Njengomlando waso omningi, isizwe esincane sase-Andean sase-Bolivia sihlezi phakathi kwesivunguvungu semibuzo yezombangazwe, yezenhlalo kanye neyesimo sezulu. Ngokungangabazeki, alikho elinye izwe kuze kube manje ekhulwini lama-21 eliphakamisa umbuzo โwesu lokuphumaโ kubunxiwankulu be-neoliberal ngendlela ebambekayo, futhi ngokungenzeka okukhulu nethemba, kuneBolivia. Lelo themba livezwa ngokukhethekile eqenjini elibusayo, iMAS, noma iMovement Toward Socialism. Umholi wezwe, owayengumlimi we-coca kanye nomgqugquzeli wezinyunyana u-Evo Morales - umholi wokuqala wendabuko waseNingizimu Melika kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kobukoloni - ukhethwe kakhulu ukuba athathe ihlandla lakhe lesithathu ngo-2014. UMorales ulandise kabanzi igama lesiQuechua pachamama, elisho ukuzinikela okuphelele. ekusimameni kwemvelo, futhi amathemba omphakathi ahlala ephezulu ukuthi uzoqondisa izwe ekufezeni leso simiso.
I-Bolivia ibone ukukhula komnotho okumangalisayo nokungaguquki kusukela ekunqobeni kokuqala kukaMorales okhethweni ngo-2006, okuhlanganisa nokusungulwa kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuqeda ubumpofu kanye nokufinyelela imigomo yokulingana komphakathi eyathenjiswa emkhankasweni wakhe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhula kuncike kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni okunwetshiwe nokuqiniswayo kwemithombo yemvelo yezwe, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekukhiqizweni kukaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi, izimayini, kanye nokukhula komkhakha omkhulu wezolimo kanye nokukhiqiza.
Lokhu kukhula komnotho kudale lokho inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni yaseBolivia i-CEDLA (Centro de Estudios Para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario) ekubiza ngokuphakama konxiwankulu abasha abahlanganisa abakhiqizi bezolimo baseSanta Cruz, abahwebi abavela entshonalanga yezwe kanye nabakhiqizi bezimayini abancane. . Uhulumeni waseBolivia ukholelwa nokuthi isigaba esisha siyavela, futhi sizoba yiqembu elisha elibusayo eBolivia. UCarlos Arce, umcwaningi wakwa-CEDLA, uthi esihlokweni esiphuma emaphephandabeni aseBolivia:
Kuvele uhlobo olusha losomabhizinisi emakilasini adumile. Laba baholi abasafufusa iningi labo bangabathengisi futhi bakhona nasemikhakheni yamadlelandawonye, โโikakhulukazi ezimayini. Lolu hlobo olusha losomabhizinisi longa okwengeziwe futhi lunengqondo elukhuni, ngomqondo wakudala we-Weberian. Embusweni, abameleli balesi sigaba basebenzisana nezihlakaniphi ezisezingeni eliphakathi kanye neminye imikhakha yomphakathi, abafuna ukwakha ubudlelwano nabakhiqizi abancane basemadolobheni nabasemaphandleni abasabela kumalungelo emakethe.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi โumnotho wobuningiโ okusungulwe nguhulumeni kwamukela izinhlobo zenhlangano yezomnotho yombuso, izinhlaka zomphakathi, ezizimele kanye nezokubambisana. Iphinde ibeke umbuso ekulawuleni ngqo izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa komnotho. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu baseBolivia bangabanikazi bemithombo yemvelo, kodwa umbuso ophethe futhi wenze lezi zinsiza zemvelo zibe yizimboni.
Ngokubona kuka-Arce, uhulumeni uphakamisa lo โnxiwankulu abasafufusaโ abasha. Uhlelo lukahulumeni lomnotho wobuningi โlusiza ubumbano lwale mikhakha eqhutshwa yimakethe nemikhakha ebalulekile yemali yamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu kuvula umnyango ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe futhi kwenza ukuba khona kwazo unomphela.โ
NgoZibandlela wezi-2014, i-Financial Times yabika ngokukhula konxiwankulu abasha bomdabu e-El Alto, ababecindezelwe kancane ubuhlobo bamasiko obudala bokulondoloza imali, futhi belwela ingcebo enkulu, izakhiwo zikanokusho eziwubukhazikhazi nezingubo zomdabu eziwubukhazikhazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nakuba izintatheli eziningi nabahlaziyi begxile kulokho okufezwe uhulumeni kaMorales, bambalwa ababheke isimo sabasebenzi, izinyunyana nezimo zabasebenzi. Ucwaningo lwezinhlangano zendawo lubonisa ukuthi ukuthola umsebenzi ovikelekile sekunzima kakhulu. Ngokusho kwe Imininingwane yoMnyango Wezabasebenzi waseBolivia uqobo amaphesenti angu-30 kuphela ezisebenzi zaseBolivia anomsebenzi olondekile nohlelekile, cishe amaphesenti angu-70 asebenza emikhakheni engahlelekile. Laba basebenzi abanalo ukuphepha kokuqashwa, okwenza abantu bathembele kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwezenhlalakahle kanye nezinhlelo eziye zaba nemininingwane eminingi futhi zanda eminyakeni yamuva.
Indawo yaseBolivia ihluke kakhulu: Izindawo eziphansi eziluhlaza nezishisayo zase-Amazon zithathelwa indawo ubuhle obuyizintaba neziqongo ezimbozwe yiqhwa zase-Andes ezisenhloko-dolobha, iLa Paz. Ukuphakama kweBolivia kusuka kumamitha ayi-130 kuye ku-6,000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle okuhlukanisa izwe libe yizindawo ezintathu ezihlukene zezwe: ithafa eliphakeme, izigodi zase-Andean kanye nezindawo eziphansi ezisempumalanga.
Njengoba kunikezwe zonke lezi zici, iBolivia ihlinzeka ngocwaningo lwecala ngomthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukumelana kwabantu nokuxhashazwa kanye nokucindezelwa kobandlululo, kanye nokwenzeka koshintsho lwangempela kusuka ngezansi.
Okuningi kwalokho kumelana kwasungulwa ngenxa yokumbiwa kwamakhulu eminyaka amaminerali ezwe, izinsimbi eziyigugu neziyigugu, kanye ne-guano. Ngemva kokwenziwa kwangasese kwenkampani yezindiza yomphakathi yaseBolivia, isimiso sezitimela nezinto zikagesi, ngo-1999, uhulumeni wadayisela inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe amanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle eCochabamba. Ezinyangeni ezinhlanu ezalandela, imibhikisho emikhulu kanye nokubhekana ngobudlova namaphoyisa namasosha kwaphoqa uhulumeni ukuba ahoxise isivumelwano futhi agcine amanzi esezandleni zomphakathi. Lo mzabalazo odumile wokulawula amanzi emphakathini waqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengeMpi Yamanzi YaseCochabamba.
Ngokuka-Oscar Olivera, owayengumholi wezinyunyana nongomunye wabagqugquzeli abakhulu bezimpi zamanzi, ukuhlehliswa ngempumelelo kokwenziwa kwamanzi angasese edolobhaneni ngokusebenzisa umfelandawonye wenhlangano nepolitiki wabasebenzi basemadolobheni, ama-campesinos kanye nabezemvelo kulandela isiko leminyaka engu-500. . "Kunomlando wokumelana unomphela kwabo bonke abantu baseBolivia, ikakhulukazi abomdabu," kusho u-Olivera. Namuhla, โimpi ayilwa nabanqobi baseSpain, kodwa imelene nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezithatha amanzi, umhlaba nomoya wethu.โ
Okwamanje, kusukela ngo-2006, inani lezingxabano mayelana nokumbiwa nokucwengwa kwemithombo yemvelo, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nokwakhiwa kwamapayipi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwehlathi namanzi nakho konke. ikhule kancane ngaphansi kwe-Morales. Njengoba ucwaningo lwe-University of Gothenburg lwango-2013 lubonisa:
Kukhona igebe elikhulayo phakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlinzeko eziqinile kodwa ngokuvamile ezingacacile kakhulu zokuphathwa kwemvelo okuhlangene kanye nokushesha kwezemvelo kuMthethosisekelo omusha kanye noMthetho Womama Womhlaba, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu okwenziwe yi-Bolivian. sikahulumeni ekukhishweni kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ngezindleko eziphezulu kakhulu zemvelo. Kubonakala sengathi uhlobo lokungqubuzana phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nohulumeni njengalowo ose-TIPNIS [Indawo Yomdabu Isiboro Secure National Park] luzoqhubeka lukhula ngaphandle uma leli gebe lincishiswa.
UMarco Gandarillas Gonzรกles, umqondisi wakwaCochabamba wenhlangano yolwazi nemibhalo I-Centro de Documentaciรณn e-Informaciรณn Bolivia (CEDIB), iyavumelana. "Kungumlando wokushuba," kusho uGonzรกles etshela i-Truthout. โIzimayini azikaze zibe namandla njengamanje. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokubusa kweSpain. Kule minyaka engu-10 edlule, sithumele isiliva eliningi kwamanye amazwe kunaseminyakeni engu-300 njengekoloni laseSpain.โ
Ukuthunyelwa kwegolide kwamanye amazwe manje sekungamakhilogremu ayi-8,000 ngonyaka, okusho ukusetshenziswa okurekhodiwe kwe-mercury (amathani ayi-15,000 ngonyaka), i-cyanide nezinye izinto ezinobuthi ukuhlukanisa igolide nensimbi yayo.
Ku-an ingxoxo noJeffrey Webber ngo-2014, induna yeKhabhinethi yoMnyango Wezomnotho Nezezimali Zomphakathi waseBolivia uMaria Nela Prada Tejada wayeqondile ekuvumeni ukuthi iphrojekthi ye-MAS yayizosebenzisa ithuba lokukhula ngokusebenzisa ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo, nombuso uthatha imali eningi futhi isabalalise kabusha ezinhlelweni zezenhlalakahle nakweminye imikhakha yezomnotho edala amathuba omsebenzi.โ
IBolivia inomnotho obalulekile wemithombo yemvelo, ukuphathwa okusimeme, okungenzeka ukuthi, inselelo enkulu kaMorales. Leli zwe lake laba yikhaya lemayini yesiliva negolide ecebe kakhulu yaseSpain, ePotosรญ, kanye nenye yezimayini zikathayela ezinemali eningi emhlabeni. Manje, ngemva kweminyaka engu-500, iBolivia isenezimayini zesiliva ezimbili ezinkulu ezisebenzayo emhlabeni, eSan Cristรณbal naseSan Bartolomรฉ. E-Potosรญ, intaba eyodwa minyaka yonke ikhipha amathani angu-161 ezinc, amathani angu-157 ensimbi, amathani angaphezu kwamabili e-arsenic kanye nenqwaba yamanye amaminerali anobuthi, njenge-cadmium nomthofu. IBolivia yaba izwe elivalekile lapho ilahlekelwa indawo eya eChile ngeminyaka yawo-1800s, empini eyagqugquzelwa futhi yahlelwa yiBrithani, ukuze kuvikelwe ukufinyelela ku-guano: isithako esibalulekile esidingekayo ukugcwalisa ukuvunda kwenhlabathi yaseBrithani, ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe inqubo ye-Haber-Bosch yokwenza umanyolo we-nitrogenous.
Empumalanga, e-Mutรบn, ilele enye yezimayini zensimbi ezinkulu zesikhathi esizayo, eqale i-India futhi manje i-China eyixhasa ngezimali ukuze kuthuthukiswe. Ingxenye yezinqolobane zomhlaba ze-lithium (engakaxhashazwa okwamanje) ihlezi phezulu kwamanye amazwe, amadiphozithi kasawoti angaphezulu kwe-Salar de Uyuni. Ngemva kweVenezuela, iBolivia inezinqolobane ezinkulu zegesi eNingizimu Melika.
Njengoba kufiswa izicukuthwane zakwamanye amazwe nasekhaya ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, ukukhishwa ngonya kwemithombo yemvelo eningi yaseBolivia kuye kwagxilisa ingcebo yemvelo nenhlalo yezwe eqenjini elincane phezulu emphakathini, futhi kwadalula abantu baseBolivia ezingeni elidlulele lobuqili basebukhosini kanye nokuzama ukuzithoba. .
Okokuqala ezandleni zeSpain, ngaleso sikhathi iBrithani, futhi muva nje izinhlelo zokulungisa izakhiwo eziphefumulelwe yi-United States kanye neBhange Lomhlaba, abantu baseBolivia baye baklonyeliswa ngokulandelana kobushiqela, ukugxiliswa ngokweqile kobunikazi bomhlaba (naphezu kokwabiwa kabusha ngemva kokuvukela umbuso ngo-1952 kanye nomhlaba othile. uguquko ngaphansi kwe-Morales, esabambile namuhla), ubumpofu nokungcoliswa okukhulu kwemvelo komoya wabo, inhlabathi namanzi. Izindleko zomlando neziqhubekayo zokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo zilinganiselwa ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayisi-6 e-GDP yaseBolivia. Konke lokhu kuye kwabeka isisekelo sokukhula kwezinxushunxushu ezinkulu zezenhlalo, abasebenzi kanye nezomdabu kanye nokukhula kwezinhlangano zomphakathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ngemuva kwalokho uMorales wakhethwa futhi waphinde wakhethwa esikhundleni.
Kodwa manje, sekuqubuke olunye usongo olukhathaza izwe elinomthwalo omncane wokulubangela: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu se-anthropogenic. Ngokombono wesimo sezulu, ngisho noma isilinganiso sokufudumala kwembulunga yonke sigcinwa siye ku-2 degrees Celsius (futhi okwamanje sisendleleni yoku-4), izifunda ezimaphakathi namazwekazi, njengeBolivia, zizofudumala kakhulu kunezifunda ezisogwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokususelwe kudatha evela e-Alps nase-Rocky Mountains, kuzoba nokufudumala okwengeziwe ezindaweni eziphakeme: phakathi kuka-1.5 nokuphindwe kabili ukufudumala okukhulu kunasezindaweni eziphakeme eziphansi.
Njengoba kunezifunda eziyi-12 ezihlukene zezemvelo, iBolivia ingelinye lamazwe ahluke kakhulu ngokwebhayoloji emhlabeni. Izinguquko ekuphakameni, kanye namaphethini emvula ahluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlangothi ze-Andes, kudala isimo sezulu esincane esisize ukuvela kwenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala eBolivia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokulima zabalimi baseBolivia ziye zasekela izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Isibonelo, ngokuhluke kakhulu ekulimeni okukodwa, amakhulu amaningana ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane atshalwa e-Andes yase-Bolivia, njengokudla okumelana nezimo kubalimi abasafufusa abangu-200,000.
Konke lokhu kusongelwa isimo sezulu esishisayo. Ngenxa yokuthi umswakama omningi uhambisana nomoya ofudumele, izehlakalo ezidlulele kakhulu ezihlobene namanzi, njengezikhukhula zango-2014 zama-savanna aphansi emnyangweni wase-Beni, kungenzeka zenzeke ngokwanda kwemvamisa. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, njengoba ezinye izindawo ziba manzi, i-altiplano (imathafa aphakeme phakathi kwezintaba zase-Andes) iyokoma nakakhulu. Abantu abasezindaweni eziphakeme njengamadolobha ase-El Alto naseLa Paz bazoncika kakhulu ekuncibilikeni kweqhwa elisuka ezingcwecweni zeqhwa namachibi asezintabeni, njengoba le mithombo yamanzi incipha kancane kancane: IBolivia ilahlekelwa yizo zonke izinguzunga zeqhwa ezingaphansi kwamamitha angu-5,400. Izikhukhula zizolandelwa isomiso.
Ukungqubuzana kweminyaka ye-Morales kufakwe umholi womphakathi u-Rigoberto Rios Miranda, umlimi nomholi womkhandlu wendawo wase-Chacaquinta, umphakathi oseduze nedolobhana lase-Laja, emathafeni aphakeme ngaphezu kwe-El Alto. URios Miranda - okhumbula esemncane ngeminyaka yawo-1950s lapho abantu bomdabu babengavunyelwe esigcawini esikhulu eLa Paz, isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba kube khona idolobha lase-El Alto (manje eliyikhaya labantu abayisigidi esisodwa) - akangabazeki ekudumiseni kwakhe " umongameli kuphela empilweni yami oguqule impilo yami." Ngenkathi elandisa indaba yokuthi u-El Alto walwa kanjani nebutho lezempi lalowo owaketulwa esikhundleni uGonzalo Sรกnchez de Lozada โngendwayimane, amatshe nezinduku,โ uphawula nokuthi akasazi ukuthi umphakathi wakubo ungakulima kanjani ukudla - amazambane, ukolweni nequinoa - ngoba โmanje liyana ngazo zonke izikhathi ezihlukene, futhi loma kakhulu isikhathi eside. Le ndawo ibikade ingashisi njengamanje. Kufana neCochabamba. "
U-Rios Miranda ukholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi "ngaphansi kuka-Evo, yonke into ihlukile," kuhlanganise nekhono lakhe njengomuntu wendabuko ukuthi abe nezwi kwezombusazwe futhi amukeleke kuhulumeni omusha ngoba uMorales ugxile kakhulu ekuguquleni umthethosisekelo ukuze ahlinzekele. izimali zikahulumeni ezengeziwe, amaphrojekthi kanye nemisebenzi yabantu baseBolivia abavamile. Into eyodwa engakashintshi phakathi neminyaka ecishe ibe yi-10 yokubusa kukaMorales, nokho, yisifunda soMfula iPallina, onqamula emapulazini aseRios Miranda. Lapho u-Rios Miranda ayevame ukubamba amaxoxo nezinhlanzi lapho insizwa isencane ibonakala ingcolile, futhi kufanele igcine izilwane zayo zingaphuzi kuyo. Indawo eyodwa yokuhlanza amanzi e-El Alto, engakaze yakhelwe uhlobo lwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini ageleza ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kusukela ezimbonini zesikhumba, amafekthri kanye nasezindaweni zokulashelwa eziyimfihlo, ayanele nhlobo. Ngakho-ke amanzi anobuthi, aluhlaza ngokugqamile, awolintshi nabomvu ageleza ezweni laseRios Miranda agcina efika eLake Titicaca, lapho, ngokusho kuka-Ivรกn Marcelo Castillo, isisebenzi seBolivian Environmental Defence Fund, odabuka edolobhaneni eliphakathi kweLa Paz. kanye neLake Titicaca, inesibopho sokungcolisa imiphakathi engama-35.
Mayelana nomfula, uRios Miranda uthe, โSikholelwa ukuthi ngisho nabazukulu bethu bazowaphuza amanzi angcolile.โ Uhambo lokuya nokubuya ngembongolo oluya eLaja emanzini luthatha amahora amabili, kodwa manje usenepayipi elihlinzekwe nguhulumeni, umphakathi owabelana ngalo, futhi unethemba likagesi negesi maduze. Lapho eke waba nenkunzi negeja khona manje sekunogandaganda ozowuqashisa ngehora ukuze umphakathi uqashe, nobisi azowudayisa e-El Alto. Khonamanjalo, isibalo esikhulu sabantu e-Cochabamba sisaqhubeka nokuntula amanzi aphuzwayo, ukuthuthwa kwendle cishe akukho nhlobo, kanti i-Rio Rocha egeleza edolobheni ingcole futhi ingcoliswe njengomfula i-Pallina.
Esibonelweni sendlela i-ecosystem exhumene ngayo nesimo sezulu, amazinga okushisa aphezulu aphezulu azoholela ekwandeni kokuhwamuka, okubangela ukuthi inhlabathi yome. Ngokulandelayo, inhlabathi eyomile izokwandisa ukuguguleka nokulahlekelwa kwenhlabathi engaphezulu, umphumela ozohlanganiswa neminye imiphumela emibili yesimo sezulu esifudumele. Imvula eyengeziwe, enetha kakhulu, ngezikhathi ezifushane, izokwandisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kanjalo nesivinini somoya esibangelwa amandla engeziwe abanjwe emkhathini. Le miphumela izokwandisa amathuba omlilo wequbula emhlabeni wamahlathi, nakuba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokushesha ukuze kwandiswe ibhizinisi lezolimo, ikakhulukazi isoya, kwenzeka ezindaweni eziningi eziphansi eBolivia.
Umuntu angase acabange ukuthi ikhono lokutshala izitshalo phezulu ezinhlangothini zezintaba ezingakhiqizi ngokuvamile kungaba ushintsho oluhle. Kodwa-ke, abalimi baseBolivia kudala bazi ukuthi banganciphisa kanjani ubungozi ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwemvula kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi, ngokulima ngezindlela ezihlukene ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene. I-altiplano ngokwesiko ibifaneleka ekudlweni kwe-llama kanye ne-alpaca kuphela; kancane kancane, kukhona ezolimo eziwugwadule ezisekelwe ezitshalweni ezibandayo nezimelana nesomiso njenge-quinoa (ephinde ibe nokubekezelela okuphezulu emisebeni yelanga yelanga); ngenkathi uphansi umile, ezinye izitshalo ezifana nommbila ziyakwazi ukukhula. Kodwa lolu hlobo oluzinzile, oluxhumene futhi oluqinile lwezinqubo zokulima ezihlanganisiwe lusongelwa amazinga okushisa afudumele, njengoba ezolimo bezilokhu zikhuphuka izintaba: amamitha angu-200 eminyakeni engu-30 edlule. Ngakho, njengoba amadlelo eba nemingcele futhi anzima, kuqubuka izingxabano phakathi kwabelusi nabalimi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okuyisisekelo kwe-pre-Incan altiplano, i-chuรฑo, okwenziwe ngamazambane omiswe yiqhwa ahlala edliwa iminyaka eminingana, kusongelwa ngoba amazinga okushisa ebusuku awehli ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa isikhathi eside ngokwanele noma ngokujwayelekile okufanayo. Ngaphandle kokwabiwa kabusha komhlaba, iziqephu ezincane nezincane zomhlaba, eziphethe izindawo eziphakeme, ziphoqa abalimi abasafufusa ukuba baxhaphaze ngokweqile amasimu abo, okwandisa ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi nokuguguleka. Ukuhlelwa kabusha komhlaba okuhlelekile nokubalulekile cishe kuzoyiqala kabusha impi phakathi kwe-MAS kanye nabanikazi bomhlaba abangakwesokudla, abacwasa ngokwebala e-Santa Cruz nasezindaweni ezizungezile, lapho kugxilwe khona ukubamba komhlaba okukhulu kakhulu.
Ukuze izwe elincane uma kuqhathaniswa elinabantu abayizigidi ezingu-10 ligcine amathemba namaphupho amashumi ezigidi zabantu abafuna ukubona umhlaba ohlukile akuyona into encane. Futhi akuyona eyokuxoshwa nje ngoba kungenzeka ingafani nalokhu esikucabangayo ukuthi inqubo yoguquko olujulile lwezenhlalo ingabukeka kanjani. Umqondo wendabuko we ukuphila okuhle, noma vir bien, ebekwe emithethweni-sisekelo emisha yaseBolivia nase-Ecuador, ngokuvamile ihunyushwa ngokuthi โukuphila okuhleโ noma โukuphila kahle,โ kodwa leyo inguqulo enephutha kakhulu, ngokwesazi sase-Uruguay u-Eduardo Gudynas. UGudynas uthi: โLezi azifani nhlobo. Nge-buen vivir, isihloko senhlalakahle asikona [mayelana] nomuntu, kodwa umuntu esimweni senhlalo yomphakathi kanye nesimo semvelo esiyingqayizivele. "
Ngamanye amazwi, leli gama lisuselwa kubunikazi obuhlangene obuthatha imvelo njengesihloko somlando ohlangene nomlando womuntu. Uma sichaza uMarx, umlando wesintu uwumlando wemvelo, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Njengoba uGudynas ephikisana, vir bien โkuthonywa ngokufanayo ukugxeka kwaseNtshonalanga [kobunxiwankulu] phakathi neminyaka engu-30 edlule, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wemicabango yabesifazane nemvelo . . . Akudingi ngempela ukubuyela ohlotsheni oluthile lwendabuko, yangaphambi kwe-Colombian.โ
Izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nezishoshovu ezafaka uMorales emandleni zilokhu zibuza njalo ukusimama kwezemvelo lapho uMorales ebonwa njengomthwali wethemba elihle kanye nokuphikiswa okungaguquki kwenhliziyo yobungxiwankulu emelene nemvelo yilabo abangaphandle kwezwe. Ngaphandle kweBolivia, abaningi ngakwesobunxele bamunca ngokungagxeki ukuphikisana kukaMorales nenqubo ye-capitalism ecekela phansi imvelo futhi ehlukanisa umphakathi. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nezishoshovu ezakha izimo zokuthi aqale ukubusa, ziyaqhubeka nokungabaza ukuzibophezela kwakhe kwangempela ekusimameni kwemvelo kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle.
Isibonelo, ngokungafani nalesi sithombe samazwe ngamazwe, uMorales wamemezela ekuqaleni kuka-2014 ukuthi iBolivia yayinezifiso zokwakha isikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi, esishoyo, โIBolivia ayikwazi ukuhlala ikhishiwe kulobu buchwepheshe, obungolwabo bonke abantu.โ Ubonakala ekushaya indiva ukuthi isikhungo esikhulu samandla enuzi esiphakathi nendawo, esinazo zonke izingozi nezindleko ezingase zibe khona, asiyona neze impendulo yezidingo zamandla eBolivia, ingasaphathwa eyokuhlonipha amalungelo kaMama Womhlaba. Umuntu udinga kuphela ukubuza abantu baseFukushima abasahlupheka ngobufakazi bakamuva balokho.
Kwesinye isibonelo, abalwela amalungelo abesifazane nezishoshovu zaseBolivia bayabuza, ngokukhathazeka okukhulu okuvezwe ngamalungelo kaMother Earth, kuphi ukukhathazeka ngamalungelo abesifazane nomama bangempela?
Abesifazane bajwayele ukwehliswa isithunzi ngolimi lwezikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nezinqubomgomo zabo. UMorales nezinye izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyaqhubeka nokwenza izitatimende ezibonisa ubulili ezikhuthaze imikhakha yabesifazane ukuthi ihlele imibhikisho kanye nokugqugquzela lezi zitatimende nezenzo.
Phakathi nengxabano yango-2011 nemiphakathi yomdabu eyadalwa uhulumeni akha umgwaqo onguthelawayeka onqamula endaweni ezimele yomdabu Isiboro Secure National Park (TIPNIS), uMorales wanxusa ama-cocaleros ahlala eduze kwaleyo ndawo ukuthi enze owesifazane womdabu wakhona athandane nawo futhi adikibale. ukumelana kwabo nomgwaqo omkhulu. UMorales uthe, โUkube nginesikhathi, bengizobenza bathandane nami futhi baqinisekise. Ngakho-ke, zinsizwa, nineziqondiso ezivela kumongameli zokunqoba ozakwabo baseYuracarรฉs kaZiqu-zintathu ukuze bangaphikisani nokwakhiwa komgwaqo.โ
Lawa mazwi akhombisa isimo sengqondo esikhona ngabesifazane kuhulumeni wamanje. Uhulumeni waseMorales, obonakala ehlonipha umbono womphakathi ngalolu daba, usanda kumisa umthetho owenza kube icala inkinga enkulu eBolivia yodlame lwezombusazwe olubhekiswe kwabesifazane futhi ubeke uxhaso oluthe xaxa lukahulumeni ekunakekelweni kwezingane. Kodwa-ke, kusalokhu kungekho emthethweni ukukhipha isisu eBolivia, kuncisha abesifazane ilungelo labo lokuzikhethela ukuzala, futhi amacala amaningana acacile odlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane olwenziwa ngamalungu eqembu le-MAS noma izikhulu zikahulumeni azinakwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuncane osekwenziwe ukuthuthukisa umthetho ovuna umphakathi we-LGBT. Njengoba ukucindezelwa kwabesifazane kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo sokusebenza ngempumelelo konxiwankulu, into esemqoka elindelwe yinoma yimuphi uhulumeni noma umholi othi umele ukuqhela kubunxiwankulu, abheke kwisocialism kanye nenhlonipho pakamama, kumele ibhekane nalezi zinkinga.
Kuwo wonke umqhudelwano kaMorales wokukhuluma we ukuphila okuhle, uGudynas ukholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni we-MAS esikhundleni sakhe usebenza kakhulu ngendlela entsha ye-Keynesian neoliberalism, noma lokho akubiza ngokuthi "neo-extractivismo," lapho iphesenti lemali ekhulayo evela ekukhishweni lisetshenziswa umbuso ukusiza ukuqeda ubumpofu - ngenkathi ukwandisa amandla ombuso:
Umbuso ufuna ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu yezimali eziqashiwe ezitholiwe, futhi ukusebenzisele ukuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo zomphakathi kanye nezinqubomgomo zokusabalalisa kabusha. Lokhu kusiza ukwenza i-extractivismo ibe semthethweni futhi ithulise abagxeki bayo, labo abaphikisana nayo bavezwe njengabasebenza ngokumelene nezintshisakalo zezwe.
I-Extractivismo iqala ukubonakala njengomthombo oyinhloko wokukhula, ihlinzeka ngezinsiza zokulwa nobubha. Le modeli yokukhula ishayisana neminye imibono yentuthuko, njengaleyo ehlotshaniswa ne-โbuen vivirโ noma โvivir bienโ emazweni afana ne-Ecuador neBolivia.
Uhulumeni kaMorales uzamile ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana okukhona kubunikazi bezakhiwo zempahla yomphakathi efana nowoyela, igesi, amanzi nogesi ngohlelo oluholwa nguhulumeni abanye abalubize ngokwenziwa kuzwelonke, kodwa okuwukuxoxisana kabusha okuhle kwezinkontileka. nezinkampani zikawoyela negesi esezivele zisebenza kuleli kanye ukuqina kweminye imithombo. Okusho ukuthi, izwe lingena ezindaweni ezintsha zomnotho kanye nempilo yabantu baseBolivia ngendlela enamandla kakhulu, okuwuphawu olukhulu lombuso weMorales kunanoma yikuphi ukuvezwa okubanzi kwemikhakha ebalulekile yezomnotho.
NgoMeyi 2014, i-Truthout yakhuluma no-Alfredo Viscarra, owayengumholi wenyunyana e-ELFEC, Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Elรฉctrica Cochabamba, inkampani kagesi e-Cochabamba iminyaka engu-35. Ngemuva kokuthi i-ELFEC "igunyazwe ngenkani" ngabaphathi bakaMorales, u-Alfredo uthe:
Besingakaze sicabange ukuthi uhulumeni uzoyimisa le nkampani kagesi ngoba inkampani yamafoni nabasebenzi bakagesi kungabanikazi bayo. NgoMeyi Day basiphuca inkampani yethu ngomthetho. Thina, singabasebenzi, siyifake kuzwelonke inkampani. Ngobusuku obubodwa nje, ahlala enkampanini ngamasosha njengasenkathini yombuso wobushiqela omubi kakhulu futhi asixosha lapho.
Inkampani kagesi eCochabamba yenziwa yangasese ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Inkampani yase-US eyayiphethe, i-PPL Corp, okuyinsiza yase-US ezinze e-Allentown, ePennsylvania, eyayinemvume eminingi kulo lonke elaseLatin America, yanquma ukuhamba. Lapho inkampani isibeke izimpahla zayo emakethe, izisebenzi, ezase zithenge amasheya angu-5% enkampani ngo-1995, zanquma ukuthenga amanye amaphesenti angu-35. Ngakho-ke, ngalesi sikhathi, abasebenzi abangu-300 base bethenge ingqikithi yamaphesenti angu-40 enkampani besebenzisa izinzuzo zabo zokuyeka. Yonke enye inkampani (amaphesenti angu-60) yatholwa ngo-1998 yinkampani yocingo i-Comteco, inkampani yendawo yocingo namuhla enamalungu angaphezu kuka-200,000 esifundeni.
Ngemuva kokungena emandleni, uhulumeni waseMorales wamemezela inhloso yakhe yokwenza izinkampani ezibizwa ngokuthi "ezibalulekile ngokwesu" futhi, ngo-2010, waqhubeka nokukhipha uwoyela negesi kuzwelonke lapho wenza i-ELFEC. Uhulumeni waqoka abaxazululi abathathu ukuthi babheke lolu hlelo. Laba baxazululi bamemezele ukuthi ubunikazi obukhona bomsebenzi kanye nedlelandawonye butholwe ngokungemthetho. Njengomele abasebenzi abakhethiwe kanye nomongameli we-ELFEC, u-Viscarra wenqabile ukunikeza amandla okulawula insiza ngaphandle uma abasebenzi benxeshezelwa ngenkokhelo yabo yokuqala yokuyekiswa kanye nobunikazi. Nakuba eboshelwe endlini iminyaka emibili nengxenye edlule, futhi esatshiswa ngokuboshwa, uViscarra uye wabambelela ngokuqinile ezinkolelweni zakhe ukuthi nakuba evuma ukuthi uhulumeni waseBolivia unelungelo lokufaka inkampani kuzwelonke, kufanele unxephezele abasebenzi abayizibophezele. bayayiqhuba futhi bangabanikazi bengxenye.
Ukwenziwa kuzwelonke kusho ukuthi umbuso uthatha izintambo, ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo, noma ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo, izinhlangano eziqhuba ngasese ukuze ziziphathe njengezinsizakalo zabantu, kunokuba zibe amabhizinisi enza inzuzo, ngaleyo ndlela kuphambukiswe ukheshi kubatshalizimali abazimele iye kumgcinimafa kahulumeni kanye nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ukubhekana nokungalingani. emphakathini kanye nokuzuzisa wonke umuntu. Ukwenza ubuzwe eBolivia, nokho, kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho okushiwo yile ncazelo. Ngenkathi uhulumeni waseBolivia ebambe iqhaza emkhakheni kawoyela negesi, ayikho neyodwa inkampani yangaphandle yamafutha ensalela eshiye iBolivia. Ngenkathi uhulumeni waseMorales ethatha ingxenye enkulu yemali etholakala ezindaweni eziningi zegesi eBolivia, ukwenyuka kwamanani entengo yempahla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwegesi okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kunxephezele ngaphezu kwezinkampani ezizimele. Ngakho-ke, nakuba umgcinimafa waseBolivia unempilo enhle kakhulu, izinhlangano zikaphethiloli ezisebenza eBolivia zenza cishe imali eningi manje njengoba zazinjalo ngaphambi โkokwenziwa ubuzwe,โ njengoba uMorales egcina isimo sezulu esilungele abatshalizimali. Ngempela, inkampani encane kagesi ephethwe ngabaphathi i-ELFEC ilifanele kakhulu igama elithi "ukwenza izwe" (ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo kubasebenzi), kunezinkampani ezinkulu zikaphethiloli.
UViscarra akakwazanga ukuphuma endlini yakhe iminyaka emibili nengxenye - ngisho nokuvakashela umndeni wakhe - futhi njengamanje usesimweni sokwahlulela. Usalokhu eboshelwe endlini, ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqondile obumphikisayo, kodwa akazi noma uzokhululwa, aquliswe icala noma athole ulwazi lokuthi ikusasa lakhe limphatheleni.
I-Public Sectors International kanye nezinyunyana ezimbalwa eBolivia bahlangene basekela uViscarra, baqala umkhankaso wokuzivikela futhi babhalela uhulumeni waseBolivia izincwadi befuna ukuthi akhululwe ngokushesha. Ukuboshwa kwakhe kuyibala kuhulumeni waseBolivia futhi kumelela ukuhlasela okuqondile ekuzihlanganiseni kwabasebenzi namalungelo ezinyunyana.
Lapho izwe elinomongameli wophiko lwesokunxele okhethwe ngokuphuma kwentukuthelo ethandwayo kanye nokuzihlanganisa lithola ukunconywa okugcwele ngezinqubomgomo zalo zezomnotho esikhungweni se-neoliberal seBhange Lomhlaba - futhi libopha umholi wabasebenzi, aqale - kulungile cabanga ukuthi akuzona zonke ezidlalayo ngokwamathemba enhlangano ethandwayo.
Kodwa-ke, ukungabaza kwethu kufanele kujule kunokuphikisana ngokuthi ngabe impikiswano iphelile yini "i-extractivism" kuyadingeka uma kubhekwa umlando, namandla ezomnotho nezenhlalakahle zezwe elincane laseLatin America elimpofu kakhulu, noma ngabe uhulumeni wakwaMorales wenze konke okusemandleni ukunciphisa ubumpofu, ukungalingani kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi uMorales akanayo inkululeko ephelele yokwenza. Kunezingqinamba zangempela ekumeni kwenhloko-dolobha yamazwe ngamazwe, ukwazi ngezigaba eBolivia, amandla ophiko lwasekhaya lwasekhaya, kanye nesimo esimpofu ngokwezomnotho nangokwezobuchwepheshe sezwe. Lapho uLenin namaBolshevik besungula ubukhomanisi bempi phakathi nempi yombango, futhi kamuva neNqubomgomo Entsha Yezomnotho, babengavumelani neze nenkolelo-mbono kaMarxist, kodwa izinqubo-mgomo zaqhutshwa ngezindlela eziningi kuhulumeni waseSoviet ngenxa yesimo esibi somnotho kanye nokucekelwa phansi. wempi yombango. Ukuhlola okuqotho, ngakho-ke, akulona nje ishidi lebhalansi lobuhle nobubi obufakwe kuspredishithi ukusuka kwesokunxele uma kuqhathaniswa kwesokudla.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, imikhakha eminingana kanye nababengabambisene nabo beMorales bagcina isikhundla esizimele esigxeka uhulumeni, begcizelela ukuthi, naphezu koshintsho ekukhulumeni okusemthethweni, kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo okwamukelekayo, izinqubomgomo zikaMorales ziyafana nezabanduleli bakhe. mayelana nokumbiwa kwemithombo yemvelo. Lokho kukhishwa kuyaqhubeka nokuba yisisekelo sokuzinza kwezwe kwezezimali, futhi kuza nokuhlaselwa kokuzihlanganisa kwabantu abasemazingeni aphansi lapho lokho kuhlelwa kungqubuzana nenqubomgomo yezwe laseBolivia.
Ukuhlaziywa okujulile kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kukahulumeni we-Morales kudinga ukuhlola ukuguquguquka kwezenhlalakahle ngaphakathi kwezwe, nokuthi ngabe uhulumeni ugxilisa amandla ezandleni zombuso, noma, ngokuphambene, ukwethemba abantu abawufake emandleni. Ukushintsha kwezomnotho kwangempela kungadinga ukubeka amandla okwenza izinqumo zezomnotho nezepolitiki kaningi futhi ngokusobala ezandleni zabantu, njengoba izinqubomgomo ezithile zingase zingenele ngomqondo osheshayo futhi zibe ngaphansi kwemikhawulo engokoqobo neyopolitiki.
Ukwengeza, umnyakazo wangempela obheke ku-socialism uzodinga ukugudluka nakanjani endleleni yonxiwankulu yokuxhashazwa okuqinile kwabantu namaplanethi futhi kubonise umhlaba ukuthi umgwaqo ohlukile wokuphuma ebuphofini nokungalingani ungenzeka. Lokhu bekungeke kusho nje ukusabalalisa kabusha enye yengcebo ezuzwe ekuthunyelweni kwegesi yemvelo, izimayini nezimboni, kodwa ukuhlela kabusha izinto ezibalulekile zezwe zezenhlalo nezombusazwe.
Kuningi okusengcupheni ukuba kungabuzi umbuzo: Ingabe yilokhu abantu abacabanga umhlaba ohlukile abakulwelayo? Mhlawumbe hhayi njengomphumela, kodwa ingabe imodeli yaseBolivia eholwa nguMorales inikeza ithempulethi yesinyathelo endleleni eya ekushintsheni okuphelele nokuyisisekelo kwezenhlalo? Noma ingabe kuzodingeka ukuqaliswa kabusha kweziyaluyalu zomphakathi ezingeni eliphezulu nelizinzile ngaphambi kokuba i-MAS ibeke phambili izinjongo eziyikhangisayo? Noma, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyodingeka ukwakheka namaqembu ezombusazwe amasha ngokuphelele?
Iqhaza lombuso eBolivia - futhi, empeleni, yonke indawo - libukeka lilikhulu kithi esilwela umhlaba ohlukile, njengoba UMike Geddes wabhala ngo-2010:
Kusukela ngo-2000 iBolivia iketule ngempumelelo umbuso we-neoliberal futhi yaqala ukwakha izikhungo nezinqubomgomo ezintsha, ikakhulukazi izwe elisungulwe kabusha elingahlukanisiwe nesixuku sabantu kunombuso we-neoliberal capitalist. Ngokusobala lona kusewumsebenzi osakhiwayo, kodwa kuphakamisa udaba olubanzi, olubaluleke kakhulu ngale kweBolivia, mayelana nokuthi umbuso wonxiwankulu ungabunjwa kanjani kabusha njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwalowo โomunye umhlabaโ odingeka kangaka. Ubunganjani isimo esinjalo? Izosebenza kanjani? Umthethosisekelo omusha waseBolivia, kanye nezinhlelo eziqinile kwenye indawo eLatin America, kusukela kwezinye izakhiwo zezwe zakwaZapatistas eChiapas, eMexico, kuya emikhandlwini yemiphakathi yaseVenezuela, kungasiza ekuqhubekiseleni phambili imibuzo enjalo.
Ngenxa yentuthuko yakamuva, kusukela ekuqubukeni okwandayo kwemibhikisho emisha eBolivia kuya kuhulumeni wase-Ecuadorian. ukuhlehla ezibophweni zangaphambilini ekusimamisweni kwemvelo ngaphansi kuka-Rafael Correa, ukuhlola kukaGeddes izwe elisungulwe kabusha kubonakala kunethemba elikhulu.
URaquel Gutierrez wabhala ngo-2011 ukuthi abantu babenamanye amathemba lapho bekhetha uMorales noMAS kuhulumeni:
Ukunqoba okhethweni kwanikeza uMorales nabaphathi bakhe ilungelo lokubusa. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abaningi, ukwesekwa okukhulu kokhetho kuka-Evo kanye neqembu lakhe lezepolitiki i-MAS kufanekisela, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ithuba lokukhulisa nokuhlanganisa amandla adumile phakathi kwabantu. E-Bolivia, ikakhulukazi phakathi kuka-2006 no-2008, abantu bazwakalisa ukuthi bafuna ukuphatha izindaba zomphakathi ngokuvumelana namanye amasu - okuqondile kakhulu, okuvundlile kanye nezikali ezincane - okwakuzovumela imiphakathi, futhi ngokuxhumana, isizwe, ukuba sisebenzise kabusha ingcebo evamile eyayintshontshwe abantu bamazwe ngamazwe nabangane babo basekhaya.
Njengoba umbhali we-anarchist uCarlos Crespo, uprofesa eSikhungweni Sezifundo Eziphakeme e-Universidad Mayor de San Simรณn kanye nomgxeki oqinile weMorales kanye nomgwaqo osetshenziswa nguhulumeni ozoshintsha, etshela i-Truthout, "Silahlekelwe yithuba lokuthile okusekelwe ukuzihlela nokuzilawula kwethu. Ziningi izibonelo zokuzilawula ezweni, kuma-campesinos kanye namakomidi ezamanzi. Amakomiti amanzi [noma] abanisela ngenkasa bayakwazi ukuzilawula bona ngokwabo. Zonke lezi zinto zingasetshenziswa [njengezibonelo zezindlela] zokuhlela kabusha umphakathi.โ
Kodwa-ke, ukuzilawula kwendawo, ngaphandle kokuxhumana okubanzi, akwanele ngokuphelele emphakathini osebenza ngempumelelo, olinganayo kanye nowemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala kudingekile futhi ukusungula uhlobo oluthile lwenhlangano ebanzi, ehlanganiswe emikhakheni nasezindaweni ezahlukene: umgwamanda osuka phansi phezulu, ophakathi nendawo, okhethwe ngentando yeningi ongahlela futhi uhlanganise ukwakhiwa kabusha komphakathi. Lo mzimba ubuzosebenza, empeleni, njengombuso olawulwa abantu.
Ngisho noma singakhawulela ingxoxo ibe idolobha elisebenza ngokugcwele lesigidi esisodwa, njengeCochabamba, lapho amanzi, ukukhucululwa kwendle, ugesi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imfundo nokudla kufinyeleleka ngokulinganayo kubo bonke, kuyilapho kunciphisa ukumosha, kungadinga ukubambisana okukhulu phakathi kwayo yonke imikhakha. zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nalabo abahlala emaphandleni azungezile, lapho ukudla namanzi kwakuzovela khona. Ngokuvumelana nalowo mbono, njengoba uMarco Gandarillas Gonzรกles weCEDIB esho:
Kunenkinga ngemodeli yezomnotho yaseBolivia yamanje. Ngoba izimbiwa phansi sithumela kwamanye amazwe futhi amathuluzi siwathola kwamanye amazwe. Ukuthi kumele sicabangele lezi zinto ezimbili ukuze sibe nomgomo wezimayini ofanele. Asizenzi izimboni futhi sisebenzisa izimbiwa esizimba phansi. Kufanele sigcine iziqiwi futhi ezinye zazo sizigcine ngaphansi komhlaba. Futhi kudingeka kube nezingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe namanye amazwe, njengeCongo neColombia, ukuze senze amalungiselelo ahleliwe alokho okudingekayo - icoltan njll.
Ngamanye amazwi, le phrojekthi idlulela nangale kohlaka olugxile kubantu, lukahulumeni: Inqubo idinga ukuba ibe ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngabe uhulumeni waseMorales uzoqhubeka ehlehlisa indlela yakhe yentuthuko, i-neo-extractivist? Noma ingabe abantu baseBolivia bangazakhela owabo uhulumeni, osabelayo ezidingweni zabantu? Njengoba umholi wezabasebenzi u-Oscar Olivera aphawula enkulumweni yalo nyaka, โBesicabanga ukuthi ukuba no-Evo Morales kuhulumeni kuzoshintsha izinto. Futhi izinto eziningi sezishintshile. Kodwa manje siyazi ukuthi akushintshile ngokwanele. Abantu abanqumi; uhulumeni uyanquma. Naphezu komthethosisekelo oqinisekisa amalungelo abantu bomdabu kanye noMama Womhlaba, lezo zinqubomgomo azisetshenziswa; zingamazwi nje.โ
U-Olivera ugcizelela ukuthi umzabalazo wokulwa nokuthengiswa kwamanzi e-Cochabamba kwakungewona, umsuka, umayelana namanzi. Kunalokho, kwakumayelana nombuzo wezombusazwe othi โngubani onqumayo.โ Ku-Olivera, "yingakho umzabalazo wedlula iBolivia futhi waba nokuzwakala kwamazwe ngamazwe."
Ngenxa yokuthi umshini wombuso manje olawula amanzi aseBolivia (kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezibalulekile) unokusekelwa ngobuningi kwezinhlelo zawo zokuxhumana akusinciphisi isidingo sokuhleleka kwabantu ngokwezintshisekelo zabo. Nokho, idinga uhlobo olusha lomzabalazo. "Lokhu kunzima kakhulu kunokuhlela [ukuhlela] ngokumelene noGonzalo Sรกnchez de Lozada noma uhulumeni wezempi noma we-neoliberal," kusho u-Olivera. โU-Evo akafani noSรกnchez de Lozada; ungumfowabo nomngane, kwezinye izimpumelelo zakhe. Ngakho-ke, kunzima kakhulu ukuhlela abantu. โ Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yokuthi umzabalazo wokulawula ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi usaxhumene kakhulu nomzabalazo wezombangazwe, โngakho-ke, umayelana nokusinda kwesintu.โ
Lezi zonke izifundo ezibalulekile zokuphumelela kwemizabalazo yesikhathi esizayo: Njengoba abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke bebona isidingo โsokushintsha kohlelo,โ sidinga ukwazi ukuthi yini edingekayo ukuze sikufeze. Ngalowo mqondo, iBolivia isinika izifundo ezibambekayo neziwusizo okwamanje mayelana nokuthi yini engasebenza nokuthi yini okufanele siyiqaphele. Ngokuka-Olivera, abantu baphumelele e-Cochabamba ngenxa yezinto ezimbili: umbono we-cosmo ohlanganisa yonke into osuselwe kumagugu endabuko okubuyelana nobumbano, kanye nokuhleleka nokuxhumana kuwo wonke amazinga. Okusho ukuthi, okwakukhona kwakuwumbono ohluke kakhulu womhlaba ohlelwe kabusha owadlulela ngalรฉ kokuguqula izikhungo zamanje, ezihambisana nohlobo lokuzihlanganisa okubanzi nokujulile kwesigaba sabasebenzi okudingekayo ukuze kulethwe lowo mbono.
Ngakho-ke, akufanele nje silangazelele umhlaba ohlelwe kabusha ngokujulile futhi ohlukile - lowo osekelwe ekubambisaneni, hhayi ukuncintisana; kanye nentando yeningi yangempela kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezidingo, hhayi inzuzo - kodwa kufanele futhi sakhe izinhlangano eziqinile, zentando yeningi futhi ezisobala ukuze amazwi abantu amelwe kuwo wonke amazinga okuthatha izinqumo.
Lokhu kusiletha ekutheni thina esingaphandle kwe-Bolivia abalangazelela uguquko olubalulekile noluguquguqukayo kwezenhlalo bangasekela kanjani abantu baseBolivia abazabalazela lo mbono. Izingxabano ezenziwa uLenin noTrotsky ekuqaleni kwawo-1920s - ukuthi iSoviet Union esencane yayingeke ikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kosizo oluvela ezweni elifanayo, kodwa elithuthuke kakhulu njengeJalimane, futhi lizowohloka ngokushesha ngaphandle kosizo lwangaphandle - linikeza isifaniso esiseduze nezwe. isimo eBolivia. Indlela engcono kakhulu yobumbano esingalubonisa kubantu baseBolivia abasazabalazela ukuphila okuhle ukwakha inhlangano enamandla yokumelana nabaholi bethu, e-United States nakwezinye izindawo. Kufanele futhi sifune ukulingisa isibonelo saseBolivia ngokuphishekela inkululeko kubungxiwankulu kanye nenkululeko yokunquma ikusasa lethu, ngokuhlanganyela nangentando yeningi, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuvukela inqwaba kohulumeni bethu.
โAsikwazi ukubeka amathemba ethu ekusasa elingcono ezandleni zikahulumeni,โ kusho u-Olivera, efingqa izifundo ngezimpi zamanzi zaseBolivia. โIzinto ezifunwa ngabantu nabakudingayo ngekusasa labo nokuthi bazokufeza kanjani kumele kunqunywe futhi kulawulwe ngabantu. Ivela ngaphansi nangaphandle; akumele kube yisifundazwe salabo abahlezi phezulu nangaphakathi kwezinsiza zikahulumeni. Njengamanzi, le nqubo esekela ukuphila kufanele ibe sobala futhi inyakaze.โ
U-Marcela Olivera ungumhleli we-commons yamanzi ozinze e-Cochabamba, e-Bolivia. Ngemva kokuphothula eNyuvesi YamaKatolika eCochabamba, eBolivia, uMarcela wasebenza iminyaka emine e-Cochabamba njengomxhumanisi oyinhloko wamazwe ngamazwe we-Coalition for the Defence of Water and Life, inhlangano eyalwa futhi yanqoba ukuthengiswa kwamanzi angasese eBolivia. Kusukela ngo-2004, ubelokhu ethuthukisa futhi ehlanganisa inethiwekhi yezakhamizi zaseMelika ephathelene nobulungiswa bamanzi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Red VIDA.
UChris Williams uyisishoshovu semvelo nombhali we-Ecology and Socialism: Solutions to Capitalist Ecological Crisis. Ungusihlalo womnyango wezesayensi e-Packer Collegiate Institute kanye noprofesa we-adjunct e-Pace University emnyangweni we-chemistry ne-physical science. Imibhalo yakhe ivele kuZ Magazine, Green Left Weekly, Alternet, CommonDreams, ClimateandCapitalism.com, Counterpunch, The Indypendent, Dissident Voice, International Socialist Review, Truthout, Socialist Worker kanye neZNet. Ubike evela eFukushima futhi wayengumbhali waseLannan-ehlala eMarfa, eTexas. Usanda kuklonyeliswa ngendondo yeLannan Cultural Freedom Fellowship.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela