NOVEMBA 17 - Kuleli sonto, ngemuva kwesikhathi esichithe igazi eliningi kakhulu selokhu kwahlaselwa abantu, bekukhulunywa ngokuthi amalungu oMkhandlu Ophethe i-Iraqi (IGC) akhethwe yi-US azokhonjiswa maduze nje.
Isikhulu seCoalition Provisional Authority (CPA) uPaul Bremer uvele wandiza wabuyela eWashington ngemuva kokuthi umbiko weCIA ekugcineni uvumile ukuthi yini ebese sobala kakhulu emasontweni edlule: ukumelana kuyanda. Njengoba yena ngokwakhe avuma emasontweni ambalwa edlule, โ[Angikwazi] ukuba mnandi ukuba matasa.โ [1] UBremer wabe esebuyela e-Baghdad eveza ukuthi i-IGC izodedela ngokushesha kuhulumeni wesikhashana ozongena esikhundleni ngonyaka ozayo. Lolu shintsho oluzumayo belucatshangelwe njengenkomba yokuzibophezela okuvuselelwe kwe-US ekubuyiseleni ubukhosi base-Iraq.
Lokhu kuphenduka okusemthethweni nokho kuphambana nomugqa wangaphambili osola ukuchithwa kwe-IGC ekungakwazini kwamalungu ayo. โAsijabule ngabo bonke. Abenzi njengesigungu esishaya umthetho noma esibusayo, futhi kudingeka sinyakaze, โkusho iWashington Post icaphuna isikhulu saseMelika sisho. "Abazenzi izinqumo uma bedinga." Ngokusho kwaso lesi sikhulu, amalungu omkhandlu awayithameli imihlangano, โakenzanga lutho,โ futhi โawafanelekiโ ekuqinisekiseni ukuba semthethweni kwabase-Iraq. UBremer ngaphambili wayebize umkhandlu futhi wabatshela ukuthi โngeke baqhubeke kanje.โ [2]
Uma amalungu e-IGC engafaneleki entweni eyodwa, nokho, kusekuhlulekeni kwawo ukuqonda ukuthi kungani i-IGC njengendikimba yasungulwa nokuthi kungani akhethwa kwasekuqaleni. Lokhu ukungakwazi kwangempela okuzobalahlekisela ngemisebenzi yabo. Abakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuluma isandla esibaphakelayo.
IRAQIS PHAMBILI
Ngemva kokumemezela ukuthi bakhulule ama-Iraqis kuSaddam ukuze ibanike intando yeningi, i-United States yayidinga ukubukisa iqembu labaholi base-Iraq elizobonakala njengabamele izimfuno zase-Iraq. I-US izigcinele yona ilungelo lokukhetha laba baholi, nokho, futhi abantu base-Iraq uqobo babengenalo izwi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba abakhethiwe kwakufanele banakekele imisebenzi evamile neyokuphatha, amandla aphelele ayesahlezi kumphathi-sifundazwe wase-US. Akugcinanga lapho, wonke ama-Iraqis ayingxenye yehhovisi lesikhashana futhi ahola izinkonzo zase-Iraqi ezingama-23 athathwa ngokusemthethweni njengabasebenzi abaholayo benkampani ezimele yaseMelika, iScience Applications International Corporation. [3]
Ngaphandle kwaleli lungiselelo, i-US yaveza amalungu e-IGC njengobuso benkululeko futhi yaphumelela ukuthola ukuqashelwa kwawo njengabameleli bama-Iraqis emhlabeni. I-US yaze yakwazi ukuphasisa i-United Nations Resolution 1511 ethi i-IGC "ihlanganisa ubukhosi boMbuso wase-Iraq." [3] Ongaphansi kukanobhala-jikelele we-UN u-Kofi Annan unxuse 'umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe' ukuthi unikeze ukuba semthethweni kulo mzimba.
Emele i-Iraq, amalungu e-IGC ahambele imihlangano yeNhlangano Yamazwe Athengisa Kawoyela (OPEC), i-International Monetary Fund (IMF), iBhange Lomhlaba (WB), kanye ne-Arab League. EMadrid emasontweni ambalwa edlule, baphelezela uBremer ekuncengeni abaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe ngemali kanye nasekuthengiseni amathuba okwakha kabusha i-Iraq ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe.
I-US yayidinga i-IGC ukuthi ikhiphe izinqubomgomo zezitembu zenjoloba ezanqunywa e-Washington ngoba zazidinga ukwenza kubonakale sengathi lezo zinqumo zenziwe e-Baghdad ngama-Iraqis hhayi e-White House ngabaseMelika. Lokhu kuwela ngobunono ngaphansi kwesu eliphakamisiwe lomlobi wephephandaba uThomas Friedman lokuba โabantu baseMelika abengeziwe babuye kanye nama-Iraqi abengeziwe ngaphambili.โ [4]
ABAHLANGANISI BANGASEKHAYA
Amalungu omkhandlu, ngokwemibandela ecacile, angabahlanganyeli bamakholoni asendulo futhi ama-Iraqi ngokwawo ayewabheka kanjalo. Ngokwenhlolovo ye-Gallup esanda kukhishwa, abantu base-Iraqi abathathu kwabane baqonda ukuthi izinqumo ze-IGC โzazinqunywa kakhulu iziphathimandla zomfelandawonye.โ Bangu-16% kuphela abawabona โnjengabazimele ngokufanele. % bathenga ulayini abahlaselwe wona ukuze banikezwe 'intando yeningi. [1]โ
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, nokho, kubonakale sengathi amalungu e-IGC aqokwe e-USยนangayiqondi kahle imigomo yokuqokwa kwawo. Selokhu kwethulwa umkhandlu, imvamisa lapho amanye amalungu e-IGC ahlasele ngokusobala nangokungalindelekile izinqumo zase-US kumele ngabe kucasule kakhulu.
Okungenani kube nokuhlukana okune okumangazayo komphakathi phakathi kwamalungu e-IGC ngamanye kanye nesiphathimandla somfelandawonye kuze kube manje. Kungase kube nokunye kodwa yibo kuphela laba ababikiwe. Esokuqala sasiphezu kwezinhlelo zezomnotho ze-neoliberal ezizobekwa e-Iraq. Okwesibili kwakuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwemali yokwakha kabusha. Okwesithathu bekungokuthunyelwa kwamasosha aseTurkey ukuba ayogada e-Iraq. Futhi okokugcina bekusekubhalweni komthethosisekelo wase-Iraq.
AKUNELE NEOLIBERAL
NgoSepthemba 21 odlule, i-US yethula uhlelo lwayo lwezomnotho lwase-Iraq ngesikhathi somhlangano waminyaka yonke we-IMF kanye neBhange Lomhlaba eDubai. Ichazwe yinkampani eyodwa yezintambo njengohlelo 'olufundeka njenge-manifesto yemakethe yamahhala eyaklanywa i-Washington' futhi yadunyiswa i-Economist 'njengephupho lonxiwankulu' elifeza 'uhlu lwezifiso lwabatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe,' ipulani idinga ukuthengiswa okuyimfihlo. yenqwaba yezinkampani ezingaphansi kukahulumeni wase-Iraq kanye nokuvulwa kwemakethe yasekhaya ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe. [5] 'I-Iraq yayisidayiswa,' kubika i-Independent. [6]
Esikhathini esingaphansi kwenundu kamuva, ungqongqoshe wezohwebo wesikhashana we-IGC u-Ali Abdul-Amir Allawi wagxeka esidlangalaleni ukuthi mhlawumbe iyiphi inqubomgomo ebaluleke kakhulu yangemva kwempi yamabutho okuhlasela, mhlawumbe nesinye sezisusa eziyinhloko zokusungula impi kwasekuqaleni. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuhlasela, uMnyango Wezwe wawusuvele ulungiselele idokhumenti eyimfihlo enesihloko esithi โMoving the Iraqi Economy from Recovery to Sustainable Growthโ equkethe imiyalelo enemininingwane yokukhulula cishe yonke imikhakha yezomnotho. [6]
"Sihlupheke ngenxa yemibono yezomnotho ye-socialism, Marxism kanye ne-cronyism," ilungu le-IGC u-Ali Abdul-Amir Allawi, ekhuluma emhlanganweni okhethekile weWorld Economic Forum eSingapore. "Manje sibhekene nethemba le-free market basicism."
Mhlawumbe engazi ukuthi lolu hlelo lusondele kangakanani ezinhliziyweni zezikhulu zokuphatha, u-Allawi ukuchithile ngokuthi liqondiswa โingqondo eyiphutha engawunaki umlando.โ "Lezi zinto azikakafakwa emphinjeni wethu kodwa angivumelani kakhulu nekhwelo loshintsho olusheshayo nolunamandla, [7]" esho ngaphandle kokungabaza ukwengeza isilungisi 'ngokunamandla.'
Cishe u-Allawi akazange akufunde ukuphawula kukaDonald Rumsfeld ku-Wall Street Journal ngoMeyi 27 odlule lapho athembisa khona ukufaka umbuso ohlanganiswe abantu 'abathanda izinhlelo zezimakethe' futhi 'abazokhuthaza izinyathelo zokwenza amabhizinisi kahulumeni abe yimfihlo.' Ngezimemezelo zika-Allawi. , kwacaca ukuthi wayengenayo indawo embusweni kaRumsfeld.
AKUKHO AMA-TURKS AVUMELEKILE
Ukungqubuzana okukhulu okulandelayo kwakuphathelene namasosha aseTurkey. Ifuna amasosha engeziwe, i-US ibikade icela abalingani bayo ukuthi ithumele amasosha amaningi ukuze asize ukuzothula i-Iraq kaningi ngaphandle kwempumelelo enkulu. [8] Ngemva kwamasonto ezingxoxo ezinzima, iphalamende laseTurkey laphikisana nokuphikisa okuqinile kwasekhaya ekuthunyelweni futhi ekugcineni lavumela amasosha afinyelela ku-10,000 ukuthi athunyelwe e-Iraq - kodwa anqatshwa yi-IGC. Iqembu laseTurkey belizoba ngesesithathu ngobukhulu ngemuva kwe-US ne-UK futhi bekungaba usizo olukhulu emabuthweni asebenzayo.
Kodwa i-IGC yayingavumi futhi ikhulume ngazwi linye. "Ukuthumela la masosha kuzobambezela ubukhosi bethu," kusho ilungu lomkhandlu uNasseer Chadirji, esebenzisa igama elibi. โKuyinto engafanele ukuyenza. Akwengezi ezokuphepha,โ kwengeza elinye ilungu lomkhandlu uMahmud Othman, ongumKurd. [9]
"UMkhandlu Ophethe ukucacisile kubaphathi naseTurkey ukuthi awukuthandi ukubandakanyeka kwanoma yimaphi amazwe angomakhelwane kulesi simo ngenxa yokuzwela okuhilelekile," kugcizelela u-Hoshyar Zebari, ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle wesikhashana. [10]
Konke lokhu kuhluke kakhulu kwintshiseko yase-US mayelana nomnikelo waseTurkey. "Siyasamukela leso sinqumo futhi sizosebenzisana nezikhulu zaseTurkey ngemininingwane yesinqumo sazo," kusho okhulumela iWhite House uScott McClellan. Umtitilizo usuhoxisiwe.
EKHOMBA IMINWE
Okulandelayo, akusizanga ukuthi amalungu e-IGC ajoyine ikhorasi yomhlaba wonke esola abaphathi base-US ngokwenza inzuzo ngempi. Ngo-Okthoba, njengoba izikhulu zikaBush zazihlukunyezwa nhlangothi zonke ngezinsolo zokuthengiselana kanye nokusebenzisa imali ngokweqile, amalungu e-IGC ngokungalindelekile agcizelela izinsolo zenkohlakalo ezibhekiswe kuziphathimandla.
Bangabaza isinqumo esingaqondakali se-CPA sokukhipha inkontileka ka-$20 million yokuthenga izibhamu njengoba amasosha ase-US ayeshaqa amashumi ezinkulungwane zezikhali kuzikhali zemibuso yangaphambili. Kulokho okwachazwa ngokuthi 'ukushintshana kokuhlola' noBremer, umkhandlu wahlasela isinqumo sokusebenzisa imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.2 ukuqeqesha amaphoyisa ase-Iraq lapho lokho kunganikezwa e-Iraq ngentengo eshibhe kakhulu noma mahhala uma isicelo saseJalimane neFrance samukelwa. .
โAkukho obala futhi kufanele kwenziwe okuthile ngakho,โ kusho u-Othman ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa amagama. โKukhona ukungaphathi kahle kwesokudla nakwesokunxele, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele sihlale neCongress ubuso nobuso ukuze sikudingide lokhu. Imali eningi yaseMelika iyamoshwa, ngiyacabanga. Siyizisulu futhi abakhokhi bentela baseMelika bayizisulu, โengeza. โNgiyethemba ukuthi iCongress iyazi ukuthi kuqhubekani, kodwa uma bengazi futhi singazi, uNkulunkulu usiza wonke umuntu.โ
Elinye ilungu lomkhandlu u-Chadirji lakhala: โNjengoMkhandlu Ophethe, sisesimweni esibuthaka kakhulu kwezomthetho. Asinalo ilungelo lokuphenya lezi zinkontileka. Anginabo ubufakazi, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi kunenkohlakalo. Lesi isikhalo esivamile abantu abangitshela sona.โ
UChadirji ubengaphathekile kahle ekugxekeni kwakhe uBremer mayelana nohlelo lokuqeqesha amaphoyisa eJordan. โUkube sivotile, iningi belizokwenqaba,โ esho, azi kahle ukuthi ngeke bavunyelwe ukuvota. โ[UBremer] wasitshela ukuthi wenzeni; akazange asibuze,โ kusho uChadirji, ngokusobala usakholelwa ukuthi i-US imfake ngoba idinga umuntu ozoyilalela. [11]
Lezi zitatimende ezibucayi ngokusobala bezingeke ziphunyuke isaziso sikaBremer kanye nabanye abaxhasi. Kungenzeka ukuthi abakuthandanga ngokukhethekile ukukhetha kwamagama ezigcemeni zabo.
GERIATRIC AMBASSADORS
Kodwa-ke, ukusabela kwamalungu e-IGC ekusongelweni kokuxoshwa kukhomba ukuthi abakaze bathuswe. Esikhundleni sokuxolisa futhi athembise ukwenza kangcono, u-Zebari wagxeka โamanxusa asebekhulileโ avela kumfelandawonye futhi wasola โukulwa kwaseMelika,โ hhayi ukuntula ikhono kwe-IGC, ngezinkinga zase-Iraqยน. Amagama anamandla namnandi avela kubantu abebelindeleke ukuthi bangasho lutho ngaphandle kukaHaleluya kubantu abababeke emandleni.
"Ngicabanga ukuthi le mpikiswano mayelana nomkhandlu ophetheyo - ukuthi awenzi umsebenzi wawo, ukuthi awuthathi izinqumo - lokhu akulungile," kusho uZebari, edelela. โUkungqubuzana kwaseMelika phakathi kweminyango ehlukene kubangwa inqubomgomo . . . isidale ubunzima obuningi esibhekene nabo.โ
โInkinga ngomfelandawonye ukuthi banongoti abathile, okuthiwa, abasaphila ngeminyaka yawo-1950s, ngeminyaka yawo-1940s โ amanye amanxusa asebekhulile anencazelo ethile yokuthi i-Iraq isebenza kanjani. Ihambile, isishintshile,โ kwengeza uZebari, efundisa ngabaphathi bangempela. [12]
Izinhlelo ezintsha zikahulumeni wesikhashana nazo manje seziveze obala ingxabano entsha phakathi kwe-IGC ne-CPA. Uphiko lwezokuvakasha kuthiwa ekuqaleni lwalufuna ukusheshisa ukulotshwa komthethosisekelo kusenesikhathi ngoDisemba 15 ukuze okuthile kwethulwe kubantu baseMelika ngesikhathi sokhetho lukaNovemba 2004.
Kepha i-IGC ayiyekethisi. Amalungu omkhandlu athi i-US โinombono ongenangqondoโ nokuthi izinhlelo zayo โazinakwenzeka.โ โUkuthola indlela yokubhala umthetho-sisekelo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu esizoyenza. Kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi sithatha isikhathi ukwenza lokhu ngendlela efanele,โ kusho u-Adel Abdel-Mehdi, elinye ilungu lomkhandlu. [13]
Amalungu omkhandlu esikhundleni salokho anxusa iziphathimandla zomfelandawonye ukuthi zibanike amandla angempela nanengqondo - into ebingabuzwa ekuqaleni. Uhulumeni osemthethweni, bathi, yilokho okudingekayo ukuze ama-Iraqis alwe nabashokobezi abamelene nomsebenzi. "Ama-Iraqi azimisele ukufela uhulumeni wase-Iraq, hhayi abokufika," kucashunwe isikhulu esiphezulu sekhabhinethi yase-Iraq. [14]
Njengoba abantu base-Iraqi beziqhumisa ukuze babulale futhi baxoshe amabutho, amazwi akhe kumele ukuthi ayehlaba kakhulu.
IMITHETHO YOKUBAMBISANA
Konke lokhu kusola nokugxeka okuqinile kukhomba ukuthi amalungu e-IGC abesethanda ukungabaza ukubamba iqhaza noma abengaqondi ukuthi abhalisele ini. Bebedelela ngamabomu imithetho yokusebenzisana noma babengazi ukuthi babeyini. Okuhamba phambili phakathi kwalezi zimiso kwaba ukuthi abakwazi ukuphambana nezikhundla zabaxhasi babo. Opopayi kufanele balandele umbhalo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi amalungu omkhandlu abengakwazi kakhulu ukuqonda lezi ziqondiso ezilula noma ukuphikisana okukhona ezikhundleni zawo - zokubuyisana izithakazelo zase-Iraqi ezingalungiseki nezithakazelo zomfelandawonye kwaba yinto enzima kakhulu ukuyisingatha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakulindeleke ukuthi bazitholele ukuba semthethweni kanye nemvume eyengeziwe yomsebenzi. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhundla sabo sabenza bangakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa izithakazelo zase-US ngaphezu kwalabo ababebasekela.
Ukube bekuyindaba nje yokuthi amalungu e-IGC angakwazi ukuhambela imihlangano, njengoba kusho umbiko, ngabe axolelwe inqobo nje uma eqhubeka nokulalela - ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Eqinisweni, inqobo nje uma benqekuzisa amakhanda bebheka, i-US ingakhetha abaholi base-Iraq abangenzi lutho ngaphandle kokuhlala emadeskini abo usuku lonke kunokuba abagxeki abamatasa baphume nezimemezelo ezinokhahlo.
Kuziphathimandla zomsebenzi ezidinga nje ukuba semthethweni okuncane okunganikezwa yi-IGC, i-US ibiyobonga kakhulu imvume yokungenzi lutho esikhundleni sokuphikiswa okusebenzayo; ukwesekwa okungafaneleki kunokugxeka okunekhono.
INGABE SIYIFISA KAKHULU IDEMOKRASI?
Ngemva kokubuya eWashington, uBremer wabiza i-IGC futhi wenza kwabonakala sengathi izinhlelo ezaxazululwa e-White House zasungulwa ngamalungu omkhandlu ngokwawo. I-US manje isizimisele ngokusungula uhulumeni wesikhashana ozokhethwa izikhulu zakhe emihlanganweni yedolobha ezweni lonke.
Nokho, abameleli bendawo kulowo mhlangano bazokhethwa yiziphathimandla ngokwazo. Futhi noma ngabe lesi siphathimandla esisha siqala ukusebenza ngasekupheleni kuka-2004 noma ekuqaleni kuka-2005, ukuba khona kwe-US kuzohlala unomphela. [15] Ukuze nje kugcizelele ukuthi kungakanani ukulawula okusazodlalwa yi-US, esinye isikhulu esiphezulu se-White House sathi, "Sizoba nama-levers amaningi kunalokho ocabangayo, futhi mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwalokho okucatshangwa ama-Iraqi." [16]
I-US ayizange ilwe futhi ayilwi le mpi enzima futhi ebizayo ukuze uhulumeni ozimele wase-Iraq ozomela ngempela izithakazelo zama-Iraqi angathatha izintambo. Manje, nge-IGC, futhi esikhathini esizayo, njengoba uhulumeni wesikhashana esendleleni, i-US ngeke ivumele i-Iraq ukuthi inikezwe ama-Iraqi. Njengoba uBrent Scowcroft, owayenguMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke kumdala uBush esho ngokungananazi, โKuzokwenzekani uma sibamba ukhetho okokuqala e-Iraq bese kuvela ukuthi ama-radicals ayawina? Wenzani? Ngeke neze sibavumele bathathe izintambo. [17]โ
Lesi simo sengqondo siyahambisana nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US maqondana โnentando yeningiโ eMpumalanga Ephakathi nasemhlabeni wonke. Umthetho ulula ngokwanele ukuwulandela: ukubukela phansi labo hulumeni abasongela izithakazelo zase-US, sekela labo ababathuthukisayo.
E-Saudi Arabia, lapho u-Saddamยนs despotism ungase udlulele ekuzuzeni umusa, isibonelo, amazwi e-Scowcrofts e-Iraq abonakala sengathi asusiwe kulowo owayeyisikhulu se-CIA uJames Schlesinger: "Ngabe siyifisa ngempela intando yeningi? Ngabe sifuna ngempela ukushintsha izikhungo eSaudi Arabia? Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, siye sazama ukulondoloza lezo zikhungo ngezinye izikhathi esikhundleni samandla entando yeningi ahamba esifundeni sonke. [18]โ
E-Algeria eseduze, lapho i-US yeseka ukuthatha umbuso kwezempi kukahulumeni ukuze kuvinjwe iqembu lama-Islamist eliqokwe kakhulu ukuthi lithathe izintambo, uNobhala Wezwe ngaleso sikhathi uJames Baker wavuma, โAsizange siphile [nemiphumela yokhetho. ] ngenxa yokuthi saba nomuzwa wokuthi imibono yabashisekeli benkolo eqinile yayiphambene kakhulu nalokho esikholelwa kukho nesikusekelayo, kanye nezithakazelo zezwe lase-United States. [19]โ Kwaqubuka impi yombango echitha igazi.
Kwenye indawo emhlabeni, irekhodi le-US lokuxosha undunankulu wase-Iran owafaka imboni kawoyela kuzwelonke, esekela ukungqubuzana nohulumeni osemthethweni waseNicaragua, efaka uPinochet wobushiqela ukuze akhiphe uSalvador Allende eChile, eketula uhulumeni waseGuatemala okhethwe ngentando yeningi iminyaka yawo-1950, njll. ayiholeli umuntu ukuba alindele ukuthi i-Iraq izoba yinto ehlukile.
Emuva e-Iraq, uma ukuqeda umbuso kaSaddam Hussein kwaba ngempela isizathu sempi, khona-ke i-US yayingawufeza lo mgomo kusukela ngo-1991. ngenxa yokuthi, njengoba umlobeli we-New York Times achaza emuva ngaleso sikhathi, โkungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izono zomholi wase-Iraqi, wanika amazwe aseNtshonalanga nesifunda ithemba elingcono lokuzinza kwezwe lakhe kunalabo abaye bacindezelwa.โ
AMAQHAWE AMASHA OKUMAKALA?
Njengoba sebesekele impi futhi bagunyaza umsebenzi ukuze bathole amandla kanye nezinzuzo, ukuphikelela kwakamuva kwamalungu e-IGC kwe-US akuwenzi amaqhawe asheshayo okumelana. Kodwa isimo sabo esingaphansi kokuthopha ezindabeni eziningi singaphezu kwalokho i-CPA engasingatha okwamanje.
Ibhekene nokuphikiswa okushubile ngaphandle kwekomkhulu, i-US ayihlosile ukubekezelela ukugxekwa okuvela ngaphakathi. Ivikela ukugxekwa okuvela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, i-US ngeke ikuthathele ngomusa ukuphikisa kwangaphakathi. Futhi emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi komnqamulajuqu wangoDisemba 15 wokuqhamuka nomthethosisekelo, i-US idinga izimbuzi zomhlatshelo ngokwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezikhathi ezizibekele yona. Ngakho-ke baxosha amalungu e-IGC maduze nje. Njengoba kunezinhlelo ezintsha zikahulumeni wesikhashana ofakwe e-US, usesho lwelinye iqoqo labahlanganyeli.
(Copyright 2003 Asia Times Online Ltd. Wonke amalungelo agodliwe.)
-Herbert Docena uku-Focus on the Global South kanye ne-Iraq International Occupation Watch Center. Angafinyelelwa ku [i-imeyili ivikelwe].)
AMANOTHI:
[1] Umbhalo wengxoxo no-L. Paul Bremer III, FOX News, Okthoba 26, 2004
[2] U-Robin Wright no-Rajiv Chandrasekaran, 'Izindlela Ezihlukile ZoMkhandlu Wase-Iraqi Ukungasebenzi Kwamehlo Kwezikhulu Zase-Baghdad Ezikhethwe Ngesandla Kukhungathekisa IWashington,' Washington Post, November 9, 2003
[3] Isikhungo Sobuqotho Bomphakathi, โOsonkontileka Abawinile: Osonkontileka base-US Bavuna I-Windfalls Yokwakhiwa Kabusha Kwangemva Kwempi,โ www.publicintegrity.org/wow, October 30, 2003
[4] I-United Nations Security Council Resolution 1511, October 16, 2003
[5] Thomas L. Friedman, 'Asikho Isikhathi Sokulahlekelwa E-Iraq,' New York Times, Agasti 20, 2003
[6] Walter Pincus, 'Ukungabaza mayelana ne-US Deep, Iraq Poll Shows,' Washington Post, November 12, 2003
[7] AmaReuters, Septhemba 21, 2003
[8] UPhilip Thornton no-Andre Gumbel, โIMelika Ibeka I-Iraq Ithengiswa,โ The Independent, Septhemba 22, 2003
[9] U-Line Thomsen, 'Ukwenza okuyimfihlo,' i-Baghdad Bulletin, Agasti 8, 2003
[10] UThomas Crampton, โisikhulu sase-Iraq sinxusa ukuxwayiswa ekubekeni imakethe yamahhala,โ New York Times, Okthoba 1, 2003
[11] USenator Edward Kennedy usole i-US ngokufumbathisa ohulumeni bangaphandle ukuthi bathumele amasosha e-Iraq. Uthi kuze kufike kuhhafu wezigidigidi ezi-4 zamaRandi esetshenziswa yi-US nyanga zonke e-Iraq ngeke ibalwe yiHhovisi Lesabelomali seCongressional. (USeverin Carrell, โAmaDemocrats axwayisa ngokwenza inzuzo ezinkontilekeni zokwakha kabusha,โ I-Independent, Okthoba 5, 2003)
[I-12] I-Agence France Press, 'iTurkey Ukuthumela Amasosha Ngokuphikisa Abaholi Abasha Base-Iraq, I-Turmoil Deepens' Okthoba 8, 2003
[13] USusan Sachs, 'ITurkey Iqala Ukucabanga Kabili Ngokuthumela Amasosha e-Iraq,' New York Times, Okthoba 24, 2003
[14] UPatrick E. Tyler noRaymond Bonner, โImibuzo Iyaphakanyiswa Ngokuklonyeliswa Kwezinkontileka e-Iraq,โ New York Times, October 4, 2003.
[15] UJames Drummond, uJames Harding noGuy Dinmore, 'Izingxoxo eziphuthumayo zase-Iraq ezibanjelwe eWashington,' Financial Times, Novemba 11, 2003.
[16] U-Robin Wright no-Rajiv Chandrasekaran, 'Izindlela Ezihlukile ZoMkhandlu Wase-Iraqi Ukungasebenzi Kwamehlo Kwezikhulu Zase-Baghdad Ezikhethwe Ngesandla Kukhungathekisa IWashington,' Washington Post, November 9, 2003
[17] Daniel Williams, 'I-Iraqi Ixwayisa Ngokubambezeleka Komthethosisekelo, Vota: Izinkinga Zezokuphepha Ezicashunwe Njengezici Zomkhandlu Eziqokiwe Zesimo Sikahulumeni Sesikhashana' Washington Post, November 10, 2003
[18] Rajiv Chandrasekaran, โIraqis Say U.S. to U.S. to Cede Power by Summer: Town Meetings to Set Process in Motion,โ Washington Post, November 15, 2003
[19] David E. Sanger, "I-America's Gamble: A Quick Exit Plan for Iraq," New York Times, November 16, 2003
[20] ecashunwe ku-Bob Herbert, 'Spoils of War,' New York Times, Ephreli 11, 2003
[21] ecashunwe encwadini ethi Fawaz Gerges, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
[22] โIngxoxo noJames A. Baker III,โ Middle East Quarterly 1, no. 3 (September 1994), p.83.
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