Ukudlwengula. Ukubulala. Inkohlakalo. Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ukungajeziswa. Lawa amanye amacala kanye nezigameko esezikhungethe ukusebenza kwezimayini zaseCanada phesheya iminyaka. Manje omunye ummeli waseCanada uthathe inselele yaseHerculean yokushaya umthetho ukuguqulwa kwezimayini ezweni ebelikade lisebenza njengomzali ngokuphika.
"Imboni yezimayini eCanada inamandla amakhulu kakhulu," wathi ILungu LePhalamende Lenkululeko (MP) John McKay.
Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupha ezinkampani zezimayini emhlabeni wonke avela eCanada. Ngokusho kuka-a umbiko we-InfoMine, izinkampani zezimayini zaseCanada ezisohlwini lweToronto Stock Exchange zazinamaphrojekthi angu-1,010 eNingizimu Melika, angu-578 eMexico, angu-703 e-Afrika, angu-376 e-Asia kanye nama-345 e-Australia, eNew Zealand nasePapua New Guinea ngo-2009. I-Canada nayo ihlanganisa amaphesenti angu-19 emhlabeni jikelele. ukusetshenziswa kwemali yokuhlola izimayini, efinyelele ku-$13.2 billion. Igolide, isiliva, ithusi ne-nickel kuphakathi kwezimbiwa imboni esakaza ngayo umhlaba wonke. E-Canada imboni iqashe abangeneleli ababhalisiwe abangu-193.
Isikweletu sikaMcKay, C-300, izonika uhulumeni wobumbano waseCanada amandla okuphenya izikhalo zamalungelo abantu kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwemvelo okubhekiswe ezinkampanini zezimayini. Uma oNgqongqoshe abaphenya inkampani beyithola inecala lokwephula izindinganiso zomphakathi nezemvelo ezibekwe kumthethosivivinywa, inkampani, uma ithola ukwesekwa Uhlelo lwempesheni yaseCanada or Ukuthekelisa Ukuthekelisa Canada ingase ilahlekelwe yizimali ezinhlanganweni ezifanele.
"Kunomkhawulo, kepha kuyisinyathelo esihle esiya phambili," kusho uSakura Saunders, umhleli we www.ProtestBarrick.net, isizindalwazi esihlinzeka ngocwaningo kanye nokuhlela imininingwane mayelana nezindaba zezimayini, egxile kakhulu kwisikhondlakhondla sezezimayini zaseCanada. Barrick Gold. "Kodwa lo mthethosivivinywa ubeka iziqondiso zokuziphatha kahle ekutshalweni kwezimali nasekukhuthazeni amaphrojekthi ezimayini, uwoyela negesi emazweni asathuthuka. Uphatha uhulumeni waseCanada njengomtshali-zimali kunokuba uphathe uhulumeni."
Ibhizinisi Elingcolile
Sarah Knuckey, ummeli esikhungweni samalungelo abantu eNew York University School of Law, wafakaza esigcawini sasephalamende e-Ottawa ngoNovemba lapho onogada abasebenza emayini ePapua New Guinea, ephethwe yiBarrick Gold, banecala lokudlwengula abesifazane bendawo.
"Onogada, imvamisa eyiqembu labahlanu noma ngaphezulu, bathola owesifazane ngesikhathi bezulazula endaweni yasemayini noma eduze kwayo. Bashintshana ngokumsabisa, ukumshaya nokumdlwengula," wathi Knuckley. โEzimeni eziningi abesifazane babika kimina bephoqwa ukuthi bahlafune futhi bagwinye amakhondomu asetshenziswa ngonogada ngesikhathi kudlwengulwa.
I-Amnesty International ikhiphe a isitatimende somphakathi ngoDisemba 9, 2009 edalula ukuthi amaphoyisa endawo emayini efanayo ePapua New Guinea axosha imindeni yendawo ngodlame ashisa acekela phansi okungenani izakhiwo nezindlu ezingu-130. UBarrick waqala ukuphika lezi zinsolo, kodwa ngemuva kokukhishwa kweziphetho zophenyo lwasekhaya lwe-Amnesty inkampani yaphoqeleka ukuthi yamukele lokho okwatholwa.
UBarrick naye usanda kusolwa ukwehluleka ukuhambisana namazinga emvelo eChile kanye nase ukucwasa okuphambene nezinyunyana e-Argentina.
Ngomhla zingama-27 kuNovemba, 2009 enye inkampani yaseCanada yaba sematheni ngesikhathi kubulawa umhleli wezimayini waseChiapan, uMariano Abarca Roblero. Isisebenzi esisodwa kanye nababili ababengabasebenzi baseCalgary-based Blackfire Exploration Ltd. baboshwa ngokubulala. Ezinye izishoshovu zendawo ezimelene nezimayini nazo kubika ukuthola izinsongo zokufa. Kamuva kwakhishwa imibhalo eveza ukuthi le nkampani ibigwazisa imeya yendawo.
"Sithole imibhalo - abakwaBlackfire abavumayo ukuthi ingeyangempela - ekhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi izinkokhelo zika-US$1,000 ngenyanga zingena ngqo ku-akhawunti yasebhange yeMeya yaseChicomuselo mayelana nokuthi iziphathimandla zikamasipala zizogcina amalungu omphakathi aphikisana nemayini elawulwa," wachaza Rick Arnold, umxhumanisi we Common Frontiers-Canada.
Kungakapheli nenyanga, izishoshovu ezimbili ezimelene nezimayini babulawa e-El Salvador kungakapheli isonto elilodwa komunye nomunye, lapho i-Pacific Rim Mining Co. yaseCanada ibilokhu ibhekene nokumelana nemayini ehlongozwayo yegolide nesiliva endaweni. Njengamanje inkampani isebenzisa inkampani ephethwe e-US futhi izinhlinzeko kuSivumelwano Sokuhweba Ngokukhululekile SaseMelika Emaphakathi ukumangalela Uhulumeni wase-El Salvador ngokwenqaba ukunikeza inkampani imvume yokuthengisa imayini engase ibe yingozi i-El Dorado.
"Ukuba khona kwenkampani kuyaqhubeka nokudala udlame kanye nokungqubuzana ngokuqhubeka nokuphikelela ekuvulweni kwemayini yize umphakathi uphikisa," kusho u-Alexis Stoumbelis, uMqondisi Omkhulu we- IKomidi Lokubambisana nabantu base-El Salvador (AMACISPES). "Okwamanje, okuwukuphela kwento yokuziphatha okufanele iPacific Rim iyenze ukushiya i-El Salvador futhi ihoxise amacala abo ngokumelene nohulumeni waseSalvador."
Pacific Rim uyenqaba ukuvuma ukuthi udlame luhlobene nephrojekthi yabo engathandwa kakhulu.
"Udlame lwaseMexico nase-El Salvador luwumphumela ophusile futhi odabukisayo wohlelo oluletha izigidi zamaRandi kubantu abangenasimilo abaqhuba izinkampani ezingahambisani nezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nezigebengu ezingabhekiwe lutho," kusho uCarlos Zorrilla, umqondisi wenhlangano. I-Defensa y Conservacion Ecologica de Intag (DECOIN).
UZorrilla akayena umafikizolo odlameni olumelene nokumbiwa kwezimayini. Kwadingeka ahambe ukucasha ngenxa yokuhlela kwakhe ngokumelene neCopper Mesa Mining Corp. (phambilini I-Ascendant Copper). Ukhomishana weZizwe Ezihlangene wamalungelo abantu kuphenywe icala lakhe. Inkampani futhi osolwa ngokusebenzisa ama-paramilitaries ukwesabisa amalungu endawo amelene nezimayini. I-Copper Mesa, kanye ne-Toronto Stock Exchange, manje ukumangalelwa ngabantu abathathu base-Ecuadorian bendawo.
Ekugcineni, uhulumeni waseHonduran uyaphenya uthi eCanada Inkampani Goldcorp Inc. wangcolisa iSiria Valley ngezinsimbi ezinobuthi ezisindayo ezivela emayini yayo yaseSan Martin, izakhamizi zendawo kanye nesimangalo se-NGO esidale izinkinga zezempilo kubantu bendawo futhi yabulala nemfuyo. I-Guardian ibika ukuthi izifundo ezimbili zososayensi baseNyuvesi yaseNewcastle zisekela izikhalazo ezibhekiswe enkampanini yezimayini. Okungaqiniseki, nokho okungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeki, ukuthi ngabe uphiko olusha lwesokudla, kanye nakwabaningi emhlabeni jikelele ukuphatha ngokungemthetho, luzoqhubeka yini nophenyo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Goldcorp yeseka ukuketulwa umbuso okwasusa uMengameli uManuel Zelaya ngo abasebenzi bamabhasi ukuba bamashele ukuketula umbuso.
Futhi lezi izehlakalo ezimbalwa zakamuva, ezinomsebenzi omningi emhlabeni wonke, kusukela Burma (eMyanmar) kuya Guatemala, okuvusa ukucasuka kwabashisekeli bamalungelo abantu kanye nemvelo, kanye nemiphakathi ethintekile.
Ishothi Emide Esavela Kafushane
Uma sibheka lo mlando onyantisa igazi, okunye okungahambi kahle kumthethosivivinywa we-C-300 ukuthi ngeke uvimbe izinkampani zezimayini ezitholwe zinecala lokuhlukumeza ukuba ziqhubeke nokusebenza kwazo. Kungase kuthathe ucezu olulodwa loxhaso lwabo.
"Sidinga ukuguqulwa kwezomthetho e-Canada futhi ububanzi balo mthethosivivinywa bulinganiselwe," kusho uKaryn Keenan, Isikhulu Sohlelo I-Halifax Initiative Coalition. "[Kodwa] ukuguqulwa komthetho eCanada kwenzeka ngendlela ekhuphukayo ... futhi lokho kuyiqiniso."
I-CISPESโs Stoumbelis inokuhlolwa okuqinile kwalo mthethosivivinywa. Uveza ukuthi akwenzi lutho ukubhekana nenqubo yezepolitiki nezomnotho yomhlaba engenabulungiswa evumela amazwe afana neCanada ukuthi axhaphaze ezinye izizwe, abantu bawo, nezinsiza zawo ngaphandle kokujeziswa.
"Umqondo wokuzibophezela kwenkampani emphakathini uwuhlaka olubuthakathaka, ngokubona kwami, ngoba aluguquli ngokuyisisekelo ibhalansi yamandla. Ngaphansi kwemodeli yamanje ye-neoliberal, ilungelo lenkampani ukwenza inzuzo lisekelwe phezu kwamalungelo umuntu ngamunye noma umphakathi ukuthi ube namanzi aphephile nomhlaba ozolima kuwo,โ kusho uStoumbelis weCISPES. "Imithetho eqinile, nakuba idingeka, ayihambi ngokwanele ukuze iphonse inselelo kulokhu kungalingani okuyisisekelo. Akubonakali kungenzeka ukuba nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezimayini olulungele imvelo noma lokuthuthukisa izimboni noma umnotho esimeme eLatin America noma kwenye indawo. kanye nesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke, kubonakala sengathi kufanele sibheke kakhulu ezinye izindlela kunokuba sibheke umthethonqubo. "
Ngonyaka wezi-2007 uhulumeni waseCanada wasungula izikhathi zokuhlangana nabamele imboni yezimayini kanye nezishoshovu nezifundiswa ezivela emphakathini ukuze kubhekwane nokuntuleka kokuqondisa kwemboni enedumela elibi emhlabeni wonke lokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, umphumela we-roundtable's izincomo kwakuwukwakhiwa kwendlela yokwengamela evumela umeluleki โozimeleโ wemfanelo yenhlangano yezenhlalakahle (CSR) ukuthi aphenye izinsolo ezibhekiswe ezinkampanini zezimayiniโkodwa kuphela uma inkampani esolwayo inika imvume yokuthi kuphenywe. Umphenyi โozimeleโ oqokiwe, uMarketa Evans, ovele enzeka uku "Umqondisi ongumsunguli weMunk Center yaseNyuvesi yaseToronto - oqanjwe futhi waxhaswa nguPeter Munk, umsunguli weBarrick Gold yaseCanada," uphendule abagxeka le nqubomgomo ezenza izinguquko ngokutshela i-Toronto Star ukuthi "Umbono wami ukuthi izinkampani zizofuna ukubamba iqhaza. ekubuyekezweni."
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyakukholelwa lokho, abagxeki basola uhulumeni ngokuchelela amanzi futhi achithe lokho ngaleso sikhathi okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungenye "isinyathelo esiya phambili."
I-MiningWatch eCanada, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo yaseCanada ezinikele ekusizeni imizamo yokulungisa izimayini, Uphendule ngokubonisa ukuthi, "Ngokuhlangene, iziqondiso zokuzithandela ezihlongozwe uHulumeni waseCanada azibonisi, futhi aziqinisekisi inhlonipho, zonke izinkambiso nezinqubo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ezingase zithintwe izinkampani zezimayini zaseCanada ezisebenza phesheya."
Njengamanje, uhulumeni we-Harper olandela imithetho ukholelwa ukuthi uBill C-300 awudingeki, futhi ubheke ukugcina isimo samanje. UNgqongqoshe Wezohwebo uStockwell Day wathi esithangamini nabezindaba ngoJanuwari 13 izindinganiso zokuzithandela ezengeziwe ezihambisana nengcindezi yabanikazi bamasheya yikho kuphela okudingekayo.
"Enye yezinto eziphoqayo ezikhona namuhla wukuqwashisa okungadluliswa kalula uma inkampani ibonakala sengathi i-offside endaweni ethile, abanikazi bamasheya bafuna lokho," wathi Usuku. "Kuncane kakhulu ukubekezelelana phakathi kwabanikazi bamasheya ngezenzo ezingalungile."
Uhulumeni waseHarper umkhankaso entsha iwebhusayithi yezinkampani ezibophezelekile emphakathini ukusiza izinkampani zaseCanada "zikhuphule izinga lemikhuba emihle kakhulu ehlobene ne-CSR embonini yokukhipha." Kepha ubufakazi bakamuva nemibiko iphakamisa ukuthi "ibha" iqala phansi.
Nokho isikhungo esinamandla sezimayini saseCanada sisalwa. Inkampani yabameli yaseCanada iMcCarthy Tetrault's impendulo kuBill C-300 bekuwusongo olufihliwe ngokuphakamisa ukuthi uma uBill C-300 edlula "izokhuthaza izinkampani zezimayini ukuthi zizitholele ezindaweni ezinomthetho omncane, futhi zingazibophezeli emizamweni ye-CSR."
UVince Borg, okhulumela iBarrick Gold, naye Uphendule kuya izinsolo yethulwa phambi kwephalamende ngoNovemba.
"Ukulalelwa kwecala kukhombise kahle ukuthi iBill C-300 isiphenduke kanjani izinsolo ezingamanga nezingenabufakazi ezivela kubantu noma kuphi emhlabeni futhi awenzi lutho ngaphandle kokulimaza imboni yezimayini yaseCanada," kusho uBorg.
Umbhikisho kaBarrickโs Saunders akazange amangale ngezitatimende zenkampani kanye nomkhankaso wokwehlula umthethosivivinywa.
โIBarrick Gold yiNkampani yaseCanada elahlekelwe kakhulu,โ kusho uSaunders. "Futhi ngokusobala abangeni enkingeni ngokuqamba amanga aluhlaza."
Uveze amanga aluhlaza lapho uBarrick ethi "abukho ubufakazi" bokuthi kube "nemithelela emibi kakhulu empilweni yabantu noma ngisho nokufa" okuhambisana nokuchitheka kobuthi okwenzeka ngoMeyi odlule eTanzania. Phakathi namasonto amathathu kuchitheka, amaphepha amakhulu kuleliya lizwe kubikwe ukuthi kushone okungenani abantu abangu-20 kanye nezinkomo ezingu-300. Kuze kube namuhla, bahlali ngisahlupheka ezifweni zesikhumba nasekufeni kwezitshalo nezilwane.
"Ngicabanga ukuthi lo mthethosivivinywa unethuba elincane kakhulu lokuphasa, kodwa ukwanda kolwazi lomphakathi ngokuziphatha okubi kwezinkampani zezimayini zaseCanada phesheya okulethwe kwabezindaba ngalo mthethosivivinywa kungasiza," kwengeza uSaunders. "Kodwa mhlawumbe okungcono kakhulu ngalo mthethosivivinywa ukuthi impikiswano mayelana ne-C-300 idalule ukusebenza kwangaphakathi nobudlelwano bukahulumeni waseCanada nemboni yezimayini."
Kulindeleke ukuthi lo mthethosivivinywa uphinde ufundwe ephalamende ngoMashi, lapho kuzomele ukhishwe ngevoti. Ngemuva kwalokho izodinga ukugunyazwa kweSenethi, nokuphikiswa okufanayo okulindelwe yiningi elibusayo lezwe elibusayo iConservative okwenza kungenzeki kakhulu.
U-Karen Spring, isishoshovu no Isenzo Samalungelo, inhlangano yamalungelo abantu esebenza nemiphakathi eyenziwa yizimayini eMelika Ephakathi, nakuba egxeka kakhulu umthethosivivinywa ivumelana noSaunders ukuthi naphezu kokushiyeka kwayo, futhi ngisho noma ingadluli, iye yafeza injongo.
โAmandla alo mthethosivivinywa, ngokubona kwami, umkhankaso womphakathi ohlangothini lomphakathi waseCanada kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ezisekela lo mthethosivivinywa ekudonseni ukunakwa okukhulu ezinkampanini zezimayini,โ kusho uSpring. "Lo mkhankaso ufundisa umphakathi waseCanada ngemikhuba emibi yezinkampani zezimayini zaseCanada phesheya, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, unikeza izakhamizi zaseCanada indlela eqondile yokuzibandakanya emzabalazweni wokulwa nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu lezi zinkampani ezikwenza phesheya."
Kodwa u-Spring uphawula ukuthi umkhankaso osekela uMthethosivivinywa C-300 ususibekele umthetho onamandla, uMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuthuthukiswa Kwamalungelo Abantu, noma uMthethosivivinywa C-354. Iphakanyiswe yiLungu lePhalamende le-New Democratic Party (NDP). Peter Julian, umthethosivivinywa uzovumela abantu bangaphandle ukuthi bamangalele izinkampani zaseCanada ezinkantolo zaseCanada ngokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwenzeka kuphi. Iphinda i-United Statesโ Alien Tort Claims Act, abasinde ekuhlukunyezweni kwamanye amazwe abayisebenzisele ukumangalela abahlukumezi babo ezinkantolo zase-US.
"Uma uhulumeni waseCanada enentshisekelo yokubeka inhlonipho yamalungelo abantu, kanye nempilo uqobo, ngaphezu kokuvikela nokukhuthaza amalungelo ezinkampani zabo ukwenza imali phesheya kwezilwandle, bazothatha izinyathelo ezinjengomthethosivivinywa C-300," kusho u-Ecuadorian. isishoshovu esimelene nezimayini uZorrilla. "Umuntu usala ezibuza ukuthi bangaki abanye abantu abazofa ukuze bakholise iPhalamende laseCanada- kanye nabantu- ukuthi kukhona okumele kwenziwe ngokushesha ukuze kubuse ezinkampanini zabo futhi kuvinjwe zonke lezi zinhlekelele."
UCyril Mychalejko ungumhleli kwa www.UpsideDownWorld.org, umagazini oku-inthanethi okhuluma ngezombusazwe nobushoshovu eLatin America. Ubuye asebenze ebhodini le Isikhungo saseCanary.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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