa ngokuthi Iqembu le-Jackson Hole Study. NgoFebhuwari 28, 1993 New York Times ube nesithombe seqembu ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko: "I-Potent Brain Trust on Health Reform ka-Hillary Clinton."
Ku-1993, a umama Jones umbhali wawuchaza kahle umsebenzi ongenakwenzeka u-Hillary Clinton ayewunikezwe yi-White House: Yakha i-mausetrap engcono, ethambile, eshibhile (uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo) - kodwa faka upiyano lomdlali (imboni yomshwalense wangasese) maphakathi ne-contraption yakho.
Umgomo weqembu likaJackson Hole kwakuwukusungula “inguquko” eyayigcina uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo lusezandleni zezinkampani ezenza inzuzo. Uhlelo olwagcina lwathuthukiswa - olubizwa ngokuthi "Ukuncintisana Okulawulwayo" - belunomthetho futhi luyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi umthethosivivinywa wamakhasi kaClintons' 1,342 awuzange wehle.
Ngaleso sikhathi, mina noNorman Solomon sasiwukuphela kwababhali bezingosi ababehlanganiswe kuzwelonke ababehlola ngokujulile ukuhaha kwezinkampani kanye nokwenza izinqubomgomo eziphakeme okwakuzophela “ushintsho lwezempilo.” Kokunye ikholomu, sabhala: “Umthelela wemboni yomshuwalense uwumbono wokuncintisana ophethwe. Iqembu locwaningo iJackson Hole elasungula lolu hlelo lakhiwe izinkampani ezinkulu zomshwalense ezifana nePrudential, Metropolitan Life, Aetna kanye neCigna, kanye nezithakazelo zesibhedlela nezamakhemisi.”
We okushiwo isihloko lapho “abaholi bakwaJackson Hole baphikisa ngokungananazi ukuthi ukuncintisana okuphethwe ukuphela kwendlela yokugwema ukuthatha kukahulumeni ‘uxhaso lwezimali lokunakekelwa kwezempilo’ kanye ‘nokuqedwa kwemboni yomshwalense wangasese enabakhokhi abaningi.’”
We bekhononda ukuthi abaphathi bakaClinton kanye nabezindaba abajwayelekile bebebeka eceleni umthethosivivinywa womshwalense ongenzi nzuzo womkhokhi oyedwa “ogunyazwe ngamalungu angama-95 eCongress – kanye namaqembu afana ne-Consumers Union kanye ne-Public Citizen.” Ngesikhathi esifanayo umthethosivivinywa kaClinton awuzange uye ndawo, i-White House yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi uguquko lwangempela - uhlelo oluhlelekile olungahlelwanga ngu-Aetna, Cigna noma i-Big Pharma - aluzange luvotelwe.
Okwakuyiqiniso ngo-1993 kuyiqiniso namuhla: Izinkampani zomshuwalense wezempilo azipholi muntu. Bonke ukufaka isandla ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kuwukuphatha okweqile kochwepheshe bezokwelapha, ukukhangisa okukhohlisayo, amakhomishana okuthengisa - kanye nenzuzo emba eqolo (U-$10 billion engxenyeni eyodwa ngonyaka odlule kuma-Big 8 omshwalense) kanye namaholo aphezulu aphezulu. Ukunxeshezelwa kwama-CEO okunakekelwa kwezempilo ilinganiselwa ku-$18 million ngo-2018.
Umkhokhi oyedwa akagcini nje ukunciphisa izindleko ngokususa imfucuza ebangelwa inqwaba yabadayisi bomshwalense benza inzuzo - kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi amandla okuthenga ohlelo lukahulumeni angabuyisela izindleko zemithi nezinye eziqhumayo.
Gxumela phambili usuka kuClinton uye eminyakeni ka-Obama, futhi sabona ukuguquguquka okufanayo kubaholi beDemocratic Alliance. Abakwa-lobbyists abanamandla bezempilo baqinisekisa ukuthi iMedicare engabizi kakhulu ngeke icatshangelwe, kuyilapho laba ababambe iqhaza etafuleni ukusiza lwemali "inguquko." Ubani owayesetafuleni uchaza ukuthi kungani umshwalense omkhulu kanye nezinkampani zekhemisi ziye zacetshiswa kangaka kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.
Ungangizwa kabi: Kuyinto enhle ukuthi abantu abanezimo ezikhona ngaphambili bangathola ukufakwa ngaphansi kwe-Obamacare (nakuba kubiza kakhulu) nokuthi i-Medicaid yanwetshwa (ezifundeni lapho i-GOP ingazange iyivimbe). Kunjalo hhayi into enhle ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-30 basala bengenawo umshwalense wezempilo NGAPHAMBI kwenkinga yokuntula imisebenzi edalwe yi-Covid-19, nokuthi izigidi zabanye zazingenawo umshwalense omncane. Futhi akuyona into enhle ukuthi izindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo bezingekho.
Umlando ufundisa isifundo esicacile: Iqiniso lokuthi izwe lethu ukuphela kwezwe lezimboni elithuthukile elingenazo ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke alinakusolwa ngokuvinjwa yiRiphabhulikhi kuphela. Kuphinde kwabangelwa abaholi beDemokhrasi asebechithe amashumi eminyaka benakekela izintshisakalo zezinkampani (ngenkathi beqoqa iminikelo yabo yomkhankaso) - futhi benqaba ukulwela ukutholakala kwendawo yonke.
Lo mlando wokuvinjwa kwentando yeningi kanye nokuxega yingakho amakhulu ezithunywa ezikhethiwe engqungqutheleni yeDemokhrasi ngenyanga ezayo babeke unyawo phansi. Basayine a isikhalazo sithembisa ukuvotela inkundla yeqembu uma "ingabandakanyi ipulangwe elisekela i-Medicare for All ekhokha wonke umuntu oyedwa." Umqali wezikhalazo nguJudith Whitmer, usihlalo wethimba lethimba leNevada. Watshela I-Politico: “Lolu bhubhane lusikhombisile ukuthi uhlelo lwethu lomshwalense wezempilo oluzimele alusebenzi kubantu baseMelika. Izigidi zabantu zilahlekelwe yimisebenzi kanye nokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngasikhathi sinye.”
Ngokufuna ubuholi beqembu lokho uHarry Truman ayekubize eminyakeni engama-72 edlule, uWhitmer nezinye izishoshovu zeDemocratic Alliance "babanika isihogo."
Jeff Cohen ungumsunguli weqembu lezishoshovu RootsAction.org kanye nomsunguli weqembu lokubuka abezindaba ANO.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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