Ngemva nje kwemicimbi yokuvala iMidlalo Yama-Olympic ka-2010 yenzekile, Ummeli Okhethekile we-UN Welungelo Lezindlu Ezanele u-Raquel Rolnik, wethula umbiko ophelele kuMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu we-UN ngoNdasa wezi-2010 ngemithelela yemicimbi emikhulu engazange ibonwe.
Kuyo, ucaphune inkathi yama-1970 njengendawo lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemidlalo yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinqubo zoguquko lwasemadolobheni kwabonakala kakhulu. Ngawo-1980, ukwanda okukhulu kwezimali zezinkampani kwaphinde kwahlanekezela imicimbi yezemidlalo yomhlaba wonke. Ngawo-1990, lo mbiko wathi, โukuhlela imicimbi emikhulu njengengxenye yokuhlela amasu amadolobha, ngenjongo yokuyimisa kabusha emnothweni wembulunga yonke, kwaba umkhuba onzima. Ukwenza imidlalo yamazwe ngamazwe njengesu lokuthuthukisa umnotho, okuhlanganisa ukuvuselelwa kwengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwezindawo ezithengiswayo, kube yindlela yanamuhla yamadolobha nezifunda ezenzakalweni ezinkulu.โ
Kunezinkulungwane zezibonelo zokuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi ngendluzula, ukugudluzwa kanye nokwandiswa okubangelwa ukukhuliswa nokusheshiswa kwemizila yokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sokwehluka esidalwa yilezi zehlakalo ezinkulu siholela ekwenziweni kobugebengu ubumpofu, ukusebenza okugcwele kwabantu abangenamakhaya kusetshenziswa amaphoyisa amasha kanye nezindlela zokuhlawuliswa kanye nokuqondiswa ngendlela engafanele kwemiphakathi ebinganakiwe.
Ngenkathi isivunguvungu sama-Olympics sango-2010 sidlula eVancouver, iningi labezindaba lapha lalilele lishayela phezulu njengoba laligxeka izishoshovu ukuze zinikeze ubufakazi balokho okwakwenzeka phansi. Kunokuba ngithathe izwi lami ngakho, nazi izingcaphuno ezivela embikweni wakhe.
IZITHEMBISO EZINKULU, AKULANDELWA
UNksz. Rolnik akakugqizi qakala ukugxeka kwakhe imicimbi emikhulu njengeNdebe Yomhlaba kanye neMidlalo yama-Olympic:
โEsikhathini esiphakathi kokuqokwa kwedolobha elizosingatha kanye nokuhlelwa komcimbi,
amadolobha ngokuvamile abhekana nochungechunge lwezinguquko ezingagcini nje ngokuthinta amadolobha awo
ingqalasizinda, kodwa futhi ilethe izinguquko kwezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle kanye nezibalo zabantu
imiphumela yesikhathi eside kubantu bendawo. Nakuba ukuhlaziya umthelela walezi
imicimbi ngokuvamile igxile ezinzuzweni zezomnotho zedolobha elisingathayo, ukunaka okuncane okungena kukho
ukuhlola umthelela ezimpilweni zezakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi imikhakha eyayincishwe amathuba kakhulu
womphakathi. Ngokudabukisayo, ifa lezehlakalo eziyingcaca ngesimo salaba bantu linalo
bekukude nokuhle. Izinzuzo zezomnotho okusolakala ukuthi zenza le midlalo azisakazwa
ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu bendawo. Kunalokho, ukungafani okudala kubonakala kubhebhetheka njengoba
izinqubo zokuvuselelwa kanye nokuhlobisa kwedolobha ngokuvamile zigxila ezindaweni kakhulu
ehlaliswa amaqembu ampofu nasengozini.โ
UKUGUQUKA NOKUKHISHWA NGENKOSI
โUkufuduka kanye nokuxoshwa ngenkani kuyizici ezijwayelekile zokulungiselela i-mega-
imicimbi. Ukwanda kwesidingo sendawo yokwakha izinkundla zemidlalo, indawo yokuhlala kanye
imigwaqo ihanjiswa ngamaphrojekthi okuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha avame ukudinga ukubhidlizwa
kwezindawo zokuhlala ezikhona kanye nokuvulwa kwendawo yokwakha entsha. Ukubaluleka okunikeziwe
ekwakhiweni kwesithombe esisha samazwe ngamazwe samadolobha, njengengxenye ebalulekile ye
amalungiselelo emidlalo, ngokuvamile kusho ukususwa kwezimpawu zobumpofu kanye
ukuntuleka kwentuthuko ngamaphrojekthi okwakhiwa kabusha kwedolobha abeka phambili ukunethezeka kwedolobha
izidingo zabahlali bendawo. Njengoba iziphathimandla zomphakathi zisebenzisa inhlangano yemicimbi emikhulu njenge
ukuvuselelwa kwedolobha labo, izakhamizi zezindawo ezithintekile zingase zibhekane nenqwaba
ukugudluzwa, ukuxoshwa ngenkani kanye nokubhidlizwa kwemizi yabo. Ukususwa kungase futhi
umphumela wezinyathelo ezithathwe iziphathimandla zendawo zokususa ngokushesha imijondolo engabukeki kuyo
izindawo ezivezwe kubavakashi, ngaphandle kokuthi zifakwe ngaphakathi kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu okuthuthukiswa.
Nakuba kungenjalo ngokuqondile umphumela wokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokusingatha
imidlalo noma amaphrojekthi okuya emadolobheni okuhloswe ngawo ukuthuthukisa isithombe sedolobha elisingatha, inqwaba
ukususwa kungase futhi kubangele izinqubo ezingaqondile, ezifana gentrification kanye escalating
izindleko zezindlu. I-Gentrification ingabangelwa amaphrojekthi wokuthuthukiswa kabusha okwenziwe kuwo
ukulungiselela imicimbi. Uma usuhileleke ezinqubweni zokuvuselela, ukuthuthukiswa kancane
izindawo ezingomakhelwane ziheha abantu abahola kakhulu, abaqala ukuthuthela endaweni. Ngokungazelelwe
intshisekelo yabatshalizimali bezindlu ezithengiswayo ezindaweni ngaphambilini ebezibhekwa njengezinyuswayo eziphansi zemakethe
amanani ezakhiwo nezokuqashisa. Lokhu kunomthelela ekuthengeni kwezakhamizi zendawo, futhi kaningi
kuholela ekuxoshweni kwabo ngokweqiniso endaweni. Ikakhulukazi, abaqashi abangenazo izindlela
ukuqasha indawo entsha baphoqeleka ukuthi baphinde bahlale kwezinye izifunda, futhi ngokuvamile bathola inombolo
isinxephezelo, enye indawo yokuhlala noma usizo lwezezimali.โ
UKUBEKEZWA KANYE NOBUGEBENGU
โNgakho-ke, ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo kanye nokwenyuka kwentengo kunomthelela wokuphoqa ukuthi kuphume amanani aphansi.
imiphakathi eholayo ivuna abahlali abasezingeni eliphakathi neliphezulu. Umphakathi kanjalo
ibhekene noshintsho olukhulu ekubunjweni kwayo kwezibalo zabantu. Ngenkathi iholo eliphakathi neliphezulu
abantu bathuthela ezindaweni ezazimpofu futhi bathola izindlu ezitholakalayo, ngaphambili
izakhamuzi zidudulelwa emaphethelweni edolobha, zilahlekelwe ubudlelwano bomphakathi kanye nokubekezela
ubumpofu obengeziwe ngenxa yokuncipha kwemisebenzi namathuba esikole,
kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zabo zokuhamba.
Isimo sabantu abangenamakhaya siyawohloka uma kunezehlakalo ezinkulu.
Ngaphambi nje kokuba imicimbi ihlelwe, ezinye iziphathimandla zendawo zithatha izinyathelo zokuyisusa
abantu abangenamakhaya abavela ezindaweni ezivezwe izivakashi. Abangenamakhaya ngezinye izikhathi bayanikelwa
izikhuthazo zokushiya lezi zindawo, kodwa ezimweni eziningi zingaphansi kokususwa ngempoqo futhi
ukufuduka ngesikhathi semicimbi. Kwethulwa umthetho othize, wenze izenzo zobugebengu njenge
elala emgwaqeni ecela. Ngokufanayo, abadayisi basemgwaqweni nabathengisa ngomzimba baqondiswe kubo
imithetho ebavimbelayo ukwenza imisebenzi yabo edolobheni ngesikhathi umcimbi.
Kunezimo ezibikiwe lapho amakamu noma izikhungo ezinkulu zisetshenziselwe ukuhlalisa
abantu abangenamakhaya kanye namanye amaqembu "angabonakali" ngesikhathi somcimbi. Kulokhu
umongo, abanye ababukele baye bagqamisa inkambiso ephazamisayo emadolobheni aphethe ukwethula a
"isizathu sokukhetha" ekuphathweni kwempilo yomphakathi ukulungiselela umcimbi,
lapho imikhawulo yamalungelo kanye namazinga enqubo efanele ivunyelwe, uma kubhekwa
okudingekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukufezeka komcimbi.32 Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukufuduka kuyanda
kanye nokuba khona kwezindlu zomphakathi, imijondolo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zesikhashana
liyancipha, inani labantu abangenamakhaya lingakhula.
Izibonelo zokwenziwa kube yicala kwabantu abangenamakhaya kanye nezenzo ezikhishwe inyumbazane
hlanganisa (a) e-Seoul, imizamo yokwenza ibe muhle Imidlalo yama-Olympic yango-1988 ihlanganisa
ukuboshwa kwabantu abangenamakhaya ezikhungweni ezingaphandle kwedolobha;33 kulungiselelwa unyaka ka-2002
INdebe Yomhlaba Yebhola, iziphathimandla zendawo eSeoul zenze uhlu lwezindawo ezingenamakhaya
abantu bavinjelwa;34 (b) e-Barcelona, โโabangenamakhaya basuswa ngaphandle kwedolobha
ngesikhathi sokudlalwa kwemidlalo;35 (c) e-Atlanta, ukungabi namakhaya kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nayo
kwenziwa ngokungemthetho futhi kwakhishwa izingcaphuno ezingaphezu kuka-9,000 ngokumelene nabantu abangenamakhaya. โ
IMITHELELA ENGAQINISEKILE KUBANTU ABASENGOZINI
โIfa elibi lemicimbi emikhulu lizwakala ikakhulukazi kwabancishwe amathuba kakhulu
imikhakha yomphakathi. Lawa maqembu athintwa ngokulinganayo yimikhuba efana nokuphoqwa
ukukhishwa ezindlini, ukuxoshwa, ukuncipha kokutholakala kwezindlu zomphakathi, ukuncipha kokukwazi ukukhokhela
izindlu, ukungabi namakhaya, ukuhlukaniswa nomphakathi okhona kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana,
ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko yabantu kanye nokwenza kube yicala ukungabi namakhaya kanye nemisebenzi ebukelwa phansi.
Ukugudluzwa kanye nokukhishwa ngenkani ngenxa yobuhle kanye nokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba nomthelela
abantu abahola kancane, izinhlanga ezincane, abafuduki kanye nasebekhulile, abaphoqeleka ukuba benze kanjalo
bashiye amakhaya abo bathuthele ezindaweni ezikude nenkaba yedolobha. Ngokufanayo, izinqubomgomo
kanye nemithetho ekhethekile eyamukelwe โyokuhlanzaโ idolobha iphumela ekususweni kwabantu abangenamakhaya,
izinxibi, abadayisi basemgwaqweni, abathengisa ngomzimba namanye amaqembu ancishwe amathuba avela ezindaweni ezimaphakathi kanye
ukuthuthela kwabo ezindaweni ezikhethekile noma ngaphandle kwedolobha.
Izibonelo zomthelela ongalingani emaqenjini asengozini enkulu kuwo
ukucwasa kuhlanganisa (a) e-Athens, imiphakathi yamaRom kwakuyiyona nhloso enkulu
ukufuduka;37 (b) e-Atlanta, ukufuduka kwabonwa kakhulu ngabase-Afrika-
Abantu baseMelika;38 (c) eSydney, imiphakathi yaboMdabu yasuswa ezindaweni eziseduze
Iziza zama-Olympic ngomzamo wokwenza idolobha libe lihle;39 (d) eBeijing; izisulu eziningi zokuxoshwa
babengabasebenzi bokufika; 40 (e) eVancouver, idolobha lixhasa ngezimali onogada abazimele
ukususa abantu abangenamakhaya nezinxibi ezindaweni zokuhwebaโ
I-FIFA AWOL NGAMALUNGELO ABANTU
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OKULANDELAYO: UKWEphulwa KWAMALUNGELO ABANTU ENINGIZIMU AFRICA, LONDON, SOCHI, RIO DI JANEIRO
Ukuphihlika kwezitimela zamalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi okuyiMidlalo Yama-Olympics kanye neNdebe Yomhlaba ziyaqhubeka nemigubho yazo kwamanye amadolobha omhlaba maduzane futhi azisasondele ekuhlonipheni izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu. Abakakwazi ukuqinisa abaxhasi bezinkampani kanye nesifiso sabo somkhakha womphakathi ohlanzekile obeka inani eliphakeme emakethe yabo ehlosiwe esikhundleni samalungelo ezakhamizi zokuziveza kanye nokuzibandakanya enkulumweni ekhululekile.
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Nikela