NgeSonto, ngo-Agasti 15, iVenezuela yaklelisa ukuvota. Kusukela ngo-3 ekuseni, abantu baseVenezuela bakanisa ngaphandle kwezikole nezakhiwo zomphakathi, amahora okulinda ukuze bavote kunhlolovo ukuze banqume hhayi kuphela ikusasa likaMengameli wabo owayeyimpikiswano u-Hugo Chavez, kodwa futhi nenguquko yaseBolivia ayiholayo. Naphezu kwemigqa, nokushisa, isimo sengqondo sasicishe sibe yimikhosi yonke indawo. Abantu bakhombise injabulo yangempela ngokuvota'โinto ecishe ibe yimbi ekuhlangenwe nakho kokuvota e-Canada noma e-US.
Empeleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babheka u-Chavez njengomsindisi kamesiya ukuze aguqule isiko laseVenezuela lokungabandakanywa kwezombusazwe, inkohlakalo, kanye nokuthanda amakhasimende ekhanda; noma njengondlovukayiphikiswa we-Castro-Communist ozimisele ukuqhuba umnotho phansi, abantu baseVenezuela babenokuthile ababesengozini kulolu khetho.
Umphumela waba ukuhlangana okumangalisayo phakathi kwabampofu okwamelana nezimo zomhlaba wonke ekunciphiseni ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni futhi kwabonisa ukujula kwentando yeningi ngaphezu kokumelela nje. Lokhu kugqugquzelwa kwakungumfanekiso kaChavez ongagcini nje ngokuphikisana ne-neoliberalism okhethweni (njengoba abanye benzile) kodwa ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekubuseni ngokumelene ne-neoliberalism (okuyinto abambalwa, uma bekhona, abanye ohulumeni abaye bayenza).
Ngo-4:05 ekuseni ngo-Agasti 16, 2004 njengoba abalandeli baka-Chavez ababebuthene ngaphandle kwesigodlo sikaMongameli usuku lonke bebambe umoya, iKomidi Lokhetho Likazwelonke laseVenezuela (CNE) lamemezela isiphetho sika-Hugo Chavez kanye nenguquko yakhe. 'Izigidi ezingu-5.9 noma u-58.4% bavotele u-'Cha' ekubuyiseni u-Chavez, kanti abantu abangu-4.2 million noma u-41.5% baseVenezuela bavote ngokuthi 'Yebo'' bamemezele uMongameli woMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wokhetho.
Kwaqhuma imigwaqo ngomgubho'ยฆ
I-Referendum kanye ne-Revolution in Context
Ngama-'80s kanye nama-'90s, njengoba ohulumeni bathembisa ukuletha izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle nentuthuko kodwa baletha ukulungiswa okwengeziwe kwesakhiwo, abantu baseVenezuela banqaba amaqembu endabuko kanye nesistimu yezombusazwe ngamanani amakhulu. Phakathi kuka-1993 no-2000 amazinga okubamba iqhaza okhethweni (kokubili lukazwelonke nolwesifunda) kanye nakunhlolovo ayengaphansi kuka-45% - ephakeme ngama-60% uma sicabangela ukhetho lukaMongameli kuphela. NgeSonto eledlule, izinga lokubamba iqhaza lifinyelele ku-73% naphezu kokulinda amahora afika kwangu-14 ezindaweni eziningi, okuphambene nezitayela zakamuva kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika. Okhethweni lukazwelonke lwakamuva lwase-Canada, isibonelo, ukubamba iqhaza kube ngama-61%'โkuphansi kakhulu kusukela kwaba yinhlangano.
Embikweni okhishwe ku-August 14, 2004 edition of The Economist, izimpendulo phakathi kwama-90s kanye nemanje embuzweni wokuthi 'Intando yeningi ingcono kunanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lukahulumeni' ziyaqhathaniswa (ukuthola umbiko ogcwele, bheka www.latinobarometro.org). Uma kuqhathaniswa nezibalo zika-1996 nezibalo zika-2004, kuveza ukuthi kuwo wonke amazwe angu-17 ahlolwa, ukusekelwa kwentando yeningi kusukela maphakathi nawo-90 kuye kwakhula ngokushesha kakhulu eVenezuela. Kwamanye amazwe amathathu kuphela abone ukwanda kokwesekwa kwabantu ngentando yeningi ngaphezu kobushiqela, iVenezuela idlule kude kuwo womabili entuthuko kanye nezinga lakamuva lokusekela intando yeningi.
VUMA, 2004
USHINTSHA 1996-2004
Venezuela
74
+ 12
I-AVG LATIN AMERICA
53
- 8
Nicaragua
39
-20
PARAGUAY
39
-20
I-BOLIVIA
45
-19
PERU
45
-18
EGUATEMALA
35
-16
COLUMBIA
46
-14
ICOSTA RICA
67
-13
EPANAMA
64
-11
EBRAZIL
41
- 9
I-ARGENTINA
64
- 7
ECUADOR
46
- 6
EL SALVADOR
50
- 5
URUGUAY
76
- 2
EMEXICO
53
0
CHILE
57
3 +
Honduras
46
4 +
Kungani lokhu kuthambekela okuhlukile ' kuqinisekiswe inhlolovo - kwenzeka eVenezuela hhayi kwenye indawo eLatin America?
Mhlawumbe isizathu esibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uhulumeni we-Chavez uye wasungula enye inkambiso eLatin America, ephula inqubomgomo yezepolitiki nezomnotho ye-neoliberal yeminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule. U-Chavez kanye nenguquko yakhe yase-Bolรกrian benze ukuzibophezela ekwandiseni kakhulu ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezenhlalo ngesikhathi lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezenhlalo kuncipha endaweni yonke kwenye indawo esifundeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Chavez akagcinanga nje ngokuzwakalisa ukumelana nephrojekthi ye-neoliberal, njengoba enze nabalingani bakhe base-Argentina naseBrazil, empeleni useqalile ukunikeza enye indlela.
Yize isezigabeni zokuthuthuka, i-Bolivarian Alternative yeLatin America neCaribbean (ALBA) amaphuzu kuya uhlobo oluhlukile lokuhlanganiswa kwesifunda kune-Free Trade Area of โโthe Americas (FTAA) eholwa ngomkhonto yi-US. Ngokwesizindalwazi esisemthethweni sendlela ehlukile yaseBolivarian, 'yize i-FTAA iphendula kuphela ezintshisakalweni zenhloko-dolobha yamazwe ngamazwe,'ยฆi-ALBA igcizelela umzabalazo wokulwa nobubha kanye nokubandlululwa komphakathi.'
Lo mbono wesifunda ulinganiswe ekhaya ngamaphrojekthi omphakathi aqalwe kusukela ngo-1998 aklanyelwe ukubhekana nezici eziningi zobumpofu baseVenezuela ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwamahhala, okufinyelelekayo, nokwasemhlabeni wonke, ukunakekelwa kwezingane, ukuqashwa, kanye nenhlangano yomphakathi.
Kodwa umehluko eVenezuela udlula ipolitiki yokhetho. Ngemuva kokwanda kokubamba iqhaza okhethweni wukwandiswa kwakamuva kohlelo lwentando yeningi uqobo. Ngenqubo eqhubekayo yokwabiwa kwamandla, inguquko yaseBolivia isiqalile ukwenza abantu baseVenezuela abalingiswa abaphambili empilweni yabo yezepolitiki. Nakuba lokhu kuthuthukiswa kusesezigabeni zokuqala futhi kusenezithiyo eziningi ezingathi sรญna ekuqalisweni kwayo ngempumelelo nokuletha uguquko, isidonsele abantu abaningi baseVenezuela ohlelweni lwezombusazwe olwalungabafaki ngaphandle ngamabomu.
Isinyathelo Esilandelayo
Ngokuhlanganisa ukuba semthethweni kukahulumeni we-Chavez, ukunqoba kwereferendamu kungenise isigaba esisha 'Kuguquko LwaseBolivarian''โisigaba esizoveza ubunzima nezinselelo ezintsha kanye namandla amasha. Ukuphikiswa kuyaqhubeka, futhi ukugwema ukungcwatshwa nabo, ababambisene nabo e-US, emithonjeni yabezindaba yamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nama-NGO anethonya wonke agxume emkhunjini. Ngokokuqala ngqa selokhu aqala ukubusa ngo-1998, uChavez unendawo yokuyilawula. Nokho lokhu kuphumula okufushane ngeke kuhlale isikhathi eside. Uma, njengoba uChavez ememezele kubalandeli bakhe enkulumweni yakhe yokunqoba, 'sekuyisikhathi sokujulisa uguquko lwaseBolivarian,'ingcindezi izobuya. Kanjalo nabaphikisayo.
Njengoba inhlolovo isiphelile, kukhona ukukhetha okuzayo, okweVenezuela kanye nomhlaba. Ngabe uguquko lwaseBolivarian luzojula ukuze luqale ukuchaza kabusha isisekelo nemigomo yomphakathi waseVenezuela? Ngabe lokho okuye kwahlaba umxhwele kuze kube manje, nakuba kulinganiselwe, ukugqugquzela abantu basemazingeni aphansi kuzothola indawo yokuthuthuka kube inhlangano edlula uChavez futhi engakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwakhe?
Into eyodwa ibonakala icacile: asikho isikhala soguquko olunenhliziyo encane manje. Nakuba inhloko-dolobha yamazwe ngamazwe, abezindaba, kanye ne-US bakubonile ukunqoba kuka-Chavez, lokhu akukhona ukuqaphela ubuthakathaka babo. Balinde ukubona ukuthi uzongena yini ohlotsheni lwabantu abathambile abangabhekana nalo, bahwebe ngezinkulumo ezivusa amadlingozi ukuze basebenzelane ne-neoliberalism.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akenzi, uguquko lwaseBolivarian ludinga ngempela ukujuliswa. Ukuze uthole ingcindezi ku-Chavez esuka ngezansi ukuze eqe ingcindezi evela kwamanye amazwe kanye nelungelo lasekhaya, uguquko ludinga isu elinemininingwane lokuthuthukisa isisekelo. Iqembu elingakwesokunxele lamazwe ngamazwe lingadlala indima ebonakalayo lapha: U-Chavez unamandla kunangaphambili futhi nokho usesengozini enkulu yamaqhinga enhloko-dolobha yamazwe ngamazwe. Kusukela esimeni sokugxekwa okusekelayo i-international left ingaba yingxenye yempi yeVenezuela njengoba ihamba idlule imingcele yayo, futhi ilungiselela ukuqhuma emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwesokunxele kufanele sidlule ekubhukheni kwakho futhi sikuvume lokho namuhla I-Venezuela imele umngcele womzabalazo wokulwa ne-neoliberalism.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela