Umthombo: NACLA
Teminyakeni emithathu ngemuva kukahulumeni kaMongameli uDaniel Ortega nomkakhe, iPhini likaMongameli uRosario Murillo, wacindezela ngobudlova ukuvukela okukhulu okwakudumile eyabulala amakhulu amaningana futhi yathumela amashumi ezinkulungwane ngaphezulu ekudingisweni, iNicaragua ike yaphikisana nokuba sematheni ngamazwe njengoba izwe lingena enkingeni yezepolitiki njengoba kuyiwa okhethweni lukazwelonke lwangoNovemba 7. Ezinyangeni ezedlule, uhulumeni uye uboshiwe futhi ugcinwe ngaphandle kwecala izimbangi eziyisikhombisa zikamongameli wamaqembu aphikisayo kanye nabanye abaholi abaphikisayo abambalwa abangaphansi kwemithetho eqinile yezokuphepha kuzwelonke eyanquma ekuqaleni kuka-2021 eyamisa i-habeas corpus. Labo ababoshwa noma baphoqelelwe ngaphansi komhlaba noma badingiswe kusukela kwaqala ukubhidlizwa kwakamuva bahlanganisa inqwaba yabaholi bomlando woguquko, phakathi kwabo okukhona kubo izinduna zamavukelambuso uDora Marรญa Tรฉllez kanye no-Hugo Torres. Bobabili babamba iqhaza ekuhlaseleni kweNational Palace ngo-1978 okwaphoqa umbuso wobushiqela waseSomoza ukuthi ukhulule iziboshwa zezombangazwe ezingama-60, kanti uTorres naye wahlanganyela ekugaseleni ngesibindi kweqembu likaKhisimusi ngo-1974 okwaphoqa uSomoza ukuba akhulule uDaniel Ortega ejele.
Uma uguquko lwama-1980 olwaluholwa yiSandinista National Liberation Front (FLSN) lwakhuthaza inqubekela phambili emhlabeni wonke, le nkinga manje isidala ukuqhekeka okujulile e-US kanye namazwe ngamazwe Kwesokunxele. Njengoba kwenzeka ngemuva kwemibhikisho yango-2018, izingxenye ezibalulekile zale Nxele ziyaqhubeka nokugcizelela ukuthi iNicaragua ibhekene nenqubo yoguquko evuselelwe ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ortega-Murillo nokuthi i-United States izimisele ukuketula umbuso. Lawa ma-akhawunti akhomba ezinhlelweni zomphakathi ezethulwa i-Ortega lapho eqale kabusha amandla ngo-2007 kanye noxhaso lwe-US lwezinhlangano eziningi zaseNicaragua ezihambisana nokuphikisana namaSandinista.
Yini Esele eNicaragua?
Rukungenelela okungapheli kwe-US phakathi nawo-1980, okuhlanganisa umkhankaso wezempi wokuphikisa, ukuvinjelwa kwezomnotho, nokugxambukela kwezombusazwe kwangaphakathi ekugcineni kwaholela ekubeni amaSandinista akhishwe esikhundleni ngo-1990. orientation, kanye namasu. Ama-Sandinista aphansi abamba iqhaza ekuphikiseni okuqhubekayo ekuqaleni kwawo-1990 ohlelweni lwe-neoliberal olwabekwa ezweni yi-United States kanye nezinhlangano zezezimali zomhlaba wonke ngokubambisana nesigaba sonxiwankulu bendawo kanye nosopolitiki abadla ngoludala. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhulu ezintsha zeSandinista nazo zavela phakathi kwalabo ababethole izakhiwo ezinkulu phakathi noshintsho lombuso wango-1990 ngokuzenzela bona ngokwaboโkulokho eNicaragua okwaziwa ngokuthi โi-piรฑataโโimpahla kahulumeni, impahla yomphakathi. , kanye nezinsiza zeqembu lama-Sandinista ezakha iqembu elihlangene lenguquko.
Njengoba iminyaka yawo-1990 iqhubeka, abanikazi bezindlu abasha baseSandinista nosomabhizinisi waqala ukwakha ukuhlobana kwezithakazelo zezigaba kanye nokusebenzelana nonxiwankulu bendabuko. Kuyo yonke leyo minyaka eyishumi nelandelayo, amakhulukhulu abaholi bomlando wama-Sandinista, kanye nezinkulungwane zamalungu eqembu, bashiya noma baphoqwa ukuphuma ku-FSLN njengoba iqembu le-Ortega lithola amandla okulawula emishini yeqembu futhi becindezela yonke imizamo yokuvuselela nokuvuselela. enze iqembu ngentando yeningi. Lokhu kwehlise i-FSLN yaba igobolondo leqembu elingokomlando. Izicukuthwane ezintsha zeSandinista zasuka kancane kancane ekuholeni izigaba ezidumile ekuphikisaneni kwazo nohlelo lwe-neoliberal lokwakhiwa kabusha konxiwankulu zaya ekusebenziseni igunya elinciphayo leqembu ukuqukatha lezi zigaba nokulawula ukuhlanganisa kwazo.
U-Ortega ubonakale ehlakaniphe ngendlela emangalisayo ekusebenziseni ulimi olunomsindo omkhulu kanye nezisho ezimelene nama impiriyali ukuze athole ukwesekwa phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe Kwesokunxele.
Nokho ubuholi be-FSLN buqhubekile nokuzenza semthethweni ngenkulumo yoguquko engasahambisani nanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwezepolitiki noma ukuziphatha ngaphandle kwaleyo yokufeza izimfuno zeqembu kanye nokuthola indawo phakathi kweqembu elibusayo ohlelweni olusha lwe-neoliberal. U-Ortega ubonakale ehlakaniphe ngendlela emangalisayo ekusebenziseni ulimi olunomsindo omkhulu kanye nezisho ezimelene nama impiriyali ukuze athole ukwesekwa phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe Kwesokunxele. Kodwa kunzima ukubona ukuthi uma kukhona okungenza ukuthi umbuso ufaneleke njengowenguquko noma wezenhlalakahle. U-Ortega ubuyele embusweni ngo-2007 ngesivumelwano neqembu lezwe elilwela ilungelo lendabuko, amalungu angaphambili e-Armed counterrevolution (eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-contras), kanye nabaphathi beSonto LamaKatolika namahlelo e-Evangelical. Ethembisa ukuhlonipha ngokuphelele impahla yangasese kanye nenkululeko enganqunyelwe yemali, wabe eseqhubeka nokuphatha ngokubambisana nesigaba sonxiwankulu, esasihlelwe saba yiSuperior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP), kwaze kwaba yilapho ehlukana no-Ortega ngemva kwemibhikisho yango-2018.
Ngemva kokungena kabusha ehhovisi, uhulumeni washintsha kabusha izinhlelo zezempilo nezemfundo, wandisa imali esetshenziswayo emphakathini, watshala imali engqalasizinda, futhi wethula amanye amaphrojekthi enhlalakahle (azokwenziwa ngamanethiwekhi okuvikela e-FSLN). Lezi zinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zamukelekile futhi ziyizinzuzo ezibalulekile zamakilasi adumile ngemva kweminyaka yokwenziwa kwangasese okungapheli kanye nenani eliphansi. Kodwa benza hhayi ukushintsha imodeli ebalulekile ye-neoliberal ebekwe ohulumeni abathathu abandulela ukubuya kuka-Ortega emandleni. Ngokuphambene, u-Ortega-Murillo wavikela ngobudlova ubudlelwano obukhona besigaba kanye nempahla, ethola ukunconywa yi-International Monetary Fund (IMF) kanye neBhange Lomhlaba ngezinqubomgomo zayo ezisekela onxiwankulu, ezisekela ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokutuswa yi-United. Amazwe ngokubambisana kwawo ne-US Southern Command, i-Drug Enforcement Agency, kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-US zabokufika.
Khonamanjalo, umbuthano wangaphakathi wombuso uzicebise ngokuphanga izinsiza zombuso, ikakhulukazi lawula i-Albania, i-conglomerate yezezimali kanye nekawoyela efiphele esungulwe ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngomxhaso waseVenezuela. Izingane eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Ortega-Murillo zisebenza njengabacebisi behhovisi likamongameli, siqu noma ukulawula umbuso wezindaba ezizimele nezibonakala zisesidlangalaleni zikamabonakude, umsakazo, kanye ne-inthanethi, zilawule izimali zokutshalwa kwezimali zomphakathi, futhi ziqhube inethiwekhi yamabhizinisi omndeni.
Izinkomba zezenhlalakahle zaba ngcono eminyakeni yokuqala yokubuyela kuka-Ortega emandleni, inqobo nje uma amanani entengo esezingeni eliphezulu, ukuthutheleka kokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kwaqhubeka, izikweletu zamazwe ngamazwe zahlala ziningi, futhi i-spigot yezigidigidi zamaRandi zomxhaso we-petro-dollar yaseVenezuela yahlala ivulekile. Noma kunjalo, kunzima ukuthola isiqinisekiso esizimele sesimangalo sikahulumeni, esinanela abavikeli bakhe phesheya, sokuthi ubumpofu bunqunywe phakathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ejwayelekile umthombo wale datha yiBhange Lomhlaba, futhi iBhange lithembele emininingwaneni esemthethweni kahulumeni waseNicaragua. Ama-akhawunti abika ukuthuthuka okumangazayo kwamazinga okuphila, njenge eyodwa ekhishwe yi-pro-Ortega UMkhandlu Wezindaba Ze-Hemispheric e-Washington, DC, uthembele kuphela ezimangalweni zikahulumeni wase-Nicaragua, noma unganikezi nhlobo imithombo yaleyo datha.
Isikhungo socwaningo esizimele esizinze eManagua i-International Foundation for the Global Economic Challenge (FIDEG) senze izinhlolovo zemizi yaminyaka yonke kusukela ngo-2009. Lezi cwaningo zibhekwa abacwaningi bobumpofu njengokuhlola okuthembeke kakhulu kwamazinga obumpofu kune-GDP-per capita kanye nezinye izinhlobo hlanganisa idatha. Ngokusho kwe Umbiko we-FIDEG ka-2020, izinga lobumpofu lehla kancane, lisuka kumaphesenti angu-44.8 ngo-2009 laya kumaphesenti angu-39.0 yenani eliphelele ngo-2014. Kodwa-ke izinga lobumpofu laqala ukukhuphuka ngo-2015โeminyakeni emithathu ngaphambi kwenhlekelele ka-2018 uhulumeni athi yimbangela yokwenyuka kwamazinga obumpofuโafinyelela cishe Amaphesenti angu-45 yenani labantu ngo-2019 futhi empeleni asula izinzuzo ezincane ezibhaliswe eminyakeni yokuqala yombuso we-Ortega-Murillo.
I-Bonanza ye-Transnational Capital
Tumbuso awuzange uthuthukise noma yiziphi izinqubomgomo ngokuvamile ezihlotshaniswa ne-ajenda egxile kwi-socialist. Emaphandleni, umkhakha wezolimo uphethwe yibhizinisi lezolimo lamazwe ngamazwe. Eminyakeni yokuqala yokubuyela kwayo emandleni, uhulumeni wama-Sandinista wanikeza ukwesekwa okulinganiselwe emkhakheni wabalimi ngokusebenzisa imodeli yokunikezwa kwamakhasimende. Kodwa ukubuyiswa komhlaba kwakuphuma ku-ajenda. Esikhundleni salokho, isu lokuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu labeka abalimi ngaphansi komkhakha webhizinisi lezolimo. Abalimi abafudukisiwe bakhuthazwa ukuba bangene futhi baqoqe indawo esele yomngcele wezolimo engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe enabantu abambalwa. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka konxiwankulu eLatin America lena yiphethini eyaziwayo yokuqongelela imali yasemakhaya. Maphakathi nawo-2010, ukubuthwa kwezifiki kwaqhubeka kungena esifundeni sase-Atlantic, lapho abantu boMdabu kanye nenzalo yase-Afro begcwele khona, benyathela futhi bephula imihlaba yabo, bephazamisa ukuzimela kwendawo, futhi kwabangela ukwanda kwezingxabano zobuzwe eziholele ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi futhi ukufuduka kwalezi zizwe.
Amabhange, ezolimo, izimboni, ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe konke kulawulwa ama-comglomerates onxiwankulu basekhaya nabaphesheya; Amaphesenti angama-96 empahla yezwe asezandleni zezinkampani ezizimele. Azikho izilawuli zemali, azikho izinqubomgomo zentela eziqhubekayo (ngokuphambene, izinqubomgomo zentela ziyahlehla), futhi akukho ukubekezelela ukugqugquzelwa okuzimele yimikhakha edumile. Umbuso ujwayele ukutshala amasosha, amaphoyisa kanye namasosha cindezela ngobudlova lezi zinhlangano lapho sezenzekile, okuhlanganisa nemizamo yabasebenzi base-maquiladora sweatshop yokusungula izinyunyana ezizimele kanye nokulwela amaholo aphezulu, abalimi abaphikisana nohlelo oluyinhlekelele engokwemvelo lokwakha umsele ezweni lonke, kanye nabasebenzi basezimayini kanye nezishoshovu zomphakathi ezibhikishela ukuvunyelwa kwezimayini zamazwe ngamazwe. izinkampani kanye nezinqubomgomo zentuthuko ezilimaza imvelo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, amarisidi entela ezinkampani yehla kusukela ngo-2010 kuya phambili. Lawa maresidi entela ezinkampani angelesibili aphansi kakhulu e-Central America, ngemuva kwe-El Salvador, ngokusho kwedatha yeBhange Lomhlaba. Izinzuzo zokutshala izimali ezivulekile kanye nezivumelwano zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zihlanganisa iminyaka engu-10 yonkana. amaholide entela. Umthetho 480 ogunyaze i-Nicaragua Canal Development Project unikeze inkampani eseHong-Kong "imvume ekhethekile [ezohlala] iminyaka engu-50 kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi" futhi inganwetshwa eminye iminyaka engama-50. I-Nicaragua ibe isizinda semali yamazwe ngamazwe ngoba uhulumeni wenza izimo ezifanele ze-bonanza yezinkampani, okuhlanganisa nokusungula isiyalo sangaphakathi sabasebenzi nokuzinza, kanye amaholo aphansi kulo lonke elaseLatin America ngaphandle kweCuba. Mayelana nalokhu, imodeli ye-Ortega-Murillo ifana kakhulu ne-tripartite corporativism eyathuthukiswa yi-Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) eyabusa isikhathi eside i-Mexico. Kulo modeli, amanethiwekhi amakhasimende adonsa emikhakheni evela ezigabeni ezidumile kuyilapho ubuholi bezinyunyana ezisemthethweni, izinhlangano zabalimi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi buhlanganiswe egunjini elibusayo futhi benza ukulawula ngokuqinile noma yikuphi ukuhlanganisa okuzimele okuvela emazingeni aphansi.
Imodeli yasebenza eNicaragua kwaze kwaba yilapho isimo somnotho sifika ngo-2014 nangaphezulu. Inkinga kumele ibekwe esimweni ukungqubuzana kokuthuthukiswa konxiwankulu eLatin America nasemhlabeni jikelele kulesi sikhathi sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Kanye nayo yonke i-Latin America yonkeโngaphansi kohulumeni Basohlangothini Lwesokunxele Nakwesokudlaโi-Nicaragua kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kwaze kwaba sengxenyeni yesibili yowezi-2010 ukwanda okukhulu kokutshalwa kwezimali kwezinkampani zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe emisebenzini yezimayini, ukugawulwa kwemithi, ibhizinisi lezolimo, ezokuvakasha kanye ne-maquiladora. ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni. Njengoba ubunzima bezomnotho bukhula kanye nezinga lokukhula lehla kusukela maphakathi nawo-2010, uhulumeni wafinyelela izivumelwano nezinhlangano zezezimali zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze ajulise izindlela ze-neoliberal austerity, esinye sazoโukuncishiswa kwezimpesheni kanye nokwenyuka kweminikelo yempesheni ngabasebenzi nabaqashiโkwakuwumzamo wokunciphisa impesheni. inhlansi eyaqala imibhikisho ka-April 2018.
Ingxenye II kulokhu kuhlaziywa okuyizingxenye ezimbili kubheka isimangalo sokuthi i-United States izama ukuketula umbuso we-Ortega-Murillo..
UWilliam I. Robinson unguSolwazi Ohloniphekile Wezifundo Zezenhlalakahle, Zomhlaba, kanye neLatin American Studies eNyuvesi yaseCalifornia e-Santa Barbara. Usebenze eManagua neNicaragua News Agency kanye noMnyango Wezangaphandle waseNicaragua ngeminyaka yawo-1980s futhi wayesebenzisana neCentral American University eManagua kwaze kwaba ngu-2001.
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