Ukubonakala okuphezulu komphakathi kwezinkantolo emashumini eminyaka adlule kudalwe kakhulu amacala asezinkantolo afaka amalungu ezikhulu zezombangazwe nezomnotho. Inkinga enkulu bekuwuchungechunge lwamacala obugebengu olwaziwa nge-Operation Clean Hands (Mani Pulite), olwahlasela cishe zonke izigaba zezombangazwe zase-Italy kanye nenqwaba yezikhulu zayo zezomnotho. Kusukela eMilan ngo-April 1992, lo msebenzi wawuhlanganisa uphenyo nokuboshwa kongqongqoshe bekhabhinethi, abaholi beqembu, amalungu ephalamende (cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yawo wonke amalungu aphenywa ngesikhathi esisodwa), osomabhizinisi, izisebenzi zikahulumeni, izintatheli kanye namalungu emfihlo. izinkonzo, abasolwa ngokuhlukahlukana ngamacala anjengokufumbathisa, inkohlakalo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, ukukhwabanisa, ukuqothuka kwezimali ngokukhwabanisa, ukubalwa kwezimali okungamanga, nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwezombusazwe ngokungekho emthethweni. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, kwase kuboshwe abantu abangu-633 eNaples, abangu-623 eMilan nabangu-444 eRoma. Ngenxa yokushaya kwalo sonke isigaba sezombusazwe izwe elalibuswe ngaphansi kobuholi balo esikhathini esidlule, uphenyo lwe-Clean Hands lwanyakazisa izisekelo zesistimu yezombangazwe yase-Italy futhi lwaholela ekuveleni, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, "kwento eyaziwayo yaseBerlusconi". โ. Uma kubhekwa lezi zizathu nezinye, izinkantolo zamazwe amaningi ziye zaba nedumela elibi emphakathini kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Okwakamuva kakhulu, futhi mhlawumbe okumangalisa kakhulu kukho konke, ngokwazi kwami, i-Operation Lava Jato yaseBrazil (โCar Washโ โ noma kunalokho, futhi ngokwezwi nezwi, โukuhlanza isivininiโ).
Kungani i-Operation Lava Jato yeqe imingcele yezingxabano ezivame ukuvela ngemva kwanoma yiliphi icala elivelele lobushoshovu bezomthetho? Ake ngiveze ukuthi ukufana nophenyo lwase-Italy lwe-Clean Hands sekuye kwacelwa ukuthi kuthethelelwe ukubukiswa komphakathi kanye neziyaluyalu zomphakathi ezidalwe yilesi sishoshovu sezomthetho. Kodwa ukufana kubonakala kakhulu kunokwangempela futhi kukhona ngempela umehluko ocacile phakathi kwalokhu phenyo okubili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimantshi zaseNtaliyane zazihlale ziwahlonipha ngokujulile amacala obugebengu futhi, ngokuvamile, azenzi lutho kodwa zasebenzisa imithetho eyayiyishaywe indiva ngokuhlakanipha isimiso sokwahlulela esasingagcini nje ngokuvumelana kodwa futhi esasihambisana namalungelo esinqumo. abaphezulu bezepolitiki kwezepolitiki yangemva kwempi yase-Italy. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bafuna ukusebenzisa intshiseko efanayo engaguquki ekuphenyeni ubugebengu obenziwa abaholi bamaqembu ahlukene ezombusazwe abusayo. Bathathe isikhundla sokungathathi hlangothi kwezombusazwe ukuze bavikele uhlelo lwezobulungiswa ekuhlaselweni obekungabhekana nakho yilabo abaqondiswe uphenyo lwabo nokushushiswa. Lona kanye ukuphikiswa kombukwane odabukisayo njengamanje onikezwa umhlaba umkhakha wesistimu yezokwahlulela yaseBrazil. Umthelela owabangelwa ubushoshovu bezimantshi zase-Italy wabizwa ngokuthi iRiphabhulikhi Yamajaji. Endabeni yobushoshovu obuboniswa umkhakha ohlotshaniswa ne-Lava Jato, mhlawumbe kungaba nembe kakhudlwana ukukhuluma nge-Banana Republic yokwahlulela. Kungani? Ngenxa yokucindezela kwangaphandle okulele ngemuva kwalesi senzakalo esithile sobushoshovu bezobulungiswa base-Brazil, kodwa obungekho kakhulu ecaleni lase-Italy. Lokho kucindezela yikho okuphoqa ukukhetha okusobala kwentshiseko enjalo yophenyo neyokumangalela. Ngoba nakuba ithinta abaholi bamaqembu ahlukene, iqiniso wukuthi i-Operation Lava Jato - kanye nabambisene nayo abezindaba - bakhombise ukuthambekela kakhulu ekufakeni abaholi be-PT (Inhlangano Yabasebenzi), ngenhloso ecacile manje yokuletha intuthuko. ukubulawa kwezombangazwe kukaMongameli Dilma Rousseff kanye noMongameli wangaphambili uLula da Silva.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalokhu kucindezela kwangaphandle kanye nemvelo ekhethiwe yesenzo somthetho esivame ukusenza, i-Operation Lava Jato yabelana ngokufana okwengeziwe nolunye uphenyo lwezobulungiswa, olwenzeka eRiphabhulikhi yase-Weimar ngemuva kokuhluleka kwenguquko yaseJalimane. 1918. Kusukela ngalowo nyaka, futhi esimweni sobudlova bezombangazwe obusuka kwesokunxele nakwesokudla ngokwedlulele, izinkantolo zaseJalimane zabonisa ukubonakaliswa okushaqisayo kwezindinganiso ezimbaxa-mbili, zijezisa kanzima uhlobo lodlame olwenziwa abakude kwesokunxele futhi bebonisa ububele obukhulu. maqondana nodlame lwelungelo elikude - ilungelo elifanayo eminyakeni embalwa nje kwaba ukubeka uHitler emandleni.
E-Brazil, ukucindezela kwangaphandle kuza ngesimo sezikhulu zezomnotho kanye namabutho ezombusazwe emsebenzini wabo, abangazange balamukele iqiniso lokuthi bahlulwe okhethweni lwango-2014 futhi, phakathi nenkinga yamanje yomhlaba wonke yokuqoqwa kwezimali, bazizwa bejulile. besongelwa ngethemba leminye iminyaka emine ngaphandle kokulawula leyo ngxenye encike kuhulumeni yengcebo yezwe amandla abo abelokhu encike kuyo njalo. Ukuphakama kwalolo songo kwafinyelelwa lapho uLula da Silva - ebhekwa njengomongameli ongcono kakhulu waseBrazil kusukela ngo-1988, enezinga lokugunyazwa elingu-80% ekupheleni kwesikhathi sakhe - eqala ukubhekwa njengomuntu ongase abe umongameli ngo-2018. Ngaleso sikhathi intando yeningi yaseBrazil. kwanqamuka ukusebenza kule nhlangano yezombangazwe elandelanayo, kwase kuba nokudicilela phansi kwezombusazwe. Isibonakaliso esisobala kakhulu somkhankaso wokulwa nentando yeningi kwaba umnyakazo wokugxeka uMongameli u-Dilma Rousseff phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa egcotshwe esikhundleni - iqiniso okwakungaziwa, noma lalingaziwa, okungenani lalingavamile emlandweni wentando yeningi eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule. . Ngokubona ukuthi umzabalazo wabo wokubusa wawuvinjwe ukubusa kweningi lentando yeningi (โukucindezela kweningiโ), bafuna ukusebenzisa leyo nhlangano ebusayo encike kancane emithethweni yentando yeningi futhi eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuvikela abantu abambalwa, okungukuthi, izinkantolo. I-Operation Lava Jato - uphenyo olufaneleka kakhulu - kwakuyithuluzi abasebenzisa kulo. Isekelwa isiko lezomthetho elilandelanayo elivame kakhulu ohlelweni lwezokwahlulela lwaseBrazil, Izikole zayo Zomthetho kanye nezwe lonke, kanye neqoqo eligcwele lezikhali zabezindaba ezinamandla aphezulu, ezinembayo, i-Conservative bloc yenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ukuhlanekezela Operation Lava Jato. Ngaleyo ndlela yawuphambukisa ezinhlosweni zawo zokwahlulela, wona ngokwawo owawubalulekile ekuhlanganiseni intando yeningi, wawuphendula umsebenzi wokuqothula ipolitiki. Ukuhlanekezela kwakuhlanganisa ukugcina i-faรงade yesikhungo ye-Operation Lava Jato ngenkathi ishintsha ngokujulile isakhiwo sayo esiyisisekelo sokusebenza, okwafezwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ezombangazwe zithatha indawo yokuqala kunezokwahlulela. Nakuba umqondo wokwahlulela usekelwe ekulinganeni phakathi kwezindlela neziphetho, njengoba kushiwo yimithetho yenqubo neziqinisekiso zomthethosisekelo, ingqondo yezombangazwe, uma iqhutshwa ugqozi olumelene nentando yeningi, abangaphansi baphetha ngezindlela futhi bachaza ukusebenza kahle kwabo ngokwezinga lenkululeko. lokho kuzithoba.
Kule nqubo, izinhloso ze-conservative bloc zazinezici ezintathu ezinkulu ezivuna zona. Olokuqala kube wushintsho olukhulu lohlamvu olwenziwe yi-PT njengeqembu lentando yeningi kwesokunxele. Lapho isinamandla, i-PT yanquma ukubusa โngokwesitayela esidalaโ (okungukuthi, isitayela se-oligarchic) โโukuze ifinyelele imigomo yayo emisha, emisha. Ingenalwazi ngesifundo se-Weimar, yayikholelwa ukuthi noma yikuphi "okungalungi" engase ikwenze kuzohlangatshezwana nobubele obufanayo obugcinelwe ukungahambi kahle okwenziwa abantu abakhethekile kanye nezigaba zezombusazwe ezilandela imithetho ezazibusa izwe kusukela lathola inkululeko. Ingenalwazi ngesifundo sikaMarxist eyayithi yasithatha, yahluleka ukubona ukuthi inhloko-dolobha ngeke ivumele muntu ukuba ayibuse kodwa eyakhe futhi ayibongi noma yimuphi umuntu wangaphandle okungenzeka enze umusa. Esebenzisa isimo samazwe ngamazwe lapho, ngenxa yentuthuko yeShayina, inani lemikhiqizo yokuqala libe nokukhuphuka okukhethekile, uhulumeni we-PT wakhuthaza abacebile ukuthi bacebe kakhudlwana. Lokhu kwabonwa njengombandela wokukhulisa izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nezinyathelo ezimangalisayo zokwabiwa kabusha komphakathi okwenze iBrazil yaba izwe elingenabulungiswa, ngenxa yalokho abantu baseBrazil abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-45 bakhululwa ejokeni lobumpofu obukhona. Lapho isimo samazwe ngamazwe singasavumi, akukho lutho olufushane "lohlobo olusha" lwezombangazwe olwalungenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwabiwa kabusha komphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, inqubomgomo entsha yayidingeka ukuthi, phakathi kokunye, isebenzise izinguquko zezombusazwe ukuze kuqedwe ubudlelwano obuxekethile phakathi kwamandla ezombusazwe nezomnotho, ukuguqulwa kwentela ukuze kuthelwe abacebile intela njengendlela yokuxhasa ngezimali ukwabiwa kabusha komphakathi esikhathini sokukhula kwempahla. , futhi ekugcineni ukuguqulwa kwabezindaba, hhayi ukuphoqelela ukucwaninga, kodwa kunalokho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukahluka emibonweni eshicilelwe. Nokho, njengoba kwenzeka, kwase kudlule isikhathi kuzo zonke lezo zinto okufanele ngabe zenziwe ngesikhathi sazo hhayi esimweni esibucayi.
Isici sesibili sixhumene nesokuqala. Yinhlekelele yezomnotho emhlabeni wonke kanye nokubamba kwensimbi lapho iphethwe yilokho okuyidalayo - imali yezimali kanye nokuzilimaza kwayo okungaphezi, okuphinde kucekele phansi ingcebo ngesizathu sokudala ingcebo futhi kuguqule imali isuke endaweni yokuhwebelana ibe yindawo yokuhwebelana. impahla eyinhloko yebhizinisi lokuqagela. I-hypertrophy yezimakethe zezezimali iyisithiyo ekukhuleni komnotho. Esikhundleni salokho, ibiza izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa imali lapho abampofu betshalwe ngaphansi komsebenzi wokusiza abacebile ukuba bahlale becebile futhi, uma kungenzeka, bacebe kakhudlwana. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, izigaba ezimaphakathi ezibuthakathaka ezidalwe esikhathini esidlule zizithola zisonqenqemeni lobumpofu obungazelelwe. Njengoba izingqondo zabo zifakwe ubuthi ngenxa yemithombo yezindaba elondoloza imithetho, bayashesha ukubamba bona kanye ohulumeni ababaphendula kulokho ababhekene nakho manje kulokho okungase kubehlele esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu maningi amathuba okuthi kwenzeke njengoba ithikithi lokusebenzisa imali kunethikithi lokuba yisakhamuzi kwakuyimali yokugibela ababeyikhokha ukuze bahambe besuka endaweni yezigqila baye emagcekeni angaphandle e-Manor.
Umsebenzi wokuqala nocindezela kakhulu owokuhlangula abomthetho baseBrazil kwalasha elicwila kuwo. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokho, umkhakha wawo omuhle - ngokuqinisekile iningi lohlelo lwezobulungiswa - kufanele lizibambele mathupha umsebenzi wokubuyisela ukuhleleka, ukuzola kanye nokuzibamba phakathi kwamalungu awo. Umgomo oqondisayo ulula ngokwanele ukusho: ukuzimela kwezinkantolo ngaphansi komthetho kuhloswe ukuzivumela ukuthi zifeze isabelo sazo somthwalo wemfanelo ekuhlanganiseni ukuhleleka kwentando yeningi kanye nokuphilisana kwentando yeningi. Ukuze lokho kwenzeke, bavinjelwe ekubekeni ukuzimela kwabo ukuze basebenzele noma yiziphi izithakazelo zezombangazwe zebhizinisi noma zemikhakha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinamandla kangakanani. Nakuba kulula ukusho, isimiso sinzima kakhulu ukusisebenzisa. Umthwalo wemfanelo ophezulu wokuwuphoqelela, kuleli qophelo, ulele nemizimba emibili ehlukene. I-STF (iNkantolo Ephakeme Yombuso) kufanele ithathe indima yayo njengomnikezeli oyinhloko womyalelo wezomthetho futhi iqede ukubhebhetheka kwesiphithiphithi esingokomthetho. I-STF izobhekana nezinqumo eziningi ezibalulekile esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, okufanele zilalelwe yibo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inqumani. Njengamanje, iNkantolo Ephakeme iyona kuphela isikhungo esikwazi ukumisa ukucwila esimeni esiphuthumayo. Mayelana ne-CNJ (uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezobulungiswa), onamandla okuqondisa izigwegwe phezu kwezimantshi, kufanele iqale izinyathelo zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe ngenxa yokuphindwaphindwa kwezahlulelo kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwenqubo, ingagcini ngejaji uSรฉrgio Moro, oqondisa uphenyo ngokuchema okusobala. ngendlela, kodwa ngokumelene nabo bonke labo abaye baziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Uma kungekho zinyathelo eziyisibonelo zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe ezithathwayo, abezomthetho baseBrazil basengozini yokumosha amandla esikhungo esiwazuzile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, njengoba sazi, engakaze isetshenziselwe ukuhlomulisa amabutho noma izinqubomgomo zophiko lwesokunxele. Itholwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okuqhubekayo kanye nokulinganisa okufanele phakathi kwezindlela neziphetho.
Uma umsebenzi wokuqala wenziwa ngempumelelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kuzogcinwa futhi inqubo yezepolitiki yentando yeningi izoqala kabusha inkambo yayo. IKhabhinethi kaMengameli uDilma Rousseff inqume ukufaka uLula da Silva phakathi kongqongqoshe bayo. Kuyilungelo lalo ukwenza kanjalo futhi asikho isikhungo, okungenani kuzo zonke izinhlaka zezomthetho, esinamandla okukuvimba. Asikhulumi ngokubalekela ubulungiswa kusopolitiki ongazange ahlehle ekulweni, ngoba ekugcineni uzoquliswa icala (uma kunjalo) yilelo hlaka - iNkantolo eNkulu - okuthe ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina izomqulisa. noma kunjalo. Ngokombono wezomthetho, kungaba ukuphikisana ukusebenzisa lapha isimiso "senkantolo yemvelo". Yebo, umuntu angase angavumelani nesinqumo sezombangazwe okukhulunywa ngaso. U-Lula da Silva kanye no-Dilma Rousseff bayazi ukuthi benza isinyathelo esiyingozi, futhi okuyingozi nakakhulu uma kwenzeka ukuthi uLula ajoyine iKhabhinethi kungahumusheki ekushintsheni kwenkambo yokuphuca ezandleni zamabutho aphikisayo ukulawula izinga kanye nejubane ukuguguleka okudale kuhulumeni. Eqinisweni, ukhetho lukamongameli lwangaphambi kwesikhathi kuphela olungabuyisa isimo esijwayelekile. Uma isinqumo sikaLula-Dilma singahambi kahle, imisebenzi yabo izobe isifike esiphethweni, futhi kuyoba isiphetho esingenasithunzi, ikakhulukazi endabeni yendoda ebuyisele isithunzi ezigidini eziningi kangaka zabantu baseBrazil. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kuzothatha iminyaka eminingi i-PT ukubuyisela ukwethembeka kwayo phakathi kweningi labantu baseBrazil, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi kuzofanele yenze inqubo yoshintsho olukhulu. Uma konke kuhamba kahle, kuzofanele uhulumeni omusha enze ushintsho kunqubomgomo, aqale ngokushesha, ukuze angayeki ukwethenjwa kwezigidi zabantu baseBrazil abangena emgwaqeni bebhikishela ama- putschists. Uma uhulumeni waseBrazil unesifiso sokuthola usizo kubabhikishi abaningi kangaka, kuzofanele abasize bathole izizathu zokusiza. Okusho ukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi njengabaphikisi noma njengohulumeni, i-PT izophoqeleka ukuba izisungule kabusha. Futhi siyazi, lokhu kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukukwenza uma sikuhulumeni.
Umsebenzi wesithathu uyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu, ngoba esikhathini esizayo esiseduze intando yeningi yaseBrazil kuzodingeka ivikelwe kokubili ezikhungweni zezwe nasemigwaqweni. Futhi njengoba ukwakhiwa kwenqubomgomo kungenziwa emigwaqweni, izikhungo zizobekwa phambili ngokufanele ngisho nakulezi zikhathi zomfutho wobushiqela kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo eziphikisana nentando yeningi. Imizamo yokuqeda uzinzo izoqhubeka futhi ibe nolaka njengoba ubuthakathaka bukahulumeni kanye namandla asekelayo bubonakala kakhulu. Izinhlangano nezinhlangano ezidumile, kanye nemibhikisho enokuthula, kuzongenwa abaphehli. Ukuqapha njalo kufanelekile, njengoba lolu hlobo lokucasulwa okwamanje lusetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi ukwenza kube ubugebengu ukubhikisha komphakathi, ukuqinisa ingcindezelo yombuso kanye nokumemezela izimo eziphuthumayo, nakuba kungemuva kwefaรงade yentando yeningi evamile. Njengoba uTarso Genro ephikisene, isimo esiphuthumayo sikhona ngandlela thize, yingakho ifulegi elithi "Ngeke kube khona ukuketula umbuso" kufanele liqondwe njengokugxeka ukuketulwa kwezombusazwe nokwezomthetho osekuqhubeka. Uhlobo olusha lokuketula umbuso, oludinga ukunqanyulwa.
Okokugcina, intando yeningi yaseBrazil ingazuza kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva kwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane. Indlela izinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo ezasetshenziswa ngayo ezwenikazi yenza ukuthi kungenzeki ukuguqukela kwesokunxele esikhungweni sezombangazwe lapho kuchazwa khona izikhundla zabakwesokunxele nesokudla. Kungakho, lapho ohulumeni abathuthukayo behlulwa, ilungelo lingena emandleni elinobudlova obungakaze bubonwe futhi obuzimisele ukucekela phansi, ngokuphazima kweso, konke okwakhiwe ngokuvuna izigaba ezidumile phakathi nenkathi edlule. Bese kulandela ilungelo lokuziphindiselela, ukufaka obishini ithuba lokuthi uhulumeni onenqubekela phambili aphinde aqhamuke esikhathini esizayo. Ngalokho, kuncike ekubambeni iqhaza kwezimali zamazwe ngamazwe ukufaka ezigabeni ezidumile futhi ngaphandle kombono wokuthi ukucindezela akuwona umgomo ongaphonselwa inselelo kodwa kunalokho yisiphetho okumele bazisule kuso. Uhulumeni kaMacri, e-Argentina, uyisibonelo salokhu.
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