U-Elías Jaua, owake wabamba iqhaza njengomfundi engxenyeni yomshoshaphansi (ngaleso sikhathi) yeqembu lamavukelambuso u-Bandera Roja, usopolitiki waseVenezuela kanye noprofesa wangaphambili wasenyuvesi. UChavez wamqoka njengongqongqoshe wezolimo kanye nephini likamengameli, kanti ngaphansi kukaMaduro uke waba nguye uNgqongqoshe wezindaba zangaphandle, imiphakathi, kanye nezemfundo. Njengamanje uJaua ungumuntu obalulekile enhlanganweni yezepolitiki yeChavista ebizwa Encuentro de Lucha Popular futhi ubhala njalo, ngesikhundla esiqinile sokulwa nama-imperialist ngenkathi evikela amandla adumile njengengqikithi yephrojekthi ye-Chavista.
Wabamba iqhaza ekusungulweni kwenhlangano, ngo-1997, eyayizobizwa ngokuthi i-Fifth Republic Movement [MVR]. Lokho kukunikeza umbono onenhlanhla nge-genesis nokwakhiwa kwe-Chavismo njengenhlangano yezepolitiki ngeminyaka yawo-1990.
Ngaqala ukusebenza ngokuqondile no-Comandante Hugo Chavez ngo-May 1996. Ngaleso sikhathi, uChavez wayesewuhlola kakade umqondo wokuhlanganyela okhethweni. Isiphakamiso esasisetafuleni sasiwukunikeza inkambo yokhetho kule nhlangano eyavela ezindlini zamasosha [ngawo-1980] kodwa eyaqala ngo-1994 yahlangana nayo yonke imisinga ethandwayo neshiywe emigwaqweni yaseVenezuela. Ekugcineni, ngo-1997, isinqumo sathathwa sokubamba iqhaza okhethweni luka-1998 ngokuqokwa kukaHugo Chavez.
Ngo-Ephreli 19, 1997, phakathi nengqungquthela ye-MBR-200 [inhlangano yezempi nezempi eyasungulwa u-Chavez ngo-1982], inhlangano yagunyaza ukwakhiwa kwethuluzi lokhetho elalizogcina libizwa ngokuthi i-Fifth Republic Movement (MVR). Umqondo wokushayela wawuwukuthi iphrojekthi yaseBolivarian yayihlose ukuphinda ithole i-republic. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kwase kunama-republic amane emlandweni waseVenezuela. I-MVR ihlongoze ukugqashuka kanzima ngalowo mlando ngokwakha i-Fifth Republic.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uChavez wasifaka emsebenzini - abantu ababesondelene naye - sithuthukisa lokho esasikubiza ngokuthi i-Patriotic Circles [I-Círculos patrióticos] okwakuyizinhlaka zenhlangano okungenani zabantu abahlanu endaweni ngayinye, emphakathini ngamunye, edolobheni ngalinye. Lezi [bekuyizinyathelo zokuqala ezibheke] ohlelweni lokhetho olwaluzosivumela ukuthi siqhubekele emkhankasweni ka-1998 kanye nokhetho lwango-December 6, 1998.
Ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi owawuqale ngo-1996, waqala ukudlondlobala ngokuvakasha kukaChavez ezweni lonke. Ngempela, waya yonke indawo! Ngangiseqenjini elaliqhubeka lilungiselela imicimbi lapho uChavez ayezohlangana khona nabantu, ngokuvamile eyayiba sezigcawini, njengoba ezinye izindawo zezikhungo sazinganikwanga. Salungiselela imihlangano namaqembu endawo futhi sakha, nabaholi bendawo, izimo zemibuthano yomphakathi. Njengoba senza lokhu, saphinde sasebenza nabantu, ezingeni lendawo, ababesakha iMibuthano Yokushisekela Izwe.
Lokho kwakungo-1997. Khona-ke, ngo-1998, nganikezwa umsebenzi wokwakha isakhiwo sezombangazwe nesiqondiso senhlangano esifundazweni saseMiranda [isifunda sezwe sesibili esinabantu abaningi esihlanganisa nempumalanga yeCaracas]. Ngaleso sikhathi kwase kuneMibuthano Yokushisekela Izwe engaba izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu, futhi kwakudingekile ukuba siqale ukuhlela umsebenzi esasiwenzile. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho sakha khona “Imiyalo Yesifunda Ehlakaniphile” phakathi nohlelo lwe-MVR, futhi nganikezwa umsebenzi, neqembu lamaqabane, ukusebenza eMiranda nokuhlela amabutho lapho. Nokho, ngaqhubeka ngihamba no-Comandante Chavez kuwo wonke umkhankaso.
Ungawubonakalisa kanjani ukwakheka kwekilasi lenhlangano ngalezo zinsuku zokuqala?
Bekuyi-multiclassist, futhi bekunokuhlukahluka kwemibono okusuka kwesobunxele kuya emikhakheni yakwesokudla. Ngibhekise kumalungu onxiwankulu abadala ababemelene namaqembu amabili amakhulu, i-AD kanye ne-COPEI*, kodwa nokho ayenodlame ngokwedlulele. Kuze kube ngu-1996, bekukhona ngisho namaqembu alungile ngokwedlulele noma abantu ababambe iqhaza, kodwa baphuma ngokushesha. Ngokusobala, le nhlangano futhi yakhiwa amabutho athandwayo, inhlangano ethandwayo, izinhlangano ezishiyekile, nemikhakha yezempi yokushisekela izwe. Ngakho-ke, ukufingqa, ukunyakaza sekukonke kwakunomsuka we-muliclassist.
Inhlangano yabhekana kanjani nokuhlukahlukana okukhulu kangaka?
Iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni umnyakazo wawunezigaba eziningi futhi uhlukene ngokwemibono lenza laqina ngendlela eyayidingeka ngaleso sikhathi. UChavez ugcizelele ekuqashelweni kobuningi. Wayehlale “eyinto” eyenza ukulingana embuthweni, egxile ekuvumelaneni okwakuwukuthi kufanele [sithathe amandla] futhi siphinde sithole i-republic.
Ngokusobala, izinkulumo-mpikiswano zazishubile kakhulu, kodwa kwakukhona, nokho, isifiso sethu sonke esasibambe iqhaza kule nhlangano (kanye nakuwo wonke umphakathi) sokuvala imodeli kahulumeni yePuntofijista yezinhlangothi ezimbili[*]. Okwasihlanganisa kwaba umgomo wokubeka uHugo Chavez esikhundleni sikamongameli ngoDisemba 6, 1998.
Kodwa-ke, umlingiswa we-multiclassist wenhlangano ezinsukwini zayo zakuqala yisona sizathu esenza kube nokuqhekeka okuningi phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokuphatha kukaChavez. Okwasihlanganisa kusenesikhathi kwakuwumgomo wokuxosha i-AD kanye ne-COPEI, kodwa kamuva, njengoba u-Chavez ephusha uguquko ngendlela ethandwa kakhulu, kulapho imikhakha ephiko lwesokudla yaqala ukwehlukana nenhlangano.
KuChavez, ukuvuselela umbuso nokudalwa kweriphabhulikhi entsha kwakuhlobene kakhulu nomqondo omusha wentando yeningi osuvele ukhona ku-The Blue Book [incwadi emfushane eyabhalwa ngo-1992 ngu-Hugo Chavez, lapho ethula khona imibono yakhe ngomlando. kanye nentando yeningi]. Ngicabanga ukuthi singasho ukuthi lowo mbono wentando yeningi, njengoba kuvezwe kulowo mbhalo wokuqala, usuvele ukhomba kuphrojekthi yezenhlalakahle eyayizothuthukiswa kamuva enhlanganweni yeChavista. Ubona kanjani ubudlelwano phakathi kwentando yeningi nesocialism eChávez?
Ake siphendule umbuzo ngokungalandelani kwezikhathi. U-Chavez, cishe ngo-2010 no-2011 waqala ukuqinisekisa ezinkulumweni eziningi zomphakathi ukuthi "intando yeningi i-socialism, kanye ne-socialism intando yeningi,” futhi wathi “ngokwemvelo ubunxiwankulu bumelene nentando yeningi.” Ngamanye amazwi, wahlukana ne-dichotomy engamanga ehlukanisa intando yeningi ne-socialism.
Kamuva, uChavez waqhubeka wathi akufanele sikhulume “ngentando yabantu,” ngoba i-socialism empeleni iyintando yeningi. Kunalokho, wathi kufanele sikhulume (futhi sicabange) ngentando yeningi yezenhlalakahle. Ngakho lapho, ngamagama ambalwa, uMongameli Chavez uphendula umbuzo wakho.
Akungabazeki, udaba lwentando yeningi, ka ama-demos ikratia noma amandla abantu, kuwumthambo ogijima kukho konke ukucabanga kwakhe. Ikhona ku-The Blue Book, futhi ikhona ku-Alternative Bolivarian Agenda [I-Agenda Alternativa Bolivariana ka-1996]. U-Chavez wenza ifilosofi namasiko kulokhu kuboniswa ngentando yeningi namandla athandwayo. Ilungelo labantu lokukhuluma, ukubamba iqhaza, ukuphakamisa, ukuveza imizwa yabo, futhi, vele, banqume - konke okwakuyisihluthulelo sokucabanga kwakhe nokwenza kwakhe.
UChavez wayezinikele ebukhosini obuthandwayo, futhi wayeqonda nokuthi umholi ubophekile ukuba enze lokho okushiwo abantu. Ngenxa yalokho, kusukela kwesokudla ngisho nasemikhakheni ethile yobuhlakani besokunxele, kwavela inkulumo eyamosha uChavez. Bathe, "UChavez akazange asayine izivumelwano, akenzanga isivumelwano nezinye izinhlaka zomphakathi, futhi akazange akhulume namalungelo abantu abambalwa." Kodwa kuChavez intando yeningi kwakuyigunya leningi kanye nokwamukelwa kwedlanzana. Kwaba nokuqashelwa, kodwa sasingekho isivumelwano okwakumelwe senziwe lapho iningi likhuluma ngokuzwakalayo nangokucacile.
Ukwengeza, uChavez wayehlala ethembekile kakhulu kubantu mayelana neziphakamiso zakhe zokhetho. Ngakho-ke, emkhankasweni ka-1998, wabiza ngokusobala ukuthi kube nenqubo eyisisekelo. Nokho, ngemva kokunqoba, imikhakha enamandla yezomnotho nezombusazwe yaya kuye yathi kufanele kube nesivumelwano ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe inqubo yokusungula. Kulokho wathi, “Cha, nginegunya.”
Ngakho, kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokhetho, wenza isiphakamiso esisobala somphakathi. Kamuva, lapho abantu bemvotela, lesi siphakamiso saba umgomo. Esinye isenzakalo esinjalo kwaba ngo-2006, lapho ememezela ukuthi i-socialism iwumsebenzi wakhe wokhetho. Kusukela lapho, unxuse igunya abantu ababemnikeze lona ukuthi aphendulele phambili.
Lawa amanye amafasitela abonisa ukuthi u-Chavez wawuletha kanjani umbuzo wobukhosi obudumile ezindaweni zokumelwa, ohlakeni lwentando yeningi yenkululeko yakudala. Kodwa-ke, njengoba wazi, intando yeningi eqondile nayo yayibalulekile kuphrojekthi yakhe.
U-Chavez wakhuthaza futhi wakhuthaza intando yeningi eqondile futhi wavula iminyango yokwakhiwa kwamandla athandwayo ukuze abantu babe namandla angempela, amandla asebenzayo... Yilapho imikhandlu yomphakathi ingena khona, nemikhandlu ye-campesino, imikhandlu yabafundi, imikhandlu yabasebenzi, kanye nemiphakathi. . Konke kwaqala ngeMibuthano Yokuthanda izwe, eyayivele iwuhlobo lokubonisa intando yeningi eqondile.
Eshumini leminyaka elikhungethwe yizinhlekelele ngeminyaka yawo-1990, inhlangano eyakhula eduze kukaHugo Chavez yaphishekela ukuhlelwa kabusha kokuziphatha kwezombusazwe nomphakathi. Ngokusobala, sibhekene nenkinga ye-Bolivarian Process, futhi ukushilo lokho ukunqoba isimo samanje "i-trigger yomlando" entsha [detonante histórico] iyadingeka: okuthile okufana nokwenzeka ngo-February 4, 1992 [ukuvukelwa kwezempi kukaChavez] noma ukhetho lukaChavez ngo-1998.
Inhlangano uChavez ayeyihola ngeminyaka yawo-1990s - washo njalo yena ezikhathini eziningi - yayisekelwe ezifisweni zomphakathi waseVenezuela wonkana. [Abantu babefuna] izwe elizimele nelizimele ngokuphambene nokuba ngaphansi kwezintshisekelo zezwe laseMelika kanye nokudayiswa komcebo wethu kulelozwe. [Abantu babefuna] izwe elinokungalingani okuncane, elinobumpofu obuncane, kanye nezwe elithembeke kakhulu. Yileyo ndlela uChavez afingqa ngayo okwakuyizinjongo nezifiso zomphakathi. Umuntu angaze athi wafaka leso sifiso esiyiqoqo.
Emphakathini, kwakunomuzwa wokuthi kufanele kwenzeke okuthile ukuze kuvuleke inkathi entsha eVenezuela. Nangempela kwenzeka lokho. Unyaka we-1998 [ngokukhethwa kukaChavez kwesobumongameli] uphawula ukuqhekeka okunokuthula nentando yeningi; kwakuyimbangela yomlando kanye nokuhlukana nemodeli yezombangazwe endala, eyonakele. Kodwa futhi ilethe uchungechunge lwezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nobudlova obuholwa imikhakha elondolozayo yomphakathi. Iminyaka ka-2002 [nge-coup d'etat nokucekelwa phansi kukawoyela], ka-2004 [lapho abaphikisi bezama ukuhoxisa u-Chavez njengomongameli], kanye no-2007 [okwaletha ukugqugquzelwa kwabafundi abaphiko lwesokudla ngodlame] kwakuyizikhathi zokuwohloka okukhulu.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, u-1998 uphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yenkululeko nobukhosi obukhulu iVenezuela eke yaba nayo emlandweni wayo. Futhi yisikhathi sokubusa ngentando yeningi kakhulu – hhayi ngokwepolitiki kuphela, kodwa nakwezomnotho, ezamasiko kanye nezenhlalo. Kusukela ehhovisi likamongameli kanye nakuhulumeni, kwavela umqondo omusha wokuziphatha okuhle emehlweni omphakathi. Kwakuyinto iVenezuela eyayingakaze ikubone ngaphambili. Ngokokuqala ngqa esikhathini eside, iVenezuela yaba nomongameli owayeyisibonelo emphakathini, umuntu okufanele amlingise. Ukuphila kwakhe kwakuhambisana nezimiso zakhe. Lokhu ngikusho ngoba ukuziphatha akubhekiseli enkundleni yokuphatha kuphela. Siphinde sikhulume ngokuziphatha kwezepolitiki kanye nobunikazi bezepolitiki: ukuhambisana enkulumweni nasekwenzeni.
Ngeshwa, leyo ngqondo ayizange ibe isiko elingena kuzo zonke izinto zombuso kanye nomphakathi wonkana.
U-Hugo Chavez akazange nje athembeke endleleni ayephatha ngayo izinto. Okokuqala wayengumuntu othembekile kwezombusazwe. Njengoba ngike ngasho ekuqaleni kwinhlolokhono, akakaze akhohlise abantu ngokuthi uyaphi. Wayehlale ethi, “Noma ubani ongivotelayo uvotela le phrojekthi.”
Esikhathini sethu, ngokusobala wonke lawo mathemba nezifiso ezafezeka [ngaphansi kukaChavez], ngandlela-thile, ziyingozi kakhulu. Ukuzimela kwezwe manje kusengcupheni, njengoba sibhekene nethuba lokungenelela kwezempi, kuyilapho unswinyo lunciphisa amandla ethu okuphatha izinsiza zethu kanye nezimali. Phezu kwalokhu, amandla ethu okuzimela phesheya nawo ayancishiswa. Konke lokho kubukela phansi ubukhosi bezwe lethu.
Lesi sigaba esisha sokungqubuzana - esihambisana nezinye izinguquko zezombusazwe - saqala ngokuthi umkhakha wamaqembu aphikisayo ungalunaki ukhetho lukamongameli luka-Nicolas Maduro lwango-2013. Lokho kwaqala ukuba nomthelela emnothweni wethu, futhi ukungalingani kwaqala ukukhula. Sisezweni lapho ubumpofu buyinkinga enkulu futhi, lapho indlala iphinde yavela khona, lapho ubunzima bokuthola usizo lwezempilo kanye nemfundo kuyizinkinga zangempela, ze-quotidian. Akungabazeki ukuthi kunezici ezimbalwa lapha, njengokwehla kwentengo kawoyela kanye nokuvela kwezindlela ezintsha zezombusazwe, kodwa isici esiyinhloko ukungqubuzana kwezombusazwe isikhathi eside.
Namuhla, futhi, siwumphakathi ongalingani ngemva kokubuyisela i-karma embi yokuba izwe elinemali engenayo enkulu kunazo zonke eLatin America, kodwa futhi izwe elinokungalingani okukhulu kakhulu. NgoChavez, iVenezuela yaba yizwe elinokusabalalisa okulinganayo kwemali engenayo. Namuhla, angazi ukuthi simi kuphi emashadini, kodwa kwanele ukuthi sibheke emigwaqweni ukuze sibone ukuthi sisemphakathini ongalingani kakhulu. Kunemikhakha eqongelela, ngokujwayelekile ngezindlela ezingekho emthethweni, ingcebo eningi, kuyilapho abantu bebuka amalungelo abo eshabalala nezimo zabo zokuphila ziwohloka ngokushesha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntengantenga kwesikhungo okudalwe yilokhu kungqubuzana okuthathe isikhathi eside kudale ukuthi inkohlakalo ibonakale kuwo wonke umphakathi.
Ngakho-ke manje sibhekene nezingqinamba ezifanayo umphakathi waseVenezuela owawubhekana nazo ngawo-1990, umehluko owodwa: namuhla sinephrojekthi futhi sabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqukatha izinhlupheko zomphakathi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, pueblo ehlelekile, inokuqonda okuphezulu futhi izibophezele ekubuyiseleni indlela eyaqalwa nguChavez. Sibhekene nesimo esinzima kakhulu, kodwa ngikholwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqala kabusha izimiso zokuziphatha zezwe. Lokho kufanele kwenzeke emkhakheni wezomnotho, wezepolitiki kanye nowezenhlalakahle.
Umbutho weChavista ubumbene ngokuqinile lapho ubhekene ne-imperialism. Nokho ngaphakathi, njengoba kulindelekile, kunokuthambekela okuhlukile kanye neziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene mayelana nesixazululo senkinga ekhona. Abanye abantu bathi ikhambi liyilo Ngaphandle ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokwenza amabhizinisi kahulumeni azimele. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi kufanele sibheke isixazululo somphakathi futhi sikhombe ezinhlelweni ezifana nalezi I-El Maizal Commune noma Pueblo futhi Pueblo uhlelo. UCABANGANI?
Ubuningi bokuhumusha obhekisela kukho busuka kumlingisi wepolitiki wenhlangano ye-Chavista. Kuyisamba semisinga evela emisuka ehlukene yemibono nepolitiki, ngayinye enemikhuba ehlukene yempilo. Lokho kusho ukuthi kuzohlale kunezinxushunxushu.
Namuhla sibhekene nenhlekelele enkulu. Indlela yokuphuma ye-pragmatic izoba nkulu ngokwemvelo, futhi izokwethulwa "njengesidingo," ngisho lokho kusho ukuguquguquka kwezimiso eziwumgogodla wokunyakaza kwe-Chavista.
Lapha, kufanele sithi imodeli yaseBolivarian ayikaze iphakamise ukuqeda impahla yangasese kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese. Kwakungenjalo ku-Alternative Bolivarian Agenda noma ku- Plan de la Patria [2012]. I-Bolivarian Revolution iyimodeli exubile lapho umbuso uneqhaza elibalulekile [ekuphakameni okukhulu] kwezomnotho, nemboni ezimele okufanele ibe ngaphansi kwezintshisakalo zabantu, kanye nokuvela komkhakha owawukhona. ekuqaleni yabizwa ngokuthi “umnotho womphakathi,” kodwa kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi “umnotho womphakathi.” Yilokho okokuqala okufanele kucaciswe.
Ukwengeza, uma sikhuluma ngesisindo sale mikhakha emnothweni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inhloso enkulu kaChavez bekuwukugqugquzela ukuvela komnotho ezandleni zabantu hhayi ezandleni zemali. Wayezimisele ngokungaliphindi iphutha le-European socialisms, okwakuyizibalo, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi wafulathela noma yikuphi ukudunyiswa kwempahla yomuntu siqu. Kafushane nje, ukukhulelwa kukaChavez kwagqashuka nenhloko-dolobha yangasese.
Namuhla, kunemisinga yakudala - leyo ethi inhloso yeBolivarian Revolution [kwakuwu] nje ukususa umbuso omdala (owawenza), futhi ithi ukuqinisekisa imfundo yomphakathi kanye nokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ngokwako, kwakuyinhloso - esezibonakala kakhulu. Inkulumo yabo iguqula umqondo othi: “socialism in the social.”
U-Hugo Chavez wayehlale elwa nesisekelo esithi "socialism in the social". Lapho ememezela umlingiswa we-socialist we-revolution, wakwenza kwacaca. Wathi: “Angikhulumi nge-socialism yasentshonalanga yeYurophu; akukhona nje ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile zomphakathi ngokubamba iqhaza kombuso.” Yingakho ukulwela ukuba nomphakathi lapho umnotho unamandla ezinkampanini ezizimele kuphambene nomoya wale nguquko.
Izizathu ezivezwe yi- ukuthambekela kokuyimfihlo banamaphutha ngokuphelele. Bakhuluma ngokungasebenzi kahle kwempahla kahulumeni kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye enkulu yenqubo yokufakwa kuzwelonke yenzeke phakathi konyaka ka-2007 no-2008, futhi leyo iminyaka enokukhula okukhulu kwe-GDP, hhayi kuphela emkhakheni kawoyela, kodwa nasemikhakheni yezimboni nezolimo. CEPAL izinombolo ziyakufakazela.
Into ethokozisayo ukuthi amabhizinisi kahulumeni aphindaphindeka kabili noma kathathu ukukhiqizwa kwawo ngaleyo minyaka. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi umbuso ujove izinsiza, imali yangasese eyayingazimisele ukuyenza. Kodwa-ke, kwakungenxa yokuthi yonke inqubo yokwenziwa kombuso ibe yiqembu elikhuthaza umoya wokuzibophezela. Konke lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwanda kakhulu, kuyilapho ubumpofu buqedwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kokwenza izimboni zensimbi nezosimende zibe zikahulumeni, ebezisezandleni zamazwe ngamazwe, i-Great Venezuelan Housing Mission [isinyathelo sikahulumeni sezindlu] besingeke sikwazi. Ngaphandle kwe-CANTV [inkampani yocingo] ekhishwe ngaphansi kukahulumeni, ukwenziwa kwentando yeningi kwezokuxhumana bekungeke kwenzeke, ngoba abantu bebengeke bakwazi ukukhokhela izinsiza. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba akufanele sibheke izinto kuphela ngeso lengqondo lenzuzo yezomnotho. Imiphumela yenhlalo yenqubo yokwenza ubuzwe nayo idinga ukubhekwa.
Intando eqoqiwe kaChavismo - futhi ngiyibonile imihlangano emikhulu nemihlangano engiya kuyo njalo - iyaphikisana nokudedelwa kwezinkampani ezizimele. Asiphiki ukuthi ingabamba iqhaza emnothweni, kodwa asibeki ukubheja kwethu kokuyimfihlo. Thina esivikela iphrojekthi yoguquko futhi sihlale sizinikele kuyo, siphonsa inkatho yethu nabantu. Ukhona yini ongqondongqondo ocabanga ukuthi imboni ezimele ingasisindisa njengamanje, yona kanye le mboni eyahluleka ukuthuthukisa umnotho wethu amashumi eminyaka namashumi eminyaka?
Note
[*] I-AD kanye ne-COPEI yizinhlangano ezimbili ezabelana ngamandla ngaphansi kwe-Punto Fijo Pact (kungakho “puntofijismo”). Lesi kwakuyisikhathi esiphakathi kokuwa kobushiqela bukaMarcos Perez Jimenez ngo-1959 kanye nokhetho lukaChavez ngowe-1998, lapho kwasungulwa khona intando yeningi emele abantu abambalwa kakhulu ezweni. Lesi sikhathi sikhunjulwa ngenkohlakalo edlangile, ubumpofu obudlangile, nokucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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