Kusukela ngo-September 11, 2001 abaningi baseNyakatho Melika bayaqiniseka ngesidingo sempi. Bazibona beyizisulu, noma abangase babe izisulu zobuphekula. Banomuzwa wokuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kombuso wase-Afghanistan, kanye nokuhlasela kuka-Israyeli kubantu basePalestine, kufanelekile njengengxenye "yempi yobuphekula".
NgoNovemba odlule ngavakashela e-Brooklyn. Abantu engakhuluma nabo eNew York bazibona bethinteke kakhulu ekucekeleni phansi kweWorld Trade Center kunabanye abantu baseNyakatho Melika. Lapho ngiphikisana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Afghanistan, bachaza ukuthi ngangingaqondi ukuthi ukuhlasela kwakuzizwa kanjani kubo. Abangane ababebhikishele ukugcotshwa kukabush manje baseseka isicelo sakhe sobumbano. Abangane ababekhombise ukulwa nempi yaseGulf manje baseseka ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Afghanistan.
Labo ababemelene nempi babekhishwa inyumbazane. Isibonelo, ababili babangane bami baya embuthanweni wokuthula e-Times Square ngo-Okthoba. Lo mhlangano ubunganakwa iningi labantu abebedlula ngendlela. Abahleli balo mhlangano babenomshini omncane womsindo futhi ngokushesha omunye wabo waqala ukukhuluma. Waminza ngenxa yokukhala okungazelelwe kwenhlabamkhosi evela elolini lomlilo eliseduze. Wama, kwakhala ama-siren waphinda wakhuluma. Zabe seziqala phansi izinhlabamkhosi, kwacaca ukuthi inhloso yazo kwakuwukuvimba ukuthi lowo okhulumayo angezwakali. Abezicishamlilo babe sebeqala ukumemeza ababhikishi ngohlelo lwabo lwezinkulumo zomphakathi: โabahluliwe!โ, โbuyelani e-Afghanistan!โ, โnamambuka!โ Izisulu ezingamaqhawe ze-9/11 zazivikela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwabantu base-Afghan.
Sibhekana kanjani nale nkulumo yokwesaba nokuziphindiselela? Siwubekela inselele kanjani umbono wezwe elihlukaniswe โthinaโ kanye โnaboโ? Sisusa kanjani isimo sesisulu esithethelela "impi yobuphekula"? Umhla ka-9/11 ngeke kube ukuhlasela kokugcina okubhekiswe kubantu base-US Futhi ngeke kube okokugcina uhulumeni wase-US ethatha ithuba lokuthi izakhamizi zakhe ziyesaba ukuhlanganisa ukuhlasela kwesinye sezitha zakhe. Ngakho-ke uma sifuna ukuqhubeka nokwakha inhlangano yobulungiswa bomhlaba wonke, kuzodingeka siphendule le mibuzo.
Okokuqala, labo abathethelela impi ngosizi, kufanele bakhunjuzwe ukuthi ziningi izisulu zobuphekula. Okwesibili, ngokuphikisana ngokuthi i-US akufanele ikhululwe emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe, singabeka izithiyo "empini yobuphekula." Uma uphoqelelwa, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ungase usebenze njengesheke kubudlova base-U.S. Okwesithathu, singakwazi ukwakha imibono yokucwasa ngokobulili nokucwasa okusobala ekuthetheleleni kwempi.
Kufanele sikwazi ukucacisa leli phuzu lokugcina ngokudweba emlandweni. Ukuhlaselwa kwezakhamizi zase-US, okwangempela nokucatshangelwayo, kusetshenziswe ukuthethelela izimpi eziningi ezedlule zase-US. Ngo-1964 uKhongolose wase-U.S. waphasisa iSinqumo esinedumela elithi โTonkin Gulf Resolutionโ (416 kuya ku-0 yiNdlu kanye nama-88 kuya ku-2 yiSigele) esathi uMongameli โangathatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze aqede ukuhlasela kwezikhali kwamabutho ase-United States. kanye nokuvimbela ukuqhubeka nobudlova.โ Manje ngemva kokuhlasela kwangempela lapho kwafa izinkulungwane zabantu, umbuso wasehlathini usuthathe amandla afanayo. Kufanele siveze ukuthi imiphumela izoba yingozi kakhulu, ekhaya naphesheya, njengeMpi YeVietnam.
Umhla ka-Septhemba 11 uyithuba eliyingqayizivele labantu baseNyakatho Melika, abavamise ukugqunywa emhlabeni wonke, ukuze baphinde baxhumane. Nathi manje sesiyizisulu. Uma sishaqekile ngoSepthemba 11, bekuyingxenye ngoba besicabanga ukuthi asithinteki. Manje njengoba inganekwane isishabalala, singaqala ukuzama ukuqonda ubuhlungu abanye emhlabeni wonke ababuzwa. Inhlekelele abantu baseNyakatho Melika ababhekana nayo ngo-9/11 yilokho abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke ababhekana nakho nsuku zonke, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni wase-U.S. Kufanele sikhumbule ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwe-US Navy e-Vieques, ePuerto Rico kanye ne-U.S. Air Force iqhumisa ibhomu e-Maehyang-ri, eSouth Korea, kanye nezigwegwe zase-US ngokumelene ne-Iraq, (ezibulale izingane ze-500,000 kusukela ku-1991 ngokusho kwe-UNICEF). Kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ukuhlala kuka-Israyeli eWest Bank kanye neGaza Strip, okuwumthombo wokululazeka nokuhlupheka kwansuku zonke kubantu basePalestine, kuxhaswe ngamadola entela ase-US. I-Israel ingumamukeli omkhulu kunayo yonke yosizo lwangaphandle lwase-U.S., ithola cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu minyaka yonke. Isikhathi esiningi thina base-US siyakhohlwa abanye abantu abahluphekayo emhlabeni. Uma sikuqonda ukuhlupheka kwabo, mhlawumbe ngeke sisayibekezelela indima yethu ekukuqhubekiseleni phambili.
Cishe abangu-3000 bafa emibhoshongweni yeWorld Trade Center. Izakhamuzi ze-3,767 zafa phakathi namasonto okuqala ayisishiyagalombili nesigamu empi yase-US e-Afghanistan (ngokocwaningo lukaprofesa waseNyuvesi yaseNew Hampshire). Ngesikhathi izindiza zempi zaseMelika zibulala okungenani abantu abangu-93 njengoba zizulazula idolobhana labalimi iChowkar-Karez, elingamakhilomitha angu-25 enyakatho yeKandahar ngo-Okthoba 23, isikhulu sePentagon sathi, "abantu bakhona bafile ngoba besifuna bafe." (I-Toronto Globe & Mail, 11/3/01). Ngabe izimpilo zabantu base-Afghan azibalulekile njengalezo zaseNew Yorkers?
Ingabe amaPalestine awazona yini izisulu zobuphekula? Ngenxa yemisebenzi yezempi yase-Israel eyethulwe ngoMashi 2002, imitholampilo yezempilo ye-260 kahulumeni kanye nengekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni kwadingeka ivalwe, okusho ukuthi ama-73% abantu basePalestine ezindaweni zasemaphandleni bashiywe ngaphandle kosizo lwezokwelapha. Amasosha akwa-Israel ahlasele amaqembu ezokwelapha asePalestine, ama-ambulensi, izibhedlela nemitholampilo.
Phakathi kokuqala kokuhlasela ngomhla zingama-29 kuNdasa kanye nomhla zingama-26 kuMbasa, kube nokuhlaselwa okuyi-128 kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa nokuhlaselwa kwezinhlangano zezempilo zikahulumeni nezingezona ezikahulumeni kanye nezibhedlela, njengeMedical Care Hospital eRamallah, iPalestine Red. I-Crescent e-Al-Bireh kanye ne-Al-Razy Hospital e-Nablus, eyadutshulwa ithangi lakwa-Israel, kwashona isiguli sesifazane. Ngokuvuma zonke izisulu, singalulaza isizathu esiyinhloko "sempi yobuphekula"; leso simo sesisulu sinikeza ilungelo lokuziphindiselela.
Labo bethu base-US kufanele babone ukuthi ukuhlasela kwamasosha akwa-Israel bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokusekelwa yiWashington nangaphandle kwezikhali ezikhokhelwa amadola entela ase-US. Abantu emhlabeni wonke bayazi, ngisho noma abantu baseNyakatho Melika bengazi, ukuthi izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezihlasela i-Apache ne-Cobra zazisetshenziselwa ukubulala abaholi basePalestine, abashayeli benqwaba yezikhali kanye nogandaganda abahlomile ababebhidliza imizi yasePalestine nomhlaba wezolimo, kanye nemicibisholo ejikijelwayo esuka emoyeni iye emhlabathini. , amabhomu aqhunyiswa ehlombe, alwa nezikhali kanye namabhomu eqoqo elilwa nabasebenzi asetshenziselwa ukuhlasela abantu basePalestine ahlinzekwa yi-United States.
I-U.S. kanye ne-Israel akufanele bakhululwe emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. yahoxa eNkantolo Yomhlaba ngo-1986 lapho ilahla i-U.S. ngokuhlasela iNicaragua, ukumba amachweba ayo kanye nokuhlela nokuxhasa ngezimali i-contras. Kulelo cala, iNkantolo yazenqaba izimangalo zase-US zokuthi yenza โukuvikela omakhelwane baseNicaraguaโ futhi yathola i-U.S. inecala lobuphekula. Uma ukushona kwezikhulu zezinkampani, onobhala kanye nabafana bamabhasi ababesebenza e-World Trade Center kwakudabukisa, kanjalo nokufa kwabasebenzi bezempilo baseNicaragua, abalimi kanye nezingane ezabulawa yiziphambano. Ukube i-US ibiphoqelekile ukuthi ilandele umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngabe ivimbele ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka kwamakhulu abantu baseNicaragua.
I-US ithi yeseka ukuthula ePalestine, nokho i-US isaqhubeka nokuyenqaba yonke imizamo yokuletha ukuthula engakhiphi u-Israyeli emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba. NgoNdasa wezi-2001, i-United States yasebenzisa isikhundla sayo kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ukuphikisa isinqumo sokweseka izingqapheli zamazwe ngamazwe ePalestine esasiphasiswe ngo-9 kuya ku-0. Ngo-September, 2001 i-U.S. Ukucwasa ngokwebala eThekwini, eNingizimu Afrika, ngokwengxenye ukucindezela ukugxekwa kwe-Israel ngokwephula amalungelo abantu basePalestine. Ngomhla zi-5 kuZibandlela, 2001 i-U.S. yaduba imihlangano yamazwe ngamazwe e-Geneva eyaqinisekisa ukuthi i-Fourth Geneva Convention isebenza ezindaweni ezidliwayo. Futhi ngomhla zi-15 kuZibandlela wezi-2001 i-U.S. yaphikisa isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha weN.
Njengamanje kunezinkantolo ezimbili zamazwe ngamazwe eziphenya ngamacala empi eKosovo naseRwanda. I-United States isewukuphela kwentando yeningi yasentshonalanga ephikisana nokwakhiwa kweNkantolo Yobugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe ehlala njalo futhi ezimele (ICC). โUmthetho Wokuvikela Abasebenzi BaseMelikaโ(ovunywe yiNdlu ngoMeyi 10, 2001, 282 kuya ku-137) usabisa ngokunqamula usizo lwezempi emazweni agunyaza isivumelwano se-ICC (ngaphandle kwe-NATO, Israel neGibhithe), futhi wenqabela i-U.S. amasosha ekusekeleni noma yiziphi izinhlaka ze-UN zokugcina ukuthula ngaphandle uma ekhululiwe ekushushisweni kwe-ICC. Izokwenqabela ukusebenzisana kwe-U.S. nabahloli be-ICC ngisho nasesimweni sobuphekula bamazwe ngamazwe futhi inikeze uMongameli wase-U.S. โzonke izindlela ezidingekayo nezifanele ukuletha ukukhululwa ekuthunjweni kwe-U.S. noma izisebenzi ezihlangene eziboshiwe noma eziboshwe ngokungafuni kwabo noma egameni labo. weNkantolo, kuhlanganise nebutho lezempi.โ
Ngamanye amazwi, uma abasebenzi base-US besolwa ngobuphekula, i-U.S. yayingeke ivumele ukuthi baqulwe. I-U.S. ingasho kanjani ukuthi ilwa โnempi yobuphekulaโ, bese ifuna ukukhululwa enkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze iphenye ubuphekula?
Uma thina esihlala e-U.S. sifuna ukuthi i-U.S. ithobele umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe futhi siphumelele, singakhawulela udlame olubangelwa i-U.S. emhlabeni. Uma singaphumeleli, sisengakwazi ukubukela phansi esinye isizathu "sempi yobuphekula."
Into elandelayo esingayenza ukuqeda isisekelo sombuso wasehlathini sokuziphindiselela ngokudalula ukuthi ubulili nobuhlanga busetshenziswa kanjani ukuhlanganisa abantu baseMelika empini.
Umbuso wasehlathini uveze isitha njengesibi futhi sincane kunomuntu. Bathembele emibonweni engokwenkolo yobuSulumane engenangqondo, egxile ezintweni eziyisisekelo kanye namaphekula akudala ahlala emigedeni. Bathi bakhulula abesifazane base-Afghan ekucindezelweni ngokubaqhumisa ngamabhomu, befihla iqiniso lokuthi i-US yasiza ukubeka abacindezeli babo emandleni. Futhi bathembele emibonweni yase-United States njengempucuko nephucuzekile.
I-United States kule ndaba ihlukaniswe ngokwebala njengabamhlophe futhi ngokobulili njengabesilisa. Zonke lezi zimangalo zivulekele ukugxekwa, futhi uma sifuna ukubekela inselele ukuba semthethweni โkwempi yobuphekulaโ kaBush, kufanele siphonse inselelo le mibono yokucwasa ngokobuhlanga nangokobulili.
Okokuqala masibhekane nobulili. UKathleen Parker wabhala kukholamu yakhe ehlanganisiwe eyanyatheliswa ngo-Okthoba 24, 2001 ku-Chicago Tribune, Orlando Sentinel, njll.:
โAkusekho muntu odidekile ngobulili. Ngamadoda esiwathumela ezindaweni ezingaziwa zase-Afghanistan, futhi sithandazela ukuthi baqine futhi baqine futhi bakhohlakele. Akukho ukudideka ngobuholi futhi. NguGeorge W. Bush kanye neKhabhinethi yakhe enolwazi lwempi esibabongayo, futhi sithandazela ukuthi baqine, baqine futhi baqonde ngokwanele, nabo.โ
Ngomhla ziyi-12 kuMandulo, umsakazi wezingxoxo uDkt. Laura Schlessinger wachaza ukuthi ukuba khona kwabesifazane embuthweni wezempi kwakuyimbangela yokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngayizolo. Utshele umshayi ucingo owayesebenza emsakazweni wakhe:
โEsikhundleni salokho ufake abantu besifazane wehlisa izinga futhi akekho ongakhalelwa ngokuthi abe nomgogodla kanye ne-grit ngoba bashiye i-lipstick yabo emuva emabhalekisini .... Ngike ngabuka ngandlela thize - ngokunemba kwezepolitiki kwezepolitiki - amasosha [akhiphe] izimbotshana zawo .... Kuyangethusa lokho ngoba nina anisebenzi ngedeki egcwele.โ
Umcabango wokuthi abesifazane babuthakathaka nokuthi amadoda anamandla uqhutshekiselwa phambili ukuboniswa kwabesifazane base-Afghan njengabadinga ukutakulwa amasosha ase-US, okuthi, njengoba uKathleen Parker ebonisa, abesilisa. Abesifazane base-Afghan bavezwa njengezisulu. Umsebenzi wabo awukona ukuveza ukukhathazeka kwabo, ukubeka inqubomgomo, noma ukunikeza iseluleko. Umsebenzi wabo uwukwenza kube semthethweni impi yase-US kanye nokuthethelela ukungenelela kwe-U.S. Amadoda ase-Afghan, isihluku sesithathu somhlaba, kumele asuswe emandleni ukuze asindise owesifazane ohlukunyeziwe womhlaba wesithathu. Futhi lokhu kuzofezwa ngamadoda ase-U.S., abaphathi abajwayelekile bempucuko yomhlaba.
Singakwazi ukwakha le nganekwane ngokukhomba ukuthi abesifazane base-Afghan bebezabalaza kanjani, ngaphandle kokusekelwa yi-US, ngokumelene namaTaliban iminyaka. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-United States yanikeza umbuso wamaTaliban amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-120 ngo-2001 ukulwa โnempi yezidakamizwaโ, okwenza i-US yaba ngumxhasi wabo omkhulu wezezimali.
Ngabe i-US inesibopho esingakanani ngesimo sabesifazane ngaphansi kweTaliban? Ake sibheke umlando. Ngo-1978, ukuhlubuka kwePeopleโs Democratic Party (PDP) kwaketula uhulumeni owaketula ubukhosi eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. I-PDP ikhansele izikweletu zabalimi kubanikazi bezindlu. Baqeda uhlelo lapho abalimi bephoqeleka ukuba baboleke imali ezitshalweni zesikhathi esizayo (futhi ngaleyo ndlela bashiywe esikweletini esingapheli kubabolekisi bemali). Kwakhiwe amakhulu ezikole nemitholampilo yezokwelapha emaphandleni, futhi kwakuqhutshwa uhlelo olukhulu lokwabiwa kabusha komhlaba.
Izinguquko ze-PDP ziphinde zaphonsela inselelo ukuthotshiswa kwabesifazane ngokufundisa abesifazane ukufunda, nokunqabela ukuganana kwezingane kanye nesiko lokuthi obaba bashade namadodakazi abo ukuze bathole imali noma izimpahla.
Ngaphambi kokubusa kweTaliban, amaphesenti angama-70 othisha eKabul, amaphesenti angama-50 abasebenzi bakahulumeni kanye namaphesenti angama-40 odokotela kwakungabesifazane. I-Taliban, iguqule lokhu ngokubeka umthetho ovimbela abesifazane abasebenza ngaphandle kwemizi yabo. Ukulahleka kwemali engenayo kube nomthelela oqondile nolimazayo emazingeni ezempilo nokondleka emindenini eminingi. Okubi nakakhulu, ngoSepthemba 1997 uhulumeni wamisa ukufinyelela kwabesifazane ezinsizeni zezempilo.
Futhi yayiyini indima ye-U.S.? Ngabe i-US ikugxekile ukuhlasela kweTaliban ngamalungelo abesifazane? Cha. Eqinisweni i-U.S. yayifake amaTaliban emandleni.
Ngo-August 1979, ezinyangeni ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba i-PDP icele usizo lwezempi eSoviet Union, umbiko woMnyango Wezifundazwe oyimfihlo wathi: โUkuketulwa kwe-D.R.A. [I-Democratic Republic of Afghanistan] ingabonisa umhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi Umhlaba Wesithathu, ukuthi umbono wamaSoviet mayelana nenkambo yomlando yezenhlalakahle njengengenakugwemeka awunembileโฆ.naphezu kwanoma yiziphi izithiyo lokhu okungase kusho izinguquko zezenhlalo nezomnotho zesikhathi esizayo. e-Afghanistanโ
Abaphathi beCarter basebenzise usizo lweSoviet kuhulumeni wase-Afghan njengesizathu sokumisa ukulethwa kokusanhlamvu kwe-U.S. eSoviet Union futhi bavimbele iqembu lase-U.S. kuma-Olympics ango-1980 eMoscow. Lokhu kwakungekona ukuphikisana nesimo sabesifazane base-Afghan, esasithuthuke ngaphansi kwe-PDP. Eqinisweni, i-US yayisiqalile ukulwa nohulumeni wase-Afghan ngaphambi kokuba amaSoviet afike. NgoFebruary 1980, iWashington Post yabika ukuthi โi-U.S. usizo oluyimfihlo ngaphambi kokuhlasela kukaDisembaโ (okungukuthi ukufika kwamasosha aseSoviet) kwakuhlanganisa โimishini yezokuxhumanaโ kanye โnezeluleko zobuchwephesheโ.
Ngokusobala leso seluleko sasifana nalokho i-C.I.A. wayenikeza ukuphikisana eNicaragua. Amavukelambuso ase-US ayesekela e-Afghanistan, i-Mujahedin (noma โamaqhawe angcweleโ), aphinde acekela phansi izikole nemitholampilo eyakhiwe uhulumeni futhi abulala othisha abafundisa ukufunda nokubhala. Baqhume amabhomu ezimoto base bephonsa amarokhethi ezindaweni zokuhlala eKabul. Ngamanye amazwi, babengamaphekula. Futhi babexhaswa ngamadola entela ase-U.S. Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980, kulokho okwaba umsebenzi womshoshaphansi omkhulu kunawo wonke owake waxhaswa yi-U.S., i-C.I.A. wathumela izikhali kanye nemali elinganiselwa ku-$600 million ngonyaka ukusekela i-Mujahedin.
Impi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sentwasahlobo ka-1992, eminyakeni emithathu ngemva kokuhamba kwamasosha okugcina aseSoviet. Ekugcineni kwafa abantu base-Afghan abangaphezu kwesigidi, izigidi ezintathu zakhubazeka, futhi izigidi ezinhlanu zenziwa ababaleki, ingqikithi yabantu abacishe babe yingxenye yabantu. Isimangalo sombuso wasehlathini sokuthi "impi yobuphekula" ishukunyiswa ukukhathazeka ngamalungelo abesifazane kuphikisana neqiniso lokungenelela kwe-US.
Futhi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuveza ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwakamuva kombuso wasehlathini ngamalungelo abesifazane kuwumbono ongenalutho wukuqhubeka nokwakha inhlangano esekelwe ezimisweni zabesifazane. Kudingeka sibuze njalo, njengoba isazi sezombangazwe uDkt. Cynthia McEnloe sisikisela, โBaphi abesifazane?โ Kudingeka sibheke ukuthi impi yase-US ibathinta kanjani abesifazane emhlabeni wonke. Uma umbuso wasehlathini ukhathazekile ngamalungelo abesifazane, kuthiwani ngabesifazane abasebenzela amasosha ezisekelweni zase-US eSouth Korea, ePhilippines nase-Okinawa? Kuthiwani ngamalungelo abesifazane abasebenza ebuthweni lezempi lase-U.S.? Kuthiwani ngabesifazane abasengozini yokuqhuma kwebhomu koMbutho Wamasosha Asolwandle wase-U.S. eVieques, ePuerto Rico? Kuthiwani ngabesifazane abasengozini yokuqhuma kwebhomu le-U.S. Air Force eMaehyang-ri, eSouth Korea?
Manje ake sibhekane nohlanga. Ekuvezeni i-U.S. njengesisulu esingasoleki sobuphekula, umbuso wasehlathini uyakwazi ukudonsa isiko elide lokucwasa ngokwebala. UMalcolm X wake wathi, "Kuzo zonke izifundo zethu, umlando ufaneleka kangcono ukuvuza ucwaningo lwethu." Uma sibheka umlando wase-US siyabona ukuthi umqondo wokuthi "umlungu ophucuzekile" azivikele ekuhlaselweni okuhlabayo akusona isizathu esisha sokwenza impi. Kudingeka sibhekane nalolo bandlululo, olwazisa izifiki zaseYurophu naseYurophu ziphila phezu kwezimpilo zama-Afghan, amaPalestina kanye nabantu bemibala.
Kodwa ake sikhumbule okuthile mayelana nokucwasa. UMalcolm naye wayevame ukusho ukuthi ukucwasa ngokwebala kufana neCadillac. Kukhona imodeli entsha njalo ngonyaka. Ukucwasa ngokwebala kunamandla, akumile. Ukucwasa ngokwebala kuvumelana nezimo ezintsha. Yingakho inamandla kakhulu futhi iphikelela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kwe-Civil Rights Movement amabutho ahlomile ase-U.S. ayehlukaniswe ngokuqinile. Manje ibutho lase-U.S. liyibutho elihlanganisiwe, lezizwe eziningi. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika, njengoNobhala Wezwe u-Colin Powell kanye noMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke uDkt. Condoleezza Rice, bangabaholi abaqavile. Nokho, labo abaphambili bangabantu abanemibala engafani. Isitha sisabhekwa njengesiphansi ngokuziphatha. Ukufa kwe-US kuthethelela noma yikuphi ukuziphindiselela, kuyilapho labo abashona ekuhlaselweni kwe-US "bangumonakalo owenziwe." Umugqa phakathi kuka โthina kanye โnaboโ usushintshile, kodwa usekhona.
Ukufika kwakamuva kwamakhulu amasosha ase-US ePhilippines, okuthiwa azosiza abantu basePhilippines ukulwa neqembu lamaphekula i-Abu Sayyaf, kusikhumbuza enye inkathi emlandweni wasePhilippines. Amasosha ase-US nawo afika ePhilippines ngaphambi nje kokuqala kwekhulu lama-20, okuthiwa azosiza abantu basePhilippines ukulwa namakoloni aseSpain. Kodwa ngemva kokuba abaseSpain bezinikele, i-US yathatha iManila. Ngesikhathi amasosha ase-US abekwe eManila ethunyelwa endaweni elawulwa abantu basePhilippines, futhi edutshulwa kubo, uMengameli uMcKinley utshele izintatheli, "ukuthi amavukela-mbuso ahlasele iManila." Lawa kwakungamanga aluhlaza, kodwa kwathethelela impi yase-US kubantu basePhilippines ababelwe neSpain. Abantu basePhilippines bamemezela inkululeko yabo eSpain ngo-1899, kodwa impi yabo yokuzimela e-US yahlala ngokusemthethweni kwaze kwaba ngu-1902, futhi izingxabano nokuvukela kwasendaweni kwaqhubeka eminye iminyaka eyishumi. Okungenani abantu basePhilippines abangu-600,000 bafa eMpini YasePhilippines NaseMelika.
Amasosha ase-US ayalele ukugcwala kwezakhamizi zasePhilippines โezindaweni ezivikelekileโ njengengxenye yohlelo lwazo lokulwa nokuhlubuka lokuhlukanisa amasosha asePhilippines endaweni yawo yokusekelwa. Izimo ezimbi kula makamu zaholela ekufeni kwabantu basePhilippines abangaba ngu-11,000 1901. Ngaleso sikhathi, impi yachazwa uSenator Albert Beveridge โnjengomsebenzi wohlanga lwethu, umphathiswa ngaphansi kukaNkulunkulu, wempucuko yomhlaba.โ UDean C. Worcester, uNobhala Wezangaphakathi Wase-U.S. WasePhilippines (1913-1914) wachaza, ngo-XNUMX, โumbuso wempucuko nowokuthuthuka owaqala ngokubuswa kweMelika futhi waphumela ekuthuthukiseni izixhwanguxhwangu ezinqunu zaba amadoda afundile nafundile.โ Ngaleso sikhathi, amasosha ase-US abhala ekhaya mayelana nokulwa โnama-dagosโ anonya, โama-niggersโ kanye โnabomdabu.โ
UColonel Funston, weTwentieth Kansas Volunteers wabhala ngo-1899: โAbafana basukela isitha njengokungathi bajaha onogwajaโฆ futhi bakubeke kuze kube yilapho befika endaweni yokubhuka futhi bathembise ukuthi bazoba ama-Injun amahle." Ukucwasa ngokwebala kweMpi yasePhilippine-American kufanele kube sobala namuhla. Iqiniso lokuthi i-U.S. yavusa impi futhi yaqamba amanga ngokuhlasela kwe-Filipino e-Manila ehlala abantu iqinisekisiwe ngokomlando. Ukufana neMpi YaseVietnam, lapho i-US yenza "isigameko" saseGulf of Tonkin ukuze kuthethelelwe ukubandakanyeka kwezempi, yaphoqelela amaVietnam ukuba abe "emizini yamasu", futhi alwa impi ende nebutho lendabuko, lobuzwe, bekulokhu kukhonjwa njalo.
Kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi lo mlando uyakhunjulwa njengoba i-U.S. iphinda iqala umkhankaso wezempi e-Philippines. Njenge โmpi yobushokobeziโ, Impi yaseSpain-American yaqala njengendlela yokuphindiselela ukufa kwabantu base-US. Ngo-February 15, 1898, amatilosi angu-254 e-U.S.S. UMaine washona lapho umkhumbi wabo ucwila echwebeni laseHavana. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imbangela yokuqhuma okwacwilisa i-Maine ayizange inqunywe, i-US yathatha ithuba lokucasuka ngalesi sigameko ukuze imemezele impi eSpain, eyayilawula iCuba ngaleso sikhathi. Amakhulu emibhalo yokuhlela efuna ukuba udumo lwase-U.S. luphindiselwe. โKhumbula iMaine!โ yaphenduka impi. Ngokushesha amasosha ase-US abekade elwa โizimpi zamaNdiyaโ entshonalanga amabombo eCuba kanye nemikhumbi ye-US Navy ilibangise eManila.
Khumbula i-Alamo? Impi ye-Alamo ibilokhu idlalwa kabusha, kufilimu ka-John Wayne yango-1960 ethi โThe Alamoโ, nase-Imax Theatre lapho i-โAlamo: The Price of Freedomโ ikhonjiswa khona nsuku zonke e-San Antonio. Kodwa indaba ayizange ibe mayelana ne-US ethatha ingxenye esenyakatho yeMexico. Kube ngamaqhawe amhlophe e-Alamo ezivikela ebuthweni laseMexico. Kodwa ababekulwela ngempela kwakuyilungelo lokuba nezigqila.
Ukuze kuvinjwe ukwanda kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abavela e-United States, uhulumeni waseMexico wayedlulise isimemezelo senkululeko ngo-1829 esivimbela ubugqila. Ubugqila babungavamile eMexico. Lo mthetho esikhundleni salokho wawuqondiswe enanini elikhulayo labaphethe izigqila base-US abahlala esifundazweni saseMexico eTexas. Amavukelambuso aseTexas alwela ukubuyiselwa komthethosisekelo waseMexico wango-1824 owawungabuvimbeli ubugqila.
Labo abafela e-Alamo nalabo abafa e-U.S.S. I-Maine isetshenziswe njengesizathu sobudlova base-US, njengoba nje labo abafa ngo-9/11 bathethelela ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Afghanistan kanye nezisulu zokuqhuma kwamabhomu kwa-Israyeli zithethelela impi exhaswe yi-US kumaPalestine.
I-United States, kanye nabafuduki baseYurophu abasungula i-United States, bahlale bethi izisulu zabo ukuze bathethelele lokho okungenabulungiswa. Phakathi nokunqotshwa kweYurophu eNyakatho Melika kwaba nezindaba zamaNdiya โasenduloโ โnasendleโ ahlasela izifiki zaseYurophu futhi athumba โabesifazaneโ bawo.
Lezi zindaba zafihla iqiniso lokuthi izifiki zazintshontsha umhlaba wamaNdiya. โIzindaba ezibanjiweโ zabesifazane abayizifiki abathunjiwe zafihla iqiniso lokuthi abanye besifazane baseYurophu bakhetha ukuhlala namaNdiya. Isibonelo esidumile nguMary Jemison owayehlala neSeneca. Izindawo zokuhlala eziningi, njengeJamestown, zazinemithetho eqondile yokuvimbela izifiki ukuthi zingaphunyuki futhi zijoyine amazwe aseNdiya. Kuso sonke isikhathi sokunqoba izifiki zaseYurophu insumansumane kwakhiwa ukuze kuvezwe abanqobi njengezisulu. Isiphi isibhicongo esidume kakhulu โsentshonalanga yasendleโ? Abanye bangase bakhumbule isibhicongo saseWounded Knee creek ngoDisemba 29, 1890 lapho amadoda, abesifazane nezingane abangaphezu kuka-300 bebulawa amasosha aseMelika ngaphansi kukaColonel James Forsyth. Abanye bangase bakhumbule uNovemba 29, 1864, lapho idolobhana laseNdiya elingasosebeni lweSand Creek, endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iColorado, lihlaselwa Amasosha Amahhashi ase-U.S. ngaphansi kukaColonel John Chivington kanye namaCheyennes nama-Arapahos angaphezu kuka-150, ikakhulukazi abesifazane, izingane namakhehla. , babulawa. Kodwa abaningi abengeziwe bayakhumbula โindawo yokugcina kaCuster.โ
Esingakukhumbuli ukuthi uLieutenant-Colonel George Custer nguyena onecala kwesinye isibhicongo, ukubulawa kukaChief Black Kettle waseSouthern Cheyenne, umkakhe kanye nabanye okungenani abayikhulu. I-Cheyenne yayinikelwe indawo entshonalanga ye-Kansas nasempumalanga yeColorado ngaphansi kweSivumelwano sase-Fort Laramie sika-1851. Kodwa i-Pikes Peak gold rush yango-1859 yabangela ukuhlasela okukhulu kwama-setter ezweni lase-Cheyenne kanye ne-Southern Cheyenne ekugcineni baphoqeleka ukuthi bangene ezindaweni ezimbili ezincane lapho manje Oklahoma. Yilapho iBlack Kettle yabulawa khona ngaphandle kokucasulwa yibutho Lesikhombisa Lamahhashi elaliyalwa uCuster ngoNovemba 27, 1868. iBlack Hills, izindawo ezingcwele zaseSioux namaCheyenne. Yaba yinganekwane ngokwenza kabusha, kusukela ngo-1876, njengomvuthwandaba weBuffalo Bill โWild West Showโ, futhi iqhubeka namuhla โnomdlalo we-Custerโs Last Stand Reenactmentโ owenziwa njalo ngoJuni ngamamayela ayisithupha entshonalanga yeHardin, eMontana. Selifanekisela โisisulu esimhlophe esinesibindi.โ Kuyindaba esizitshela yona ukuthi siyithethelele impi yokuqothulwa kohlanga izifiki zaseYurophu ezalwa nabantu bomdabu baseMelika. Kulokhu, aboMdabu baseMelika, izisulu zokuqothulwa kohlanga, baba abahlaseli. Ubudlelwano phakathi komenzi wobubi nesisulu buyaphenduka.
Lokhu kufana ngokumangalisayo nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Afghanistan e-US kanye nokuhlasela kwamasosha akwa-Israeli kwakamuva kubantu basePalestine. angiqondile ukuphakamisa ukuthi labo abafa ngo-September 11th babengezona izisulu noma ukuthi labo abafa ngamabhomu okuzibulala kwa-Israel abazona izisulu. Ukufa kwabo kubuhlungu. Kodwa kumele sikuveze ukuthi ukusebenzisa ukufa kwabo ukuze kuthethelelwe ukubulala akubona ubulungiswa. Kudingeka sichaze umongo omkhulu, ohlanganisa ubugebengu obenziwa kubantu basePalestine kanye nabantu baseNingizimu yomhlaba jikelele.
Kungase kube nzima kubantu abaningi baseNyakatho Melika ukubona ukuthi izifiki zakwa-Israel, iningi labo elisuka e-U.S. naseYurophu, beba umhlaba wasePalestine. Umholi weRiphabhulikhi u-Dick Armey (ekhuluma nge-"Hardball" ye-MSNBC, 5/2/02) wachaza, "iningi labantu manje abagcwele u-Israyeli bathuthwa besuka emhlabeni wonke bayiswa kulelo zwe futhi bawenza ikhaya labo." Kodwa-ke, njengabaningi e-US, wehlulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokhu kuthutheleka kwezifiki zaseYurophu kanye nabase-Europe baseMelika ukuba ngamaPalestine ahlala ngaphansi kombuso wakwa-Israel. Kusho ukuphila ngaphansi kokulawulwa nguhulumeni wangaphandle nonobutha okwenza ukuphila kwansuku zonke kube uchungechunge lokululazwa okungokwesiko. Ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo โezivamileโ amaPalestine kufanele afune imvume yama-Israyeli njengoba enza ukuphila kwawo kwansuku zonke. Umhlaba wabo ungathathwa kubo ngenkani futhi unikezwe izifiki ezivela eYurophu noma eNyakatho Melika ngenxa nje yokuthi zingamaJuda. Labo bantu basePalestine abaxoshwa ezindlini zabo ngo-1948 kanye nenzalo yabo, abantu basePalestine ababalelwa ezigidini ezine abahlala emhlabeni jikelele, banqatshelwe ilungelo labo lokubuyela ezweni labo, kodwa umuntu ongumJuda ovela noma yikuphi emhlabeni angaba yisakhamuzi sakwa-Israel uma ebuzwa.
Njengamanje abantu baseNyakatho Melika kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukwebiwa komhlaba kumaNdiya aseMelika yizifiki zaseYurophu kwakungalungile. Lokho kusungulwe kahle. Kodwa okufanele sikukhumbule ukuthi kubahlanganyeli ngaleso sikhathi kwakulungisiswa. Izifiki zaseYurophu zazizibona ziletha โimpucuko,โ futhi bezivikela โekuhlaselweni okunonya.โ Ayengamathuluzi โokubonakala kokudalelwa.โ Lezi zisusa ziwile ngaphansi kwesisindo somlando. Kodwa izizathu zokuthi โimpi yobuphekulaโ yethu yamanje azikho emthethweni. I-US "impi yobuphekula" ayinasizathu sokudlula noma yiziphi izimpi zayo zangaphambili zokunqoba. Izifiki zakwa-Israel ezivela eBrooklyn azisenalo ilungelo โelingokomlandoโ noma โelinikezwe unkulunkuluโ emhlabeni wasePalestine njengoba kwadingeka izifiki ezivela eLondon ziye emazweni ase-Iroquois.
Ngomhla zingama-20 kuMbasa, abantu abangama-75,000 bamasha eWashington D.C. kwathi abangama-35,000 bamasha eSan Francisco ngokubambisana nabantu basePalestine. E-D.C. nasemicimbini emincane eyinkulungwane kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika, lezi zishoshovu ziyaqhubeka nokubonisa ukuthi inkulumo yombuso wasehlathini yokwesaba, ukuziphindiselela kanye nempi ayizange inqobe wonke umuntu. Kudingeka siqhubeke nokwakha ukunyakaza okukhulu kwabantu baseNyakatho Melika abazimisele ukuma nezisulu zobuphekula base-U.S. Sidinga inhlangano emelene ngokusobala nokucwasa ngokwebala futhi egxile emalungelweni abantu besifazane. Umlando uzozibona lezi zishoshovu njengalezo ezamela ubulungiswa ngokumelene nomunye wemibuso enamandla kakhulu emlandweni.
Lokhu ngeke kube lula. Naphezu kobuso obusha bombuso wase-U.S., obunamasiko amaningi (obumelwe uPowell noRice phezulu), abantu abaningi baseMelika baseMelika basatshalwe ngokomzwelo enganekwaneni โyeqhawe elimhlophe eliyisisulu.โ Ubusika Odlule I-tycoon yezindlu zaseNew York uBruce Ratner ukhokhele isikhumbuzo sabacishi-mlilo abangama-343 abashona ngo-9/11 endlunkulu yoMnyango Wezomlilo waseNew York. Lesi sithombe sethusi esihlongozwayo besisekelwe esithombeni sezicishamlilo ezintathu eziphakamise ifulegi laseMelika phakathi kwemfucumfucu yeWorld Trade Center. Kodwa lapho izicisha-mlilo zithola ukuthi umqophi wezithombe uhlela omunye waseMelika waseMelika, oyedwa waseLatino kanye nomcishi-mlilo oyedwa waseMelika waseMelika, basola abaphathi babo ngokuthobela โukulunga kwezombusazweโ nokulahla โukunemba komlando.โ Naphezu kweminyaka eminingi yokuzabalaza, uMnyango Wezomlilo waseNew York useyindawo yokugcina amadoda amhlophe. Edolobheni elingamaphesenti angama-26.6 ama-African American kanye namaphesenti angama-27 aseLatino, umnyango ungamaphesenti angama-94.1 abamhlophe. Abamele lesi sithombe baqoqe amasignesha ezicishamlilo ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 XNUMX futhi bamisa izinhlelo zesikhumbuzo.
Asiwadingi amaqhawe afana nalawa. Sidinga ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi usizi oluzwiwa abantu baseNyakatho Melika ngemuva kuka-9/11 alubi yisikhumbuzo sobukhosi abamhlophe kanye nobunzalamizi.
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