Njengoba bekulindelekile, u-Evo Morales kanye nohulumeni wakhe we-Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) bawine ukunqoba okumangalisayo okhethweni lukazwelonke lwase-Bolivia lukamongameli nolwephalamende mhla ziyi-12 kuMfumfu.
Nakuba imiphumela esemthethweni ingeke ibe khona kuze kube uNovemba (ngaphezulu kulokho ngezansi), i-MAS iphinde yakhethwa ngevoti elidumile elingaphezudlwanadlwanadlwana kuka-61%, ngamaphesenti amathathu amaphuzu angaphansi kwango-2009 futhi lishoda ngosekelo lwama-74% i-MAS eyayilumemezele. njengomgomo wayo. Nokho, ivoti le-MAS lasakazwa ngokulinganayo ezweni lonke; iwine ubuningi eminyangweni eyisishiyagalombili kweyisishiyagalolunye yaseBolivia, okuhlanganisa emithathu kwemine eyakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “inyanga eyingxenye” empumalanga nasenyakatho yezwe, okwathi ngo-2008 yayivukela uhulumeni oholwa ngabantu bomdabu.
Emhlanganweni we-bicameral Plurinational Legislative Assembly (ALP), i-MAS kungenzeka iphinde yathola iningi lokuthathu kwezintathu eyalinqoba ngo-2009. Lapho izihlalo ze-plurinominal (ngokusekelwe ekumeleleni ngokulinganayo kwamaqembu ano-3% noma ngaphezulu wevoti likazwelonke — bheka inothi 1 ) ziyaklonyeliswa, i-MAS cishe izoba nezihlalo eziyi-113 kwezingu-166 - amaSenetha angama-25 kwangu-36 kanye namasekela angama-88 kwangu-130, noma ama-68% engqikithi.[1] Lokhu kuzosho ukuthi i-MAS izokwazi ukuchibiyela uMthethosisekelo waseBolivia ngokuhlanganyela, okudinga iningi lamavoti amabili kwezintathu.
Njengamanje uMthethosisekelo uvimbela ukuthi kuphinde kukhethwe u-Evo Morales. Kepha isichibiyelo singavumela u-Evo Morales ukuthi asebenze futhi ngo-2019, njengoba abalandeli abaningi be-MAS bethemba ngobuqotho. Kunoma ikuphi, njengomongameli wokuqala wendabuko wezwe, usezoba umholi osebenze isikhathi eside eBolivia ezweni elidume ngokuketula umbuso.
Cishe ingxenye yamalungu e-ALP manje sekuzoba ngabesifazane, njengoba uMthethosisekelo omusha udinga ukuthi isileti seqembu ngalinye sifake ukulingana ngokobulili.
Phakathi kwamaqembu amane amakhulu aphikisayo, wonke angakwesokudla se-MAS, amavoti amaningi aye kuDemocratic Unity (UD), umfelandawonye wamaqembu aholwa usomabhizinisi ongusozigidi uSamuel Doria Medina kanye noRuben Costas, umbusi womnyango waseSanta Cruz. U-Doria Medina, owayengungqongqoshe ophethe imisebenzi eminingi eyimfihlo kohulumeni bangaphambili be-neoliberal, uzenzele ingcebo ngokukhiqiza usimende futhi ungumnikazi waseBolivia wochungechunge lweBurger King. U-Costas wayengumholi we-2008 ehluleka ukuvukela umbuso.
I-UD ithathe cishe u-25% wamavoti, okungaphezulu kakhulu kwama-18% eyawabhalisa okhethweni lwemibono yomphakathi olwandulela ukhetho. Kwalandelwa iChristian Democrats eholwa ngowayengumongameli we-Conservative uJorge “Tuto” Quiroga, cishe ngo-9%. Ababelandela ngemuva kakhulu bekuyi-Movimiento Sin Miedo (i-Fearless Movement) eholwa yilowo owayeyimeya yase-La Paz u-Juan del Granado, kanye ne-Partido Verde (Greens), eholwa u-Fernando Vargas, umholi womdabu wase-lowland wemashi ye-TIPNIS ka-2011. Ngaphansi kuka-3% ngalinye, amaqembu amabili okugcina asengozini yokulahlekelwa isikhundla sawo esisemthethweni ngaphansi komthetho wokhetho waseBolivia.
Cishe abantu baseBolivia abayizigidi ezintathu bahlala ngaphandle kwaleli zwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni angomakhelwane i-Argentina neBrazil, kanye neSpain ne-United States. Kulolu khetho laba bantu ababedingisiwe kwezomnotho babenelungelo lokuvota, futhi emazweni angama-33 lapho lokhu kwakungenzeka khona ivoti laphesheya livune kakhulu iMAS, eyathatha u-72%. Ngonyaka odlule bekungowokuqala eminyakeni eminingi lapho abantu abaningi baseBolivia babuya bezohlala kuleli lizwe kunabashiywa beyofuna umsebenzi kwenye indawo, okubonisa ukuchuma okulinganiselwe izwe elikujabulelayo ngaphansi kukahulumeni waseMorales.
I-MAS iveza i-ajenda yayo yegunya elizayo
I-MAS iqhubekile nerekhodi layo elaziwayo lenqubekelaphambili emangazayo kunqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle kanye nentuthuko yamazinga okuphila, ithembisa okufanayo ngokushintsha kwegunya elizayo elibheke ekugcizeleleni okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho ukuze kuqiniswe ubukhosi baseBolivia.
Ngaphansi kukaMorales, kubhala I-blogger ye-NACLA Emily Achtenberg,
“IBolivia ithole ukuchuma kwezomnotho okungakaze kubonwe, izinzuzo zakhona ezisatshalaliswe kakhulu kubantu abaningi abampofu kanye nabomdabu bezwe. Inqubomgomo yezomnotho eholwa nguhulumeni kaMorales, egcizelela ukwenziwa kabusha kwezizwe ngezizwe kwemikhakha yamasu ekhishwe ohulumeni bakudala be-neoliberal (okubandakanya ama-hydrocarbon, ezokuxhumana, ugesi, nezinye izimayini), yenyuse kakhulu imali engenayo yemisebenzi yomphakathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwezenhlalo, kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho. .
“Yize i-GDP yaseBolivia isicishe yaphindeka kathathu kusukela ngo-2005, lapho uMorales ekhethwa okokuqala, iholo elincane—elikhuphuke ngo-20% ngonyaka odlule kuphela—linyuke cishe ngezinga elifanayo. Isibalo sabantu abaphila ngobumpofu obukhulu (ngaphansi kuka-$1.25 ngosuku) sehle ngo-32%, ukwehla okukhulu kakhulu eLatin America.
“Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezidumile zokudlulisela imali kubantu asebekhulile, izingane zesikole, nomama abakhulelwe ziye zanciphisa ukungalingani kweholo kanye nokufa kwezinsana, kuyilapho kwenyusa izinga lokuya esikoleni namazinga okuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngamafuphi, izinqubomgomo zikaMorales zezomnotho nezokusabalalisa kabusha zithuthukise kakhulu amazinga empilo yabantu baseBolivia abajwayelekile…. ”
Amakhasi ayi-57 Uhlelo lukaHulumeni lwe-MAS-IPSP (amagama okugcina amele “Ithuluzi Lezombangazwe Lobukhosi Babantu,” igama eliphelele leqembu), aveze izinjongo ezinkulu eziyi-12 enethemba lokuzifeza ngo-2020. I-blogger yaseBolivia u-Katu Arkonada ifingqa:
“Okokuqala ukuncishiswa kobubha obudlulele. Ngenkathi i-Agenda Patriótica[2] iveze ukuqedwa kobumpofu obedlulele ngo-2025, i-MAS inethemba lokuthi izokwehliswa ibe ngama-9% ngo-2020 ezweni lonke, nokuqedwa kwayo okuphelele umsebenzi osazofezwa ngo-2025 komasipala abayi-100 kwabangu-339 baseBolivia.
“Kuhlanganiswe nalokhu, njengenhloso yesibili ohlelweni lwe-MAS, wukwenziwa kwezidingongqangi emhlabeni wonke: i-100% yezindawo zasemadolobheni ezinamanzi aphuzwayo nogesi kanye nama-80% anezinhlelo zokukhuculula indle, kanti ezindaweni zasemakhaya ukuhlinzekwa okuhambisanayo kuzoba ngu-90% futhi 60% ngokulandelana. Ukwengeza, ibeka inselele yokuhlinzeka ngezigidi zegesi ezixhunywe emakhaya, uma kuqhathaniswa neziyizi-450,000 zamanje (ezisuka ku-44,000 ngo-2005).
"Lezi zinhloso zihlobene eduze nesiphakamiso sesithathu ohlelweni lwe-MAS, ukuhlinzeka nge-70% yabantu ngokufinyelela ezindlini, imfundo kanye nezinsizakalo zezempilo ngo-2020, ngekhava ngaphansi kohlelo lwezempilo lomhlaba wonke.
“Isiphakamiso sesine sichazwa njengenguquko kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla enuzi ukuze kube nezinhloso ezinokuthula ngenhloso yokuzuza ukuzimela kwezwe lamandla.
“Lesi siphakamiso sixhumene nesesihlanu, sokwakhiwa kwezimboni, ukuze kwandiswe ukudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi ngohlelo lokutshala imali eyizigidigidi eziyi-1.8 endaweni ephelele ye-petrochemical complex e-Tarija, njengoba kwamenyezelwa ngaphambilini, kanye no-$3 billion ekwakhiweni kwenxanxathela yesibili ye-petrochemical ngo-2020. Lezi zimali ezitshaliwe. ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-800 zamaRandi zokuthuthukiswa kwe-lithium, okungenye yemithombo yamandla yesikhathi esizayo ye-Bolivia, enemali enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yalesi sisetshenziswa.
"Uhlelo lwe-MAS luqukethe ukuzibophezela okucacile ekuzuzeni ubukhosi bamandla eBolivia, ngokukhiqizwa kwamandla ka-2020 MW ngo-1,672, lapho i-1,000 izothunyelwa emazweni angomakhelwane, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwe-matrix yamandla. Futhi nakuba ubukhosi bamandla buyisisekelo, kunjalo nobukhosi bokudla.
“Isiphakamiso sesithupha ohlelweni lwe-MAS sibeka inhloso ka-2020 yokumboza okungenani u-60% wesidingo sikakolweni sasekhaya ngaphezu kwalokho okwandisa ukutholakala kwendawo ngaphansi komshwalense wamapulazi omhlaba wonke ukusuka kumahektha ayi-175,000 kuya kumahektha angama-520,000.
“Lokhu kuhlanganiswe nesiphakamiso sesikhombisa, i-Water for Life, ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwamanzi nokunisela kanye nokuphathwa kwamahlathi nokuvikela imvelo ehlukahlukene.
“Inhloso yesishiyagalombili ohlelweni lweMAS lwango-2020 wukuhlanganiswa kwezwe ngokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu; ezokuthutha emoyeni, ngojantshi nasemfuleni; kanye nokwakhiwa okwengeziwe kwemigudu yamakhebula eLa Paz ukuze kufinyelelwe kwezinye izindawo ezingomakhelwane nezindawo.
"Isiphakamiso sesishiyagalolunye siwukuthi "ukunakekela okwamanje ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikusasa," isibonelo ngokwandisa izimpesheni kanye nokudluliswa kwemali okuhlobene nokukhula komnotho, kanye nezinye izinjongo eziningi.
"Umsebenzi weshumi ka-Vivir Bien ukuqinisekisa izwe elizimele neliphephile, ngeziphakamiso zokuqinisa ukuphepha kwezakhamizi kanye nokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, izinto ezimbili ezigxile kakhulu kubantu kanye nenkohlakalo kanye nezinkinga ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa, isiphakamiso seshumi nanye. kwe-MAS.
“Iziphakamiso ezimbili zamanoveli kulokhu kuhlobana ziwukusungula i-Assembly for Revolution in Justice ngokuhlanganyela komphakathi, kanye nokwamukelwa koMthetho Wokuguqulwa KoMthethosisekelo kanye Nereferendamu yoshintsho lwezobulungiswa ngenhloso yokuzuza uguquko lwangempela ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa ngokuhlanganyela okuthandwayo. […]
"Ekugcineni, i-MAS idinga uhlelo lomhlaba wonke lwempilo nobuntu ukuze uVivir Bien: I-People's Diplomacy ibe yinselelo yokuphishekela umkhathi owavulwa ngo-2014 nge Ingqungquthela ye-G77+China, lo I-Anti-Imperialist International Trade Union Conference kanye nombono wayo wezepolitiki, noma iSão Paulo Forum ebanjwe ngo-August eLa Paz; ukuguqulwa kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene; isakhiwo esisha sezezimali samazwe ngamazwe; ukubuya kokufinyelela olwandle ngobukhosi; ukuze kuvikelwe iqabunga le-coca namalungelo abantu bomdabu.”
'Ukunqoba kwe-nationalization, anti-imperialism'
Izinhlelo zamanye amaqembu ziyatholakala (ngeSpanishi) lapha. Isici esiphawulekayo samaqembu amakhulu aphiko lwesokudla afaka izileti zikamongameli kwaba isithembiso sawo sokusungula ubudlelwano obuseduze ne-United States. I-UD, isibonelo, ivune ukungena kweBolivia ku-Pacific Alliance, isivumelwano sokuhwebelana nokutshalwa kwezimali nePeru, Chile, Mexico kanye neColombia iWashington esikhuthaze, kanye nezinye izivumelwano zamazwe amabili, njengempendulo yokwenqaba kwe-Latin America Indawo Yokuhweba Ngokukhululekile. emazweni aseMelika. I-PDC ifune ubudlelwano bohwebo “obukhethekile” neNyakatho Melika kanye neYurophu, kuyilapho i-MSM ifuna ubudlelwano “obuhambisanayo,” hhayi “ukubhekana” neWashington.
Amaqembu aphikisayo aphinde agqugquzela ama-ajenda omthetho nokuhleleka ukulwa nezinkinga ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa kanye nokungavikeleki kwezakhamizi lapho kubhekene nobugebengu basemadolobheni. Futhi uDoria Medina we-UD uveze ukuthi uzokwehlisa kakhulu izintela ezinkampanini zikaphethiloli zamazwe ngamazwe okuthe, kusukela ngo-2006 kwenziwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni izinsiza ze-hydrocarbon, ezisebenze ngaphansi kwezinkontileka ezibuyekeziwe nohulumeni zokucwenga nokuthumela ngaphandle. Cishe u-30% wemali engenayo yombuso manje itholwa ezinteleni nasezinkolweni ezitholakala ezimbonini zezinsiza ezisetshenziswayo.
Enkulumweni yakhe yokunqoba ngobusuku bokhetho ezinkulungwaneni zabantu baseBolivia ababebuthene ngaphandle kwesigodlo sikamongameli eLa Paz, u-Evo Morales uthe lokhu “kunqoba okusha kwabantu baseBolivia” kwakuwukunqoba “kokwenza ubuzwe ngokumelene nokuthengiswa kwezinkampani ezizimele” kanye “nenkululeko, ukulwa nobukoloni kanye nokuphikisana nobuzwe”. imperialism.” Futhi wayinikezela ngokukhethekile “kumholi womlando weNguquko yaseCuba, uFidel Castro, kanye nomongameli ongasekho waseVenezuela, uHugo Chávez.”
Nakuba i-MAS iqhubeka nokusho ukuthi i-socialism iyindawo yokugcina "yenguquko yentando yeningi namasiko," kulo mkhankaso ibe yimpumelelo emizamweni yayo yokuqasha amalungu, ngisho nabazongenela ukhetho, emaqenjini aphikisayo. Njengoba u-Emily Achtenberg abika:
“Ngemuva kokubuyela ku-MAS ka Abel Mamani, owayengumholi womphakathi wase-El Alto kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezamanzi kuhulumeni wokuqala we-Morales owahlubuka ku-MSM ngo-2010, izishoshovu zeqembu le-MSM ezingaba ngu-500 kudlulisiwe ukwethembeka kwabo ku-MAS. Okungenani amakhandidethi angu-6 we-MSM congressional (in El Alto futhi Santa Cruz) bayilahlile imikhankaso yabo yokujoyina iMAS…..
"Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Amasosha angama-600 kusukela ku-Conservative Democratic National Action Party (ADN) yase-Santa Cruz, eyakhiwe owayengundlovukayiphikiswa wezempi u-Hugo Banzer, bamukelwe ubuholi be-MAS ngemuva kokulahla ukudlelana kwabo. Bangaphezu kwabaholi abambalwa abaphikisayo abavela emaqenjini amadala e-neoliberal asebezisungule kabusha njengabamele ukhetho lobushayamthetho be-MAS, kakhulu usizi yalabo asebenesikhathi eside bethuthuka abazizwa bengamelwe yibo.”
Ukuba khona kwalaba basebenzi abasha kungase kusebenze ukuqinisa umthelela wezinto ezilondolozayo ku-MAS.
Izinselele ezintsha, izimpikiswano ezintsha
Esihlokweni esibanzi kuqala ishicilelwe ngoJulayi, Katu Arkonada,[3] ophinde abe isishoshovu se-MAS, ukhombe izici eziningi eziphazamisayo zezwe lezombangazwe ezenzeka manje e-Bolivia. Ngokucabanga ukuthi i-MAS izowina iningi layo elifiselekayo lezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu esiShayamthetho, u-Arkonada wacabanga ukuthi leli qembu kufanele lisebenze ukuqeda ukwenqatshelwa komthethosisekelo ekuqhubekeni nokukhethwa kabusha kukamongameli.
“Okwamanje akukho okungathatha indawo ye-Evo njengamandla aqhuba inqubo yoshintsho; ugqama njengezinye izigaba ezidumile zaseBolivia, inhlangano yomdabu ye-campesino kanye nemicabango yayo,[4] izifiso kanye nama-horizons. Ngakho-ke akunangqondo ukukhawulela igunya lalowo oveza kahle intando ethandwayo…. Ikakhulukazi eMkhandlwini lapho amaqembu aphikisayo ezobe eqinile futhi ezilungiselele kangcono kunalesi esikhona, efuna ukwakha ubuholi obungakwazi ukungenela isikhundla sikamengameli ngo-2019.
“Ngalo mqondo, kufanele kucatshangelwe indlela yokubhekana nophiko olulungile oluzophinda lusetshenziswe, luguqule futhi luziveze ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka kuCapriles eVenezuela.[5] Isixazululo alikho ku-pragmatism noma izivumelwano nabaphikisayo kodwa ngokubhekana nenhlalo eqinile yezinhlangano zomphakathi, izinyunyana kanye nabantu bomdabu abaqhubekisele phambili inqubo yoguquko.
“Izinhlangano zomphakathi okufanele ziqhubeke ngokulingana nohulumeni nohulumeni. Ukunyakaza okumele kube yisisekelo okumele sijule futhi sithuthukise inqubo, ukuguqula inguquko yezombangazwe kanye nokuqeda ubukoloni ibe inguquko eyiqiniso yezenhlalo ephikisana nemizamo yokuma kancane futhi ingaqhubeki phambili, ngokumane ulawule futhi uzuze kulokho osekuzuziwe. kuze kube manje.”
Uma ngempela uMorales engakwazi ukugijima futhi, ukufaniswa kwesipiliyoni saseVenezuela sangemva kwe-Chávez (futhi ngokunokwenzeka ne-post-Lula Brazil) kubaluleke kakhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, i-MAS kuzofanele icabangisise kahle ekuthuthukiseni izinhlaka zobuholi ezibanzi, okungcono ngokuphakamisa abaholi abanolwazi oluvela ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalakahle eziyisisekelo sayo, ngendlela efanayo naleyo uMorales ngokwakhe, umholi wenyunyana yabalimi be-coca, wavela njengomholi ovelele eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kuka-2005.
U-Arkonada uphinde waphawula omunye umsebenzi obalulekile obhekene nohulumeni esikhathini esizayo. Ukuvota kwangaphambi kokhetho kuveze ukuthi phakathi kwalabo abazwelana kakhulu namaqembu aphikisayo kukhona abantu abasha.
“Futhi kulokhu udaba olubalulekile wukuthi yini okumele yenziwe mayelana nezifiso nezimfuno zabantu abasezingeni eliphakathi. Lapho imingcele yentando yeningi inwetshiwe, abantu bafuna amalungelo engeziwe. Njengoba nje isigidi kuya kwezimbili abantu baseBolivia bengamalungu esigaba esiphakathi, izimfuno ezingagculisi ziyanda emadolobheni, lapho ukwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokuphila kungabhekwa ngendlela efanayo neyasemaphandleni. NjengaseBrazil, lapho imibhikisho emelene nokwenyuka kwemali yokugibela ingazange yenzeke eNyakatho-mpumalanga, lapho kunobumpofu obuningi kodwa futhi nokwabiwa kabusha okwengeziwe, kodwa eSão Paulo lapho babeholwa yintsha enganelisekile esezingeni eliphakathi, eBolivia ukuzilungiselela isigaba esifanayo sokungqubuzana komphakathi kanye nezimfuno.
“Futhi nokulungiselela u-2019 lapho abaphikisayo bengeke beze ne-Bolivian Capriles kuphela kodwa uhlu lwabavoti luzogcwala abavoti abasha abayisigidi, abaningi babo abazalwa cishe ngo-2000 futhi abangakaze babhekane ne-neoliberalism noma izimpi zamanzi noma zegesi. . Singakuthola kanjani ukusekelwa isizukulwane esisha, esicabanga ukuthi ukuba khona kombuso noma ukwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo kungamaqiniso ahlala njalo okuphila hhayi impumelelo engahlehliswa?”
Ngevoti layo eliningi, i-MAS ingase ilingeke ukuba ihlale ijabule futhi yaneliseke ngokuphatha kukahulumeni nje ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ithuba lokujulisa kanye nokwenza “inqubo yoguquko” yayo ibe namandla eminyakeni ezayo. Kodwa-ke, nakuba iBolivia ijabulela ukuzinza kwezomnotho okungakaze kubonwe futhi ukwesekwa kukahulumeni kuphezulu, kunobufakazi obuncane bokuthi ukunyakaza komphakathi ngaphansi kokusekelwa kwe-MAS kuyadiliza - ngokuphambene nalokho.
Phakathi ku isihloko sangemuva kokhetho, u-Alfredo Rada, isekela likangqongqoshe wezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle kuhulumeni, kubonakala sengathi uyakulungisa lokhu. Udonsela ukunaka esidingweni sokuqinisa “iqembu lenhlalakahle elinenguquko” alihlonza njengento ebalulekile ekunqobeni kwe-MAS:
"I-bloc ethandwa kakhulu ngabasebenzi bomdabu manje ingaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ekwakhiweni kombuso wenguquko efuna ukuyisandisa emikhakheni ekhulayo yabantu - bonke labo abangaxhashazi abasebenzi abahlukene - ibagqugquzela mayelana nezinguquko kwezomnotho, hhayi kuphela ekubuseni kwempahla kodwa ngokuyisisekelo ebudlelwaneni bobunxiwankulu bokukhiqiza ngokusebenzisa uguquko lwenhlalo nepolitiki olujulisa intando yeningi, oluhlanganisa imikhuba yokubamba iqhaza neyokuhlalisana, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko okunqoba izindlela zokucabanga nokwenza zobukoloniyali kanye nezama-patriarchal.
"Lolu hlelo, oluqondwa njengolwakhiwo olunamandla olusuka ebudlelwaneni obuhlala njalo nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kumele luqondiswe yizimiso zokulwa nongxowankulu ezihlale zibhekiselwa kuzo ezinkulumweni."
I-Rada iphawula isidingo esikhathini esizayo sokujulisa uguquko lwezolimo. "ICongress of Land and Territory" ebizwa yizinhlangano zabalimi, abantu bomdabu kanye "nemiphakathi yamasiko" (abalimi abasanda kuzinza base-Altiplano), umhlangano eSanta Cruz ngoJuni, yayikugxekile ukushaqwa komhlaba okwenziwa abantu bakwamanye amazwe abacebile. ukusebenzisana nabanikazi bezindlu baseBolivia, benza lokho abakubiza ngokuthi izinhlobo ezintsha ze-latifundio kanye nokugxilwa kabusha kobunikazi bomhlaba emakethe. "Bahlongoze iNguquko Yezolimo entsha ukuze kuqiniswe izinhlobo zokukhiqiza ze-campesino nezokuhlalisana okuhloswe ngazo ukuzuza ubukhosi bokudla." Lokhu, kusho uRada, “akuhambisani neze nezimfuno zikahulumeni ezenziwa onxiwankulu baseSanta Cruz e-Eastern Agricultural Chamber of Commerce.”
Enye inselele enkulu, i-Rada iphawula, “ukwehla kwamanani omhlaba” embonini yezimayini.
“Impendulo esheshayo wukwandisa umthamo kazwelonke wokuncibilikisa nokucwenga, kodwa lokho akwanele. Uhlelo lukahulumeni lokusungulwa kwezimayini manje oluqhubekayo ludinga iminyaka ukuze luvuthwe. Ngokusekelwa ithimba labasebenzi basezimayini, kunesidingo esingenakugwenywa sokunciphisa ukulawulwa kwemali enqwabelene yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ezinqwabelanisa izinzuzo ezinkulu ezivela emithonjeni yethu yemvelo engavuseleleki futhi zishiye ingxenye encane kuphela kumgcinimafa kahulumeni. Njengoba u-Evo esho, kwaba ukuthambekela kokwenza ubuzwe okwaphumelela ebhokisini lokuvota phezu kokuthambekela kokwenza izinto ezizimele.”
I-Arkonada iqhubekela phambili, iphakamisa ukuthi iBolivia kumele idlulele ngale “kokubuyiselwa kombuso nokusabalalisa kabusha njengezici ezithile ze-post-neoliberalism” futhi iqale ukucabanga “ngemodeli entsha yentuthuko.”
“Umnotho wethu we-extractivist kumele ucatshangelwe kabusha ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, phakathi kwazo imingcele yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke, engakwazi ukubekezelela ukukhula komnotho wonxiwankulu bamazwe abizwa ngokuthi asathuthuka, ingasaphathwa eyemibuso esafufusa njengeShayina noma iNdiya enezakhamuzi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 izwe ngalinye; kanye nemikhawulo ye-capitalism enkingeni yesakhiwo engathola kuphela inani elingaphezulu noma igcine izinga lenzuzo ngokuxhaphaza abantu nemvelo.
“Kulesi simo, igalelo laseBolivia endleleni esicabanga kabusha futhi sihlanganise ngayo ilungelo lentuthuko kanye namalungelo kaMother Earth libalulekile ezingxoxweni ezizayo. Futhi okuhambisana nalokhu, nakuba ukufakwa ngaphansi kukahulumeni kwemithombo yemvelo ukuze kubuyiswe ubukhosi bethu bezombangazwe nezomnotho kwakubalulekile, futhi isigaba sabo sokusungulwa kwezimboni sibalulekile kulesi sikhathi, kufanele singene esigabeni sesithathu esizohambisana nokuhlukahluka okuphumelelayo igcwalisa ukufuna enye imodeli yentuthuko (ngoba okunye kuyaintuthuko iyaqhubeka nokuba yinhlese eBolivia, ingasaphathwa eChina noma eNdiya).
Eminye imisebenzi esheshayo
Ngenkathi izinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nemibono yesikhathi eside e-Bolivia zisaqala ukuvuleka, kunemisebenzi esheshayo ebhekene nohulumeni umkhankaso wokhetho owenze ukuyigqamisa. Esinye isidingo sokuqinisa izikhungo ezithile ezibalulekile zombuso, kuqalwe ngenkantolo yokhetho kanye nezinkantolo.
I-Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE), okuyinhlangano entsha ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo ka-2009 enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela nokwengamela lonke ukhetho eBolivia, kuvele ukuthi inephutha elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo - okuhlanganisa nochungechunge lwezikhathi ezimisiwe ezigejiwe, ukudideka ekuqokweni kwabazobuya. abaphathi (i-jurados electorales), futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukubambezeleka okungalindelekile ekubaleni amavoti kanye nokubika imiphumela, i-TSE eyabalula ngenxa yokushiyeka kobuchwepheshe. Nokho, ukugadwa kwayo kwasilela ngokusobala ezingeni elidingekayo lokunakekela; ngisho nephutha elihlazo kumavoti okhetho - isihloko esisemthethweni sombuso (I-Plurinational State of Bolivia) kubhalwe kabi ngokuthi “i-plurinominal,” ebhekisela esigabeni sesekela endlini ephansi — ayizange inakwe kwaze kwaba usuku lokhetho!
Izikhungo zombuso ezibuthaka kakhulu, izinkantolo kanye nohlelo lwezomthetho lulonke, okuhlanganisa nezinye izinkantolo, inkinga eyaziwayo amaqembu aphikisayo ayigqamisa emizamweni yawo yokudweba uhulumeni we-MAS ngokwawo njengongakwazi. Isikhalo esikhulu sithinta ukubambezeleka okudlulele ekuqulweni kwamacala, obugebengu kanye nawomphakathi; isibonelo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuze kufike ku-80% noma ngaphezulu iziboshwa ezinqatshelwe ibheyili azikaqulwa phakathi nesikhathi esiphusile, okuholele ekutheni kube nokugcwala kwamajele okuholele ezibhelungwini eziningi ezinyangeni ezedlule. Uhulumeni uthembisa umthetho ozolungisa lokho iPhini Likamongameli u-Álvaro García Linera akuchaza njengohlelo lwezobulungiswa “esimeni sokuquleka”; UNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa uSandra Gutiérrez uthi uzohlinzeka ngisho namajaji aboshwe abangela ukubambezeleka okungadingekile kobulungiswa.
Ezinsukwini ezisanda kwedlula i-ALP, esaqhubeka nokuhlangana ngaphandle kwalawo malungu afuna ukuqokwa kabusha egunyeni elizayo, yamukele umthetho ohlinzeka, Inter alia, ukushiywa isikhathi esisodwa kuphela ezimweni ezithile zokushushiswa okungazange kuqulwe phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu zokuthweswa icala. Iphinde iqede nokubamba iqhaza kwamajaji ezakhamuzi akhethiwe ezinkantolo ezikhipha isigwebo, okubhekwa njengembangela eyinhloko yokubambezeleka.
Uvivinyo olukhulu olulandelayo lwamandla okhetho luzofika ngoMashi 2015 lapho ukhetho selubanjwa eminyangweni nakomasipala kulo lonke elaseBolivia. I-UD isivele iqale imihlangano namanye amaqembu ukuze kuhlanganiswe izileti zamaqembu aphikisayo. I-MAS yona ihlele imihlangano nabaholi bezinhlangano ezahlukene zomphakathi ukuhlela ukungenelela kwabo.
Futhi wonke amehlo manje abheke okhethweni lwesibili lwango-Okthoba 26 ezweni elingumakhelwane iBrazil, isizinda esinamandla eNingizimu Melika, lapho uMongameli Dilma Rousseff we-Workers Party ebhekene nomzabalazo onzima no-Aecio Neves, ikhandidethi yelungelo elihambisana ne-United States. Lolo khetho, kubhala isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu saseBolivia Eduardo Paz Rada, kuzoba “izinga lokushisa elikhulu lezombangazwe zesifunda.” U-Rousseff, uphawula, ubonakala engenakho ukuzibophezela eLatin America umanduleli wakhe uLula Da Silva ayenakho. Kodwa uyasiza
“gcina amathemba athile esikhundla esizimele nesivamile phakathi kwamazwe asesifundeni sethu, esimweni sobunzima bonxiwankulu basentshonalanga kanye nokwanda kwezinhlaka ezihlukene zezindawo nezombusazwe emazwenikazi amahlanu.
“Ubudlelwano bezombangazwe baseBolivia neBrazil eminyakeni yamuva abuzange bube ngcono kakhulu, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kokuthunyelwa kwegesi yaseBolivia kanye nemali engenayo abayithola ngokuncika kweSão Paulo kulo mthombo wamandla kanye namandla okuhlanganiswa okuvundlile nokuhambisana. Kodwa-ke bazowohloka kakhulu uma uNeves ewina.
“Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izifundazwe zaseBrazil lapho i-Neves iwina khona zonke zisemngceleni osempumalanga weBolivia, lapho izinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe zebhizinisi lezolimo kanye nabanikazi bomhlaba abathekelisa ngesoya, abambisene nosopolitiki baseBolivia be-neoliberal kanye nabanikazi bezindlu, futhi banethonya elinamandla kubo.
"Okunye okubalulekile kupolitiki yesifunda kanye nokulingana kwamandla ukhetho lukamongameli e-Uruguay, ngo-Okthoba 26 ngokunjalo, nokhetho lukazwelonke oluzobanjwa ngonyaka ozayo e-Argentina, nomphumela ongaqinisekile."
Ngempela, siphila ezikhathini ezithakazelisayo - nezibucayi.
Sibonga u-Federico Fuentes kanye no-Art Young ngokubuyekezwa kwabo okubucayi kanye neziphakamiso ngohlaka lwangaphambilini.
[1] Umnyango ngamunye ukhetha amaSenetha amane. Emkhandlwini Wamasekela, izihlalo ezingama-63 “zingezona igama elithile,” ngasinye siphethwe isekela elikhethwe ngevoti elikhulu kunawo wonke esifundeni sokhetho; ezinye izihlalo ezingama-60 zinikezwa amaqembu ngokwamasheya awo evoti elidumile; futhi emnyangweni ngamunye kweyisikhombisa abavoti bomdabu abangewona amalungu ezizwe ezivelele zama-Aymara nesiQuechua bakhetha ilungu elilodwa, okwenza ingqikithi yamasekela angu-130. Ngo-2011 iMAS yalahlekelwa yisibalo sayo sokubili kokuthathu ngesikhathi amasekela amahlanu abomdabu eshiya iqembu ebhikishela ukucindezelwa kwamaphoyisa. TIPNIS imashi. Ukuze uthole ukuqagela okushayisanayo ngenani lezihlalo zokugcina ze-MAS okhethweni lwango-2014, bheka “El MAS alcanza los dos tercios en la Asamblea Legislativa"Futhi"I-Aún hay incertidumbre sobre los 2/3 del MAS en Asamblea.” Umehluko usekutheni amaqembu amabili amancane, i-MSM kanye ne-Verdes, womabili athole ngaphansi kuka-3%, anelungelo lesihlalo esisodwa ngalinye; uma kungenjalo, lezo zihlalo ezimbili ziya ku-MAS. (Kufanele kuqashelwe, mhlawumbe, ukuthi ukhetho lwe-MSM ezihlalweni ezingavamile bathole cishe u-8%.)
[2] The I-Ajenda Patriótica 2025 iqukethe inkundla ethi “13 Pillars for a Digrated and Sovereign Bolivia” eyethulwa ngu-Evo Morales enkulumweni kamongameli esiShayamthetho ngoJanuwari 2013. Uhlelo lokhetho lwe-MAS lwalo nyaka lusekelwe kulo mbhalo, izinjongo zesikhathi eside ezibekelwe u-2025, unyaka weminyaka emibili iBolivia ithola inkululeko eSpain.
[3] U-Katu Arkonada (owazalelwa ezweni lase-Spain Basque, 1978) wayengumeluleki wangaphambili ePhini LikaNgqongqoshe Wokuhlela Amasu, futhi usebenze kuMnyango Wezangaphandle waseBolivia. Uzihlelile izincwadi I-Transiciones hacia el Vivir bien futhi I-Un Estado muchos pueblos, la construcción de la plurinaciolidad e-Bolivia nase-Ecuador. Uyilungu le Inethiwekhi Yongqondongqondo Ekuvikeleni Kobuntu, kanye nomnikeli we-Le Monde diplomatique, uhlelo lwesi-Bolivia.
[4] Igama elithi “Imaginary” libhekisela endleleni lezi zigaba ezicabanga ngayo ngezindinganiso, izikhungo, imithetho, nezimpawu zazo.
[5] U-Henrique Capriles wayemele iqembu eliphikisayo okhethweni luka-2012 no-2013 eVenezuela, futhi wasondela kakhulu ekunqobeni uMongameli uNicolas Maduro.
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