Ungaqiniseka ukuthi kunokhetho lwe-Canadian Federal oluqhubekayo lapho uNdunankulu ohlezi we-Federal Liberal Party- ethathwa njengeqembu elibusa unomphela enyakatho ye-49th parallel- ethatha isibhamu esiqondile kuMongameli wase-United States. Amagama anjalo, nakuba eqinisekisiwe ukuthi awasoze alandelwa ngezenzo, avame ukunikeza abantu abaningi abazikhomba njengabaseCanada isilinganiso esincane sokuzethemba kanye nokuziqhenya. Endabeni yalo mkhankaso wamanje, uNdunankulu u-Paul Martin udlala ipolitiki ehlakaniphile: Ekuhlakanipheni kwakhe kwakamuva ngokumelene nezinqubomgomo zikahulumeni waseGeorge W Bush mayelana nokuGuquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu (ebhekisela ku-Kyoto Accord engenathemba yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa), uMartin uye wafuna ukubonakala emi eqinile kuhulumeni wase-United States ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ezama ukugoqa Iqembu lakhe Lenkululeko endimeni edingeka ngokusobala kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kuka-Ralph Klein no-Stephen Harper 'njengomsindisi weplanethi' . Lokhu kulandele ngemuva kwengqungquthela yakamuva ebibanjelwe e-Montrรฉal mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu jikelele, futhi igxile kancane ezivumelwaneni zase-Kyoto. Noma ngabe izivumelwano zase-Kyoto, lapho seziqalisiwe, zingaguqula kakhulu ukufudumala komkhathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwemifudlana yezindiza emhlabeni wonke kufanele sibuze: ingabe izinyathelo zangempela ezithathwa nguhulumeni wobumbano- ikakhulukazi uNgqongqoshe Wezemvelo uStephane Dion- ukuhlangabezana nalezi zinhloso. ?
NgoZibandlela noJanuwari wezi-2002, uhulumeni wamavukelambuso kaHugo Chavez kanye nabasebenzi ababephethe izindawo ezihlukahlukene zokuhluza uwoyela endaweni yaseVenezuela abakwazanga okwesikhashana ukuqhubeka nokukhiqiza, kwaze kwaba yilapho (besekelwa uhulumeni wabo) abasebenzi basezimboni ezihlukahlukene bashaqa futhi baxoshwa. abaphathi abakhohlakele bezindawo zikawoyela okwathi, amashumi eminyaka selokhu kwasungulwa i-PDVSA (Petroleos de Venezuela- uhulumeni, inkampani yamandla ephethwe ngumphakathi) bavele bafaka amaphakethe abo emnothweni waseVenezuela. Nakuba ngaphambili kwakusezandleni zomphakathi, kwaba ukwehluleka okumangalisayo kwalaba baphathi nochwepheshe ukuvaleleka ngaphandle okwaqala inkathi yobunikazi bangempela bomphakathi bomnotho omkhulu kawoyela namandla oqukethwe endaweni yaseVenezuela. Laba bantu abakhohlakele ababezithathele bona kanye nabangane babo isikhwama somphakathi iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kwakudingeka baye endaweni ababezofuna ubuchwepheshe babo bokusebenza kulo mkhakha. Bathola indawo enjalo, ezindaweni ezifunwa yiCanada- enyakatho ye-Alberta- ezingavunyelwe izizwe zomdabu ezisaphethwe yi-Ottawa.
Namuhla, e-Fort MacMurray, e-Alberta inqubo yokukhipha i-tar-sands isanda kuqala ukuthola ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze busebenze ezingeni elivumela umphumela onenzuzo. Ngokuphambene nemiphumela enonya yabantu baseVenezuela, ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo kaphethiloli, uphethiloli kanye namanye amandla kukhombisa ukushesha kokumba, ukuhlanganisa kanye nokukhipha konke. Futhi ngokungafani neRiphabhulikhi yase-Bolivarian, ukuqhubekela phambili kwamanani kubona amazinga aphezulu naphezulu okuhlosiwe kokukhiqiza, nezinhlelo eziningi ezisetshenziswayo ukususa 'namaqiniso aphansi' umhlaba kubahlali bendabuko. Nakuba i-tar-sands ihlonishwa umhlaba wonke yi-Canada (ngokunembile) njengezizinda zikawoyela ezinkulu ezingezona eze-Saudi ezisele emhlabeni, iza ngentengo wonke umuntu angayiqonda: ukukhishwa kwesisi esikhulu esibamba ukushisa. Umehluko ononya kakhulu phakathi kokwenzeka enyakatho yeCanada ngokuphambene nalokho okwenzeka kubantu baseVenezuela ukuthi abantu bamazwe abuswe yiCanada bazobona umhlaba wabo ubhubha, imvelo ingcolisiwe kanye nenzuzo eya ezinkampanini ezinkulu zikawoyela namandla hhayi ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda. - njengezikole, izibhedlela kanye nezindlu zomphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho uwoyela umpontshwa futhi ucwengwa eVenezuela, ukhuphula izinga lokuphila, kanti eCanada, wenza okuphambene kakhulu nezakhamuzi zokuqala.
Umsebenzi we-tarsands awunakuhlukaniswa ngokuthi yini eyenza ube mubi kangaka. Akuyona 'nje' inqubo yokukhipha isihlabathi setiyela esisengcupheni, noma imiphi imiphumela 'kuphela' kwendawo enkulu yezindawo ezisenyakatho yeTurtle Island. Bese sibona okufanele kwenzeke ukuze sifinyelele i-Tar Sands eduze nendawo eteketisayo ebizwa ngokuthi 'Fort Muck' . Enqubweni yokwenza i-Tar Sands ibe uphethiloli owusizo wezimoto phakathi kwezinye izimoto, i-Canada ngeke nje igeje imigomo yayo yokunciphisa ukusuka e-Kyoto, kodwa empeleni izodinga *ukuphinda kabili* ukukhishwa kwe-C02 yamanje. Futhi lokho kungaphambi kokuba* kweconsi elilodwa likaphethiloli elivela endaweni yezizwe eziningi lifakwe ethangini elilodwa likaphethiloli, amapayipi, ithangi likawoyela noma umshini wokugunda utshani.
'Akekho ungqongqoshe wezemvelo eMhlabeni ozovimba lamafutha ukuba akhiqizwe.'[1] Kusho uStephane Dion, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba uHulumeni Wesifunda Uwe, njengengxenye yokuhola kwakhe ezingeni eliphezulu engqungqutheleni yakamuva yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukusho lelo phuzu kukushiya kucace ukuthi ukuba nongqongqoshe abafana no-Dion abamele 'ukumelana' nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kufana nalapho uGeorge W Bush ezibiza 'njengendoda yokuthula'. Kusho okungaphezu kokuzenzisa, kuyindatshana esembozweni elula edluliselwe emphakathini oyifuna ngabomvu ukuthi ibe yiqiniso.
Ukushisa uphethiloli nje kukhiqiza ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokuphuma kwe-C02. Izihlabathi zetiyela azikwazi ukushiswa njengamafutha kaphethiloli kuze kube yilapho i-crude ihlukaniswa ne-guck. Le nqubo ihilela ukuthungatha ukungcola kwasekuqaleni- okudinga amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile; njengoba isikali sephrojekthi yezihlabathi zetiyela sishintsha, kanjalo nenani elidingekayo lamanzi. Ekugcineni, lokhu kuyodingeka kuthathwe emkhakheni wezolimo futhi kwehlise ngokuyingozi amazinga emifula emikhulu ezindaweni ezizungezile. Kwesinye isikhathi siyakhohlwa ukuthi amazinga amanzi emhlabeni wonke asesengozini; enyakatho yeCanada, kuhlanganise ne-Arctic, okwamanje iqukethe amaphesenti angu-10 amanzi asele ahlanzekile emhlabeni.
Uwafudumeza kanjani lawo manzi ukuze akhiqize isitimu? Ngeke yini lokho kuthathe amandla? Yebo, yebo. Kuzothatha izinqolobane ezinkulu zegesi yemvelo ezingakasetshenziswa kuwo wonke amaplanethi eqinisweni. Ukushisa lokhu, nakho, kukhiqiza i-emissions eyengeziwe. Sekuyiminyaka abasekeli bamaphrojekthi we-tar sands bephika, kodwa ngonyaka odlule abantu abavela eRalph Klein kuya kulabo ababezoba izimboni ze-1300 km ubude baseMackenzie Valley baye bavuma: Uhlelo lwabo lokukhipha uwoyela esihlabathini setiyela. e-Alberta kuhilela ukusebenzisa igesi eningi kakhulu equkethwe oLwandle iBeaufort (ogwini lwe-Arctic lapho uMfula iMackenzie- omkhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwemingcele yaseCanada futhi obizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi i-Deh Cho [Umfula Omkhulu] - uhlangana ne-Arctic Ocean) njengomfula. amandla adingekayo ukushisisa amanzi nokuhlukanisa amafutha nesihlabathi.
Umqondo wokwakha lelipayipi awumusha neze; ngawo-1970, umzamo wokuqala wokwakha ipayipi elinjalo wamiswa amandla ahlangene eSizwe saseDenรฉ esihlangene, indawo yayo yendabuko ehlanganisa iningi lalokho esikubiza ngokuthi iNorthwest Territories, izingxenye zeYukon, enyakatho ye-Alberta kanye neBritish Columbia. Kuyo yonke ingxenye enkulu yale ndawo, lesi sizwe siseyiningi labantu. Ekhuluma Ophenyweni lwaseBerger mayelana nokuthuthukiswa okungenzeka kwaleli payipi eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, u-Philip Blake waphawula: 'Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yeCanada ingaphansi kombuso wamakoloni oqondile. Nokho ubonakala uzimisele ukukhuluma kuphela ngama-igloos, amabhere amhlophe neqhwa uma ukhuluma ngendawo yasenyakatho 'ยฆ. Ngenkathi amaphephandaba nomabonakude benu bekhuluma ngokudoba kwezemidlalo lapha phezulu, thina njengabantu siyabhujiswa. Futhi akuvamile ukubikwa kumabonakude wakho noma kumaphephandaba.'[2]
Namuhla, ngaphandle kwamazwana angajwayelekile mayelana nokuthi uHulumeni Wezizwe Zokuqala we-Deh Cho [omele abantu baseDenรฉ abahlanganisa ingxenye enkulu eseningizimu ye-NWT endaweni enkulu kune-England] bafuna kanjani 'kakhulu' ukufinyelela umhlaba wabo ukuze bathole ipayipi. kanye nakho konke ukushoda kwezisebenzi zezenhlalo nezemvelo, kusukela ekufundweni kwezihloko zekhasi lebhizinisi ezihlupha ngisho nokubhekisela kumsebenzi omkhulu kangaka (iphrojekthi yezimboni enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesifunda saseCanada), ukuhlola kukaBlake kuhlala kunembile. Inqubo yokwakhiwa kwaleli payipi ngeke nje ibe nemiphumela eyinhlekelele kwezomnotho nemvelo, izonciphisa iDene of Denendeh (NWT) ibe yidlanzana ezweni lakubo, kuyilapho namuhla kuseyiningi labahlali.
Uma futhi lapho igesi yebiwa, yenziwe uketshezi, ithuthwa futhi isilungiselelwa ukushiswa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuphendulwa kodaka lube uwoyela, indawo lapho kuhlala khona isihlabathi setiyela nayo nayo ayinakuphikiswa. Phakathi kwezinye izizwe eziningi kule ndawo, iLubicon Lake First Nation- esanda kuwina izinqumo ze-UN International Court ezithi ukwenqaba kweCanada ukuxoxisana nayo noma yiziphi izivumelwano kusho ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abo abantu- manje balungiselela ukumelana nokudayiswa komhlaba wabo. nge-Alberta okungeyona eyakho, ukudayiswa 'kwamalungelo ezinsiza' ezinkampanini kulokho okuzoba yingxenye nje yokuphucwa okudabukisayo kwezinsiza ezindaweni ezinganikezwanga. 'Abanawo ngisho amanzi ezindlini zabo. futhi okwamanje izinsiza zikawoyela negesi ezilinganiselwa ku-$13 billion zebiwe kubo,'[3] kusho uKevin Thomas, okhulumela iLubicon. Yize izindawo ezisenyakatho ye-Alberta esezivele ziyibonile itiyela ekhishwa esihlabathini setiyela ziyingxenyana encane yalokho ochwepheshe abakholelwa ukuthi ekugcineni 'iyalulama' , amachibi amakhulu amanzi anodaka olunobuthi asuka ekushiseni aseyabonakala emkhathini, anobuthi. izindawo ezinkulu ze-Boreal Forests futhi kulindeleke ukuthi zande izikhathi eziningi.
Nakuba 'uhlelo' olunjalo lunenzuzo ngokusobala, imiphumela evela kunoma yimuphi umbono ophusile ngaphandle kwenani lesitoko se-Imperial Oil iyashaqisa. Empeleni, iCanada izovumela ukwebiwa nokumoshakala kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezivuthayo ohlanzekile kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ukuze kukhiqizwe angcolile kakhulu. Inqubo yokwakha ipayipi lase-Arctic isanda kumiswa kabusha ku-$7.5 billion, futhi uhulumeni wobumbano usuvele ukhombisile ukuzimisela ukusebenzisa izimali zombuso ukuxhasa lo msebenzi, ngezinzuzo zentela nezinye izikhuthazo. Ipayipi ngokwalo lizoba yizindleko ezinkulu zamandla. Ukuthuthwa kwegesi kuzothatha amandla, lapho izobe isishiswa khona, kanye namanzi okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, ukuze kukhiqizwe amanye amagesi abamba ukushisa. Lo phethiloli ungasetshenziswa ukuphehla ama-hummers nezinqola zesiteshi, uqhubeke nokushisisa umkhathi nokuzungeza i-jet stream- ukubeka iNgilandi nezinye izizwe zibe yiqhwa elijulile.
Isamba esiphelele salolu hlelo? Umbono wamanje wezomnotho wezinkampani zikawoyela, ikakhulukazi eziphuma ngaphandle kweCanada ingasaphathwa eyezizwe zomdabu izinhlangano ezisebenza emhlabeni wazo, ubaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni Wombuso WaseCanada kune-Kyoto Accords emnene. Yize igama elithi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu linembe kakhulu, ezizweni ezihlala e-Arctic, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke sekwenza izimpilo zabo zibe IsiHogo. Esihogweni, sitshelwa ukuthi uhlala uDeveli- kodwa kulokhu, kufanele kube ezimbili. UDeveli esimaziyo- uGeorge W Bush, inkolelo yakhe emalungelweni omhlaba azosetshenziswa njengendawo yokushisa yokuhlola iserekhodini futhi iphindaphindwa kaningi- ngokuvamile ngokuhambisana nezinhlelo zokucekela phansi amanye amazwe aseDenรฉ, i-ANWR eyaziwa kakhulu. i-saga esongela imihlambi ye-porcupine caribou kanye nabantu be-caribou- amaGwitch'in. Lelo nani lamafutha liyadabukisa, kodwa akunjalo ngowoyela wase-Alberta noma igesi evela oLwandle LwaseBeaufort. Lapho sibhekana noDeveli esingamazi- uNdunankulu waseCanada uPaul Martin. Emamatheka, ekhuluma ngezinkinga ezisithinta sonke, ethathela uTexan Cowboy icala ngokungakwazi kwakhe ukweseka esidlangalaleni i-Kyoto. Yebo Uyamamatheka, ngenkathi empeleni upheka umhlaba ofanayo ngejubane elizoshiya i-Texan Cowboy ngemuva othulini. UDeveli esimaziyo, okungenani, uthembekile.
1 http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Science/2005/11/17/1311486-cp.html 2 UPhilip Blake, ekhuluma neBerger Enquiry, Fort MacPherson, 1975. 3 Darcy Henton: Edmonton Sun, October 14, 2005.
U-Macdonald Stainby ungumbhali, ohamba ngezinyawo kanye nesishoshovu sobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle okwamanje uhlala eVancouver, BC. Ungafinyelela kuphrojekthi yakhe yakamuva ethi 'Surviving Canada' ebika ngesimo sezizwe zomdabu ezilawulwa yiCanada kulo lonke ihlobo lika-2005 kokuthi: http://independentmedia.ca/survivingcanada futhi angatholakala mathupha nge-imeyili yakhe: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]
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