UCharles Dickens, isikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kwakhe esiphawula kulo nyaka, wayekhona lapho kwakhiwa iBrithani yesimanje. Lapho eqala ukubhala, ama-steji ayesewuhlobo lwezokuthutha olujwayeleke kakhulu; ngesikhathi samanoveli akhe akamuva, ojantshi base befikile. Onxiwankulu kuma-Dickens akuqala bangababi abaphuma kumculo we-Victorian noma obaba abanezinhliziyo eziphanayo; kumanoveli akamuva bangabasebenzi abangenabuso, abayingxenye yohlelo olungaziwa olubabusayo njengoba bebusa.
U-Dickens wazalwa ngesikhathi sika-Byron no-Napoleon, kodwa waphila ukuze abone ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyunyana zabasebenzi, izinkampani zamasheya ezihlangene kanye nokuqala konxiwankulu bezinkampani. Inganekwane yakhe isuka endlini yokusebenza ka-Oliver Twist iye kumafekthri e-Hard Times kanye nehhovisi lombuso le-Bleak House.
UDickens wenza okungaphezu kokuchaza lesi sizwe esisha sezimboni. Ikhona ngesitayela sakhe sokubhala. Ungumbhali wokuqala wasemadolobheni ngempela eBrithani. Ubona abantu ngokucacile kodwa ngokudlula ngokushesha, njengabantu ongase ungqubuzane nabo ekhoneni lomgwaqo ophithizelayo. Izigqi zokubhala kwakhe zibamba isasasa kanye nokukhathazeka kwempilo yasedolobheni. Uvame ukubona ngezicucu esikhundleni sokuzungeza, ebonisa umphakathi okhule opaque kakhulu futhi ohlukene ukuze ubonakale uwonke. Izinhlamvu zivaliwe ngaphandle komunye nomunye endaweni yazo yodwa, ngaphandle kobudlelwane obuzinzile phakathi kwabo.
Kulo mhlaba oqinisekisiwe wobunxiwankulu bezimboni, abantu babonakala bengenakungeneka njengefenisha, bephethe imfihlo ethile engaqondakali yangaphakathi umuntu angeke akwazi ukuyidabula. Wonke umuntu ubonakala njenge-grotesque noma i-eccentric. Ayisekho inkambiso yesintu okuvunyelenwe ngayo, iqoqo nje lezinto ezingavamile, ezithusayo noma ezihlekisayo, ezigxumagxuma ngokungahleliwe.
Amandla ekilasi eliphakathi
U-Dickens udume ngokugxeka ububi bonxiwankulu bezimboni, kodwa iphrozi yakhe yaseshashalazini, egqamile futhi ikhombisa amandla esigaba esiphakathi esisagibele phezulu. Njengomuntu osemusha owayesafuna ukubhalisa amanoveli, wayethanda ukuzibona eyindoda enemfashini edolobheni, edume ngokwazi yonke imigwaqo esemaceleni nasemuva eLondon. UJane Austen ubhala mayelana nezindawo ezimisiwe zezwe laseNgilandi, okwakuyisizinda samandla ezenhlalo nezomnotho osukwini lwakhe. U-Dickens, ngokuphambene, uyidolobha elikhulu eminweni yakhe ye-inki? Akuchazayo yiLondon yabameli, abathengisi, omabhalane abancane kanye nonxiwankulu abanezithende ezinhle - isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezohwebo kanye nombuso wembulunga yonke, lapho amandla esigaba esibusayo saseBrithani manje esetholakala ngokwandayo.
U-Dickens wazalelwa kulokho okuphikisana kakhulu kuwo wonke amaqembu omphakathi, isigaba esimaphakathi esiphansi. Ngakho-ke, empeleni, babengababhali bamanoveli abakhulu bekhulu le-19, kusukela kodade baseBrontรซ kuya kuGeorge Eliot noThomas Hardy. Isigaba esiphansi esimaphakathi sisondelene ngokwanele nabantu abavamile ukuba sizwelane nosizi lwabo; kodwa futhi balangazelele ingcebo, isikhundla kanye nemfundo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela baphonsela amehlo phezulu kanye nokwehla kwesigaba senhlalo. Babekwe kahle njengamaciko ukuthi ahlole isistimu yezenhlalakahle iyonke, kanye nokuzwa ukungqubuzana okubuhlungu phakathi kokuthi izinto zinjani nokuthi umuntu angafisa ukuba kanjani.
Uzwelo lukaDickens kwabampofu nabaxoshwayo luyinganekwane. Esikhathini esimangalisayo e-Bleak House, uvulela iNdlovukazi u-Victoria uqobo futhi wayisola, kanye nesigaba sonke esibusayo, ngokunganaki kwabo okuyihlazo kwezintandane kanye nama-urchin asemgwaqweni. Kodwa waphinde wanikela emaphoyiseni owesifazane amthola ecela emgwaqweni. Wayedume ngokweqiniso kunabo bonke ababhali bamanoveli abangamaNgisi, umculi onesiphiwo esimangalisayo kanye nengqwele yesiko elidumile. Kodwa futhi wayesazisa isithunzi sakhe njengombhali wezincwadi oseqophelweni eliphezulu kanye nobulungu bakhe esikhungweni sezenhlalo. Cishe akekho omunye umbhali wesiNgisi ohlanganise ukubhala 'okuphezulu' nokudumile ngendlela ebabazekayo, ekhanga ngokufanayo ezifundweni nasezinhlakeni zabasebenzi.
U-Dickens wayehlushwa impilo yakhe yonke ngokwesaba okujwayelekile okuphansi kwesigaba esiphakathi sokuhudulelwa phansi esixukwini esidumile akwazi ukuzikhipha kubo ngobuciko bakhe. Wathumela amadodana akhe e-Eton, abaqwali benhlalo ababenyanyeka njengo-Uriah Heep ongeyena umuntu ogibela izintaba, futhi wayenokungaphezu nje kokudansa kwe-Little Englander yasebukhosini ngaye. Ukhuluma kabi ngomfelandawonye wezinyunyana ku-Hard Times, futhi wakhulumela umbusi ononya wase-West Indies.
Kungenzeka ukuthi wayeyisishayo sase-Victorian England, kodwa wayekholelwa ngokunethezeka okujwayelekile kwesigaba esiphakathi ukuthi isikhathi ayephila kuso sasiyintuthuko enkulu kunoma yimuphi umlando wangaphambili. Isigaba esiphakathi sama-Victori ayeyingxenye yaso sazibona sisevenini lenqubekelaphambili yomphakathi, kodwa futhi sasikhathazeke kakhulu ngemisindo yokuvukela umbuso. Ukubhala kuka-Dickens, nengxube yayo engavamile yamahlaya nezinhlekelele, izinyembezi nokuhleka, isibindi nokuzwela, kubonisa lo mbono ohlukene. Bambalwa ababhali abangamaNgisi abaye bangena bajula kangaka emizweni yabantu, futhi bambalwa abaye baba nemiqondo enengqondo engenalutho ngendlela edabukisayo. Uma engase abe neqiniso elimangalisayo, angase futhi abe Ezothando ezingenangqondo.
Izithombe zezingane
Ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo kukaDickens nezingane kubonisa okunye kwalokhu kungaqondakali. Ngomqondo othile, isibalo somntwana ocindezelwe yicala elinamandla kakhulu umuntu angalicabanga ngokungabi nanhliziyo komphakathi. Abangenacala, abasengozini futhi abadidekile, izingane zika-Dickens, kusukela ku-Oliver Twist no-Paul Dombey kuya ku-Little Dorrit kanye ne-Pip of Great Expectations, ziyizithombe ezicacile zokuhlupheka okungafanelwe.
I-Victorian England, njengoba uDickens ebona, iwumphakathi lapho wonke umuntu eyintandane, futhi lapho izigaba eziphezulu ziye zaphika umthwalo wazo wobaba wababuthaka. Nokho umntwana, ngokwencazelo, akakwazi ukuqonda izimbangela zosizi lwakhe. Okufunwa yingane ukukhululeka ngokushesha kobuhlungu bayo. Ayinakho ukuqonda ngezinqubo zomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, inani lomntwana ohluphekile likhomba izinguquko esikhundleni sokuvukela umbuso. Futhi uDickens wayengeyena umguquki, njengoba kwakungasikisela ukuvezwa kwakhe kweNguquko YaseFrance encwadini ethi A Tale of Two Cities.
Noma kunjalo, njengoba umhlaziyi wezincwadi omkhulu we-Marxist uGeorg Lukรกcs ephikelela, umcabango womlobi ungase ube uqine kakhulu kunombono wakhe. U-Dickens kungenzeka ukuthi wayesaba uguquko lwezenhlalo njenganoma yimuphi omunye onxiwankulu bama-Victorian, kodwa uhlelo aluveza kumanoveli akhe amakhulu wokugcina - i-Bleak House, i-Little Dorrit, uMngane Wethu Ohlangene, Okulindelwe Okukhulu - lwalungaguqulwa lutho ngaphandle kwesiphithiphithi.
U-Dickens uqhamuke kude nezwe elihlekisayo, le-Tally-ho le-Pickwick Papers kanye nesiphetho senganekwane yenganekwane yakhe yokuqala. Manje sisendaweni yonke lapho amadoda nabesifazane besigaba esiphakathi beyizinkolelo-ze ezingenalutho, kuyilapho izinto zibonakala ziphila ngendlela exakile. Ubunxiwankulu bezimakethe kanye nombuso wengcindezelo manje sebethathe impilo yabo embi. Impilo yomphakathi ayinalutho futhi ayilona iqiniso, futhi okuwukuphela kwamaqiniso angempela ubugebengu, abasebenzi, ukugula kanye nobunzima. Imindeni, egujwa ngokukhululekile ngabakwa-Dickens abancane, manje isiyizindawo zokucindezelwa ezigulayo. Ukuphila okusha kungavela kuphela ekufeni, ukuzidela kanye nokonakala.
Lokhu kwakungekona lokho ababefuna ukukuzwa labo ababedlisa uDickens emicimbini yabo yokudla. Kodwa yilokho agcizelela ukuthi kufanele babhekane nakho, futhi emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe kufanele simhloniphe ngaleso sibindi.
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Nikela