Ibhalwe ngesikhathi se-โApocalypse Nowโ ezayo? udaba lwe I-Occupied Times yaseLondon, kanye ne-Peopleโs Climate March e-New York City kanye nemicimbi ngaphambi nangemuva kanye nokushicilelwa kwe-edishini esanda kubuyekezwa neyanwetshwa yebhuku lami, Sibheke Ubulungiswa Besimo Sezulu. (Links: theoccupiedtimes.org, peoplesclimatemarch.org, convergeforclimate.org, beyondthemarch.org, new-compass.net/publications/toward-climate-justice-2nd-edition)
โ UBrian Tokar
Namuhla kuvame ukuzwakala sengathi sigxile ngokungenathemba ekucabangeni kwe-apocalyptic, kokubili emibuthanweni yethu yomphakathi kanye namasiko adumile. Kusukela kuma-blockbusters ase-Hollywood kuya kuma-art house dystopia, futhi kusukela kuzinhlamvu ze-hip-hop kuya ezincwadini "ezinzima", izithombe zesiphithiphithi sezulu esingenakulungiseka, izimpi ezingapheli, nokuwa okuphelele komphakathi kubonakala kungenakugwemeka. Imibono ye-Apocalyptic ibonakala igcwele ngokulinganayo enkulumweni yamanje ye-radical, kusukela ezincwadini ezidumile zika-Derrick Jensen โzokuphela kwempucukoโ kusukela ogwini olusentshonalanga e-US kuya emisebenzini yokucabanga kodwa mhlawumbe edumaza ngokufanayo ka-Paul Kingsnorth kanye nalo lonke iqembu lase-UK Dark Mountain.
Kwabanye, imibono enjalo imane iyisiphetho esinengqondo ngisho nokuhlola okungatheni kwesayensi yesimo sezulu samanje. Uma singayeki ukushisa izibaso ezimbiwa phansi phakathi neminyaka embalwa ezayo - ithemba elibonakala lingenakucatshangwa esimweni sezombusazwe samanje - singase sibhekane nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okungu-4-6 degrees C ekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, okuholela ekuweni kwezwe. isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu esizinzile esiye sasiza ekusekeleni ukuphila kwabantu emhlabeni izinkulungwane zezinkulungwane, futhi cishe amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Njengoba singekho isivumelwano esinengqondo somhlaba wonke sokunqanda ukungcoliswa kwesimo sezulu, singayigwema kanjani inhlekelele enkulu?
Kwabanye abashisekeli bentsha, ithemba lokuwohloka kwempucuko liyavuselela: lapho sibhekene nekusasa elibi kakhulu, kukhulu ukuphuthuma kwesenzo soguquko futhi kumema ngokwengeziwe inselele. Kodwa kubantu abaningi, ukubhekana nokungacabangeki kumane nje kuyindlela yokuphelelwa ithemba nokungahlangani. Uma i-apocalypse ingenakugwenywa, kungani uzihlupha ngokushoshovu nakancane? Abantu abaningi bazoncamela ukungena nje, bagxilise kabusha amandla abo emkhakheni wangasese kanye nezinjabulo (noma imizabalazo) yempilo yansuku zonke. Olunye ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi ukufunda nokubhala kwesayensi okubanzi kuhlobana kuphela nokuqwashisa ngesimo sezulu emibuthanweni enengqondo ethuthukayo; kubantu abaningi, kubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvumelana nokuthambekela kweqembu lomuntu siqu lomphakathi kunokwamukela noma yikuphi ukuqonda okuthile kweqiniso.
Incwadi yakamuva, I-Catastrophism: I-Apocalyptic Politics yokuwa kanye nokuzalwa kabusha, yizazi ezine zezishoshovu zaseNyakatho Melika, ichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ukucabanga kwe-apocalyptic ngokomlando bekuyisiphetho kanjani kwesokunxele, isinikezeli sangakwesokudla esingapheli, kanye nombono wokuthi ukunyakaza okunamandla okuhambisana nakho engozini. โIzombangazwe zokwesaba,โ baphikisa, โzidlalela amandla akwesokudla, hhayi kwesokunxele,โ futhi zisebenzisa kangcono lezo zintshisakalo โezimelene nokulingana nempi, iziphathimandla nobudlova bezifundazwe.โ
Ngokuphambene, njengoba isazi-mlando senhlangano yezenhlalakahle u-Richard Flacks ebonisile, abantu bazophazamisa ngokuzithandela amaphethini ezimpilo zabo zansuku zonke ukuze bahlanganyele kuphrojekthi "yokwenza umlando" uma sebenomqondo obambekayo wokuthi indlela engcono ingenzeka. Lokhu, kuFlacks, kuphakathi kwendima eyingqophamlando yezinhlangano ezidumile zentando yeningi: ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono โwokuthi abantu bayakwazi futhi kufanele bazenzele owabo umlando, ukuthi ukwakhiwa komlando kufanele kuhlanganiswe nempilo yansuku zonke, leyo [ebusayo]. ] izinhlelo zomphakathi ... zingase futhi kufanele zithathelwe indawo izinhlaka ezivumela ukufinyelela okujwayelekile nokubamba iqhaza kwabo bonke ezinqumweni ezithinta ukuphila kwabo.โ
Manje siyazi ukuthi izenzakalo zeminyaka embalwa ezayo kanye namashumi eminyaka ezayo zizonquma ukuthi ukuchithwa kwesimo sezulu kuzophazamisa futhi kube nzima, noma kube yinhlekelele futhi kudlulele. Siyazi ukuthi umhlaba unazo zombili izindlela zobuchwepheshe nezezimali zokuqeda ukuncika emhlabeni kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi futhi kuguqulwe amasistimu ethu amandla. Siyazi futhi ukuthi kungenzeka ukujabulela ikhwalithi yempilo ephezulu kakhulu emazingeni aphansi kakhulu okusetshenziswa komuntu siqu kunaleyo esithengiswa ngayo nsuku zonke. Ikakhulukazi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi manje siphila ngaphansi kwesimiso somnotho esisaphazayo ngokwemvelo esigwema noma yimiphi imingcele ekwandiseni nasekukhuleni kwaso, uhlelo lonxiwankulu olukhiqiza ngokweqile, njengoba nje izigidigidi ezimbalwa zabantu bengenazo izindlela zokwanelisa izidingo zabo eziyisisekelo zomuntu.
Ingxenye enkulu yamandla okukhiqiza wesistimu ikakhulukazi isebenzela ukusetshenziswa okugqamayo nokukhangisa, noma izimpi kanye nezempi. E-US, amaphesenti angama-40 okudla okukhiqizwayo ayamosha minyaka yonke. Kulesi sikhathi sokuntengantenga komnotho okusabalele, ukunwetshwa kwengqalasizinda yase-US ukuze kukhishwe futhi kusatshalaliswe izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kuyanda ngesivinini sakhona esisheshayo kusukela ngeminyaka yokukhula komnotho yama-1950s. Lokhu njengoba nososayensi beqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezindawo zikaphethiloli ezaziwayo kumele zihlale phansi ukuze kugwenywe isiphithiphithi sezulu. Emananini amanje kawoyela, ubuchwepheshe bokuthola imithombo โengajwayelekileโ kawoyela negesi, efana ne-hydro-fracking, ukubhola okuvundlile, ukubhola kwamanzi ajulile, kanye nokukhipha uwoyela esihlabathini setiyelaโokwake kwabonwa njengokungenzeka ngendlela ecatshangelwayo kodwa okwenqabela umnothoโkuye kwaba umgogodla we izinhlelo zemboni yamafutha ezinsalela zesikhathi esizayo. Ngenhlanhla, imiphakathi emhlabeni jikelele ebhekene nemiphumela esheshayo yokukhipha "amandla amakhulu" iyahlela, okusiza ukuvusa ukuphikiswa okubanzi, okuvuselelwe kabusha komhlaba.
Ikusasa lesintu, kanye nokuphila okuningi emhlabeni, manje lincike ekuchumeni kwaleyo miphakathi ephikisanayo. Kusukela kubantu ababhekene nezinsongo zokuqhekeka noma amapayipi amasha kawoyela negesi, kuya kubantu bomdabu kanye nabanye abantu basezweni ababambe iqhaza emzabalazweni wesikhathi eside wokulwa nokusheshiswa kokumbiwa kwezinsiza - kanye nemiphakathi yasemadolobheni esengozini enkulu yokushisa ngokweqile nezinye izinsongo zempilo yemvelo - the ukubiza ubulungiswa besimo sezulu kuwumyalezo onamandla wokuhlanganisa. Kwezinye izilungiselelo, abantu bafuna kabusha amandla okwenza amasistimu okudla abe okwasendaweni nokudala ezinye izindlela zamandla eziphethwe umphakathi. Njengoba kunezixazululo ezihlongozwayo eziya phansi ezintengantengayo - kusukela ekukhulumeni kwesimo sezulu kuya kumapulazi elanga nawomoya ezinkampani - isithembiso somlando esinesikhathi eside sokunyakaza komnyakazo singase sibe ithemba lethu elingcono kakhulu lokuhlenga ikusasa.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-XNUMX ukunyakaza kwe-anuclear emazingeni aphansi kakhulu eYurophu nase-US kwavimbela ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zamandla enuzi ezingamakhulu, ngokuvamile zamukela ipolitiki engokomfanekiso yesenzo esiqondile esisekelwe emphakathini esisekelwe ku-praxis yangaphakathi yentando yeningi eqondile. Amaqembu amaningi awazange afune kuphela ukuphela kwamandla enuzi, kodwa aphinde anikeza umbono wokuhleleka okusha kwezenhlalo, okugxilwe emiphakathini enamandla asebenzisa ilanga esilungele ukubuyisela ikusasa layo lezombangazwe kanye nekusasa layo lamandla. Imizamo yokuklama kabusha izakhiwo nezindawo zomphakathi, kanye namadolobha โaluhlazaโ wonke, kwakuphakathi kwamahlumela abalulekile aleyo nhlangano, njengoba kwaba nokuvela kwepolitiki yaseGreen inhlangothi zombili ze-Atlantic. Ezinye izishoshovu zathola ugqozi emibhalweni ka-Murray Bookchin nezinye izazi zenhlalo yemvelo ezahlola izimpande zezenhlalo nezombusazwe zezinkinga zemvelo futhi zanikeza imibono eyakhayo yomphakathi oguqulwe ngokuyisisekelo osekelwe emandleni athandwayo kanye nemibuso yentando yeningi eqondile.
Ngokusobala namuhla awukho uhlaka olulodwa lokuguqulwa komphakathi, kodwa kunalokho isiko elivuselelwe lokuphikisa kanye nokusesha izinqubo ezintsha eziguquguqukayo zokuvuselelwa komphakathi kanye nemvelo. Isazi sezifundo zokuthula u-Randall Amster sisho kahle ukuthi amaphrojekthi ethu e-utopian โabhekwa ngokufanele njengesivivinyo esiqhubekayo hhayi imikhiqizo eqediwe.โ Ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 (ngaphambi kokwamukelwa kabanzi kolimi olungabandlululi ngobulili), iphayona lezifundo zesikhathi esizayo uFrederick Polak wabhala ukuthi โโฆ yena ngokwakhe okwamanje, ngenxa yokulangazelela ukulondeka nangenxa yokwesaba ikusasa, impucuko yakhe izophela. Akukho okunye angakwenza ngaphandle kokuphupha noma ukufa, elahla wonke umphakathi waseNtshonalanga ukuba ufe kanye naye.โ Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke imingcele yobulili nesimo senhlalo, futhi akusakhawulelwe eNtshonalanga. Nakuba abanye basengase bajabulele isaga โsokuphela kwempucuko,โ ikusasa eliphilayo lawo wonke umuntu lincike kuphrojekthi eyinselele kakhulu, kodwa futhi enethemba elikhulu kakhulu lokuvuselelwa kwemvelo nenhlalo.
Imicimbi yesonto elizayo eDolobheni laseNew York iphakamisa ithemba lokuyisa leyo phrojekthi ezingeni elisha. Bona:
Uhlelo olusha olubuyekeziwe nolwandisiwe lukaBrian Tokar Sibheke Ubulungiswa Besimo Sezulu, isanda kukhishwa yiNew Compass Press (new-compass.net/okushicilelwe/kuya-kwesimo sezulu-ubulungiswa-uhlelo lwesi-2). Ungumqondisi we-Institute for Social Ecology (social-ecology.org) kanye nomfundisi wezifundo zezemvelo eNyuvesi yaseVermont.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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1 Amazwana
โUmlando kufanele uhlanganiswe nempilo yansuku zonkeโ
umlando Uhlanganiswe nempilo yansuku zonke
yingakho ukuzulazula e-manhatten, amahora ambalwa, bese sibuyela ezindleleni ezifanayo zansuku zonke ezisibeke kulokhu kulungiswa, ngeke kushintshe lutho.
http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/26244-mexico-researcher-raises-alert-about-environmental-risks-in-region-with-highest-concentration-of-wind-farms-in-latin-america
ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe, ngale kwe-anthroposphere