UJeffery R. Webber wahlangana nomlando weNyuvesi yaseNew York uSinclair Thomson ngoSepthemba 7, 2007. eMontreal ukuxoxa ngepolitiki yomdabu nedumile eBolivia kanye nesimilo sikahulumeni ka-Evo Morales. Inhlolokhono iphinde ibe yithuba lokufunda ngezinye zezihloko ezithuthukisiwe encwadini entsha I-Revolutionary Horizons: Okwedlule Namanje Kwezombangazwe ZaseBolivia (Verso, 2007), uThomson ayibhala ngokubambisana neForrest Hylton.
JRW: Ngo-2005 Ukubukeza okusha kwesokunxele i-athikili, eyabhalwa ngokuhlanganyela noForrest Hylton, uyabhala: โUma iLatin America bekuyisizinda sokuphikisana okukhulu nokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-neoliberal kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, iBolivia ibilokhu iphambili ekuvukeleni umbuso.โ Uphikisa ngokuthi umjikelezo wamanje wokuvukela umbuso โuhlanganisa inkathi yesithathu enkulu yoguquko emlandweni waseBolivia.โ Ngaphambi kokubhekana nesimo samanje, ungasidlulisa kwesinye sesizinda sezikhathi ezimbili zokuqala zoguquko?
ST: Indlela esikucabange ngayo, izikhathi ezintathu zokuvukela umbuso kungaba, okokuqala, inguquko yendabuko yokulwa nobukoloni eyaba khona ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ngo-1780 kanye no-1781. Lokhu kwaba ukuvukela umbuso okwakhulula iningi labantu izindawo eziseningizimu ye-Andean esifundeni esisuka endaweni namuhla eyiningizimu yePeru kwehle kunqamule eBolivia kuze kuyongena enyakatho ye-Argentina. Uhulumeni wamakoloni waseSpain waqothulwa kakhulu kule ndawo futhi kwakukhona amadolobha ambalwa aseSpain ayevinjezelwe amabutho omdabu ayebuthelwe amashumi ezinkulungwane.
U-Tupac Amaru ungumuntu owaziwa kakhulu ebuholini, inzalo yezikhulu ze-Inca eyayifuna ukubuyisela ubukhosi be-Inca e-Andes. Ezweni laseBolivia kwakunabanye abaholi besifunda, abadume kakhulu kubo nguTupaj Katari wasesifundeni saseLa Paz. U-Tupaj Katari namuhla uyiqhawe lomlando elikhulu lezinhlangano zomdabu eBolivia.
Leyo nhlangano yagcina ibekwe phansi ngemva kwesikhathi esingangonyaka, nokho uhulumeni wamakoloni waseSpain awuzange ubuyiselwe ngokuphelele ngemva kwalokho. Kube khona umdonsiswano wezombangazwe, lapho amabutho amakholoni ebambelele, kodwa phakathi kwesizukulwane amabutho amakoloni aseSpain ayezoketulwa ukuhlubuka okusha okulwa nobukoloni okuholwa ama-creole elite; okungukuthi, inzalo yamakoloni aseYurophu. Yayingaseyona inhlangano yomdabu, eyaketula umbuso waseSpain. Ngokubona kwethu inhlangano yenkululeko eyenzeka ngeminyaka yawo-1810 kanye nawo-1820 yayingelona inguquko yeqiniso kwezenhlalo yabantu, uma kubhekwa ubuholi kanye namandla ayo. Kwakuyinguquko yezombangazwe, kodwa yayiholwa imikhakha ye-creole yabaphezulu abakwazile ukuhlanganisa amandla ezandleni zabo, ngaphandle kokwabiwa kabusha okuncane komcebo ngaphakathi noma uguquko ekumeleleni kwezombusazwe. Kwakungeyona inqubo yokuvukela umbuso lapho amabutho amavukelambuso aphakama esuka ngaphansi. Ngakho-ke asizifaki ngempela izimpi zokuzimela (1809-1825) njengesikhathi esihlukile soguquko, ngoba sicabanga ngalezi ziguquko njengezinguquko zomphakathi ngokuyinhloko. Ngokusobala lena indaba yenkulumo-mpikiswano yomlando. UJames Dunkerley, encwadini yakhe entsha ebalulekile I-Bolivia: Inguquko namandla Omlando Okwamanje (I-Institute for the Study of the Americas, 2007) iphikisana nesimo soguquko sokuzimela.
Isikhathi sesibili esikhulu soguquko kithina, ngokwala magama, kuzoba yiNguquko Kazwelonke ka-1952-1953 eBolivia, lapho abalimi bomdabu kanye namabutho esigaba sabasebenzi bavuka ngokubambisana ne-Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), i-middle class, nationalist. iqembu lezepolitiki. Ngokuhlangene amandla abo ahlangene agumbuqela i-oligarchy "ye-semi-feudal" ehlobene nezicebi zamathini nabanikazi bezindlu abakhulu emaphandleni.
Lokhu kuguquguquka kwakungeyona inguquko yezenhlalakahle, nakuba kwakukhona izici ezibalulekile ze-Marxist kanye ne-socialist phakathi kwayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokunyakaza kwabasebenzi basezimayini. Sekukonke kwengeze ku-nationalist esikhundleni soguquko lwe-socialist. Kodwa yaguqula ubudlelwano bomphakathi ngezindlela ezibalulekile: kwaba nokuthathwa kombuso komkhakha wezimayini; ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba okubaluleke kakhulu - ukuguqulwa komhlaba okwesibili okujulile eLatin America ngemva kweNguquko yaseMexico; kwethulwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela emhlabeni wonke; kanye nezinguquko ezibalulekile zemfundo. Ngakho-ke lokhu kwaba nezinzuzo ezihlala njalo, nakuba kwakukhona nokulinganiselwa okukhulu kule nqubo.
Bese kuthi isikhathi sesithathu soguquko kithi siphume emjikelezweni wokuvukela umbuso owaqala ngo-2000 ngeMpi Yamanzi e-Cochabamba futhi eyakhiwa ngo-2001, 2002, futhi ngo-2003 ifika esiphethweni ngokuvukela umbuso ngo-Okthoba owaketula umbuso. umbuso we-neoliberal kaGonzalo Sรกnchez de Lozada. Lokho kwavula isikhathi soguquko ngokuphelele eBolivia lapho amabutho adumile kokubili emaphandleni nasemadolobheni ahlangana ndawonye: abomdabu kanye nakweminye imikhakha yokusebenza; abafundi; izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisiwe - izinhlangano ezingomakhelwane, abathengisi bezimakethe, izinhlangano zezinyunyana zazo zonke izinhlobo, abalimi be-coca, nabakhiqizi bezolimo basezindaweni zasemakhaya, noma abalimi - bonke bahlanganyela. Baketula uSรกnchez de Lozada futhi babeka imingcele yenkulumompikiswano kazwelonke yezombangazwe nezomnotho.
Ngemuva kuka-2003 sinenkathi evulekile lapho abahlonishwa bendabuko bezepolitiki bashanelwe kakhulu ngokugqugquzela abantu abaningi. Ilungelo lilahlekelwe yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lwephrojekthi ye-hegemonic yaseBolivia. I-Neoliberalism iye yanqatshwa ngokuphelele ngumphakathi uwonke, kubonakala sengathi isiphelelwe amandla, futhi kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sohlobo oluthile loshintsho lwezepolitiki. Nakuba ubuholi obuhlukile kwezombusazwe bungacacile ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke kunesikhathi sokuhlangana, lapho uhulumeni obuthaka kakhulu ophethwe yisekela-mongameli wangaphambili uCarlos Mesa wathatha isikhala sezombangazwe okwavulwa ukuvukela umbuso, kodwa engenawo amandla okuphoqelela noma yiziphi izinqubomgomo zangempela ezingowakhe.
Esinye sezimfuno zababhikishi ngo-2003 kwakuwukuhlelwa kabusha komkhakha wama-hydrocarbon (igesi yemvelo namafutha). I-Bolivia inendawo yesibili enkulu yokugcina igesi e-hemisphere. Ephendula, uMesa ucele inhlolovo edumile ukuze kubonakale ukuthi izwe kufanele liye ngakuphi nenqubomgomo ye-hydrocarbon. Ireferendamu ibonise intando ethandwayo yokwenza imithombo yezemvelo yamasu, ngokwenqaba izinqubomgomo zangaphambili ze-neoliberal zokwenziwa kwangasese.
Umthetho wangaphambilini we-neoliberal kuma-hydrocarbon wachithwa, kodwa uhulumeni we-Mesa wayemanqikanqika ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithandwayo zokwenziwa kukahulumeni. Esikhundleni salokho kwalandela inkathi engaqondakali, ephikisanayo lapho izimfuno ezidumile zingazange zenziwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-right-wing yayisiqala ukuhlela kabusha njengenhlangano ephikisana nezinguquko. Lokhu kwakwenzeka ezindaweni eziphansi, eSanta Cruz ikakhulukazi. Ilungelo lalingasahleli ngamaqembu ezombusazwe ayekade enganakiwe, kodwa ngamakomidi omphakathi ezifunda, futhi lase liqala ukubuyisa amandla athile. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganisa kwesokunxele kanye nokugqugquzela kwesokudla ezindaweni eziphansi kwehlise uhulumeni weCarlos Mesa futhi kwaholela kuhulumeni wesikhashana oholwa nguMongameli weNkantolo Ephakeme, uRodrรญguez Veltzรฉ. Lowo hulumeni wathatha cishe izinyanga eziyisi-6 ngo-2005, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuba nokhetho olusha lukamongameli lukazwelonke.
Kulolo khetho kwakhethwa u-Evo Morales, kanye neqembu le-Movement to Socialism (MAS). UMorales wathatha izintambo ekuqaleni kuka-2006. Sibona ukukhethwa kuka-Evo Morales njengomphumela wenqubo yoguquko ebilokhu iqhubeka kusukela ngo-2003. Nakuba uhulumeni ngokwawo engenakubhekwa ngokufanelekile njengohulumeni woguquko, kuwumphumela wenqubo yoguquko. okusaqhubeka.
Sisesesigabeni lapho lesi sikhathi sesithathu soguquko singakadlalwa ngokuphelele, noma sixazululwe.
JRW: Ngaphambi kokuthi siqhubekele phambili emininingwaneni kahulumeni waseMorales, ungabuchaza yini ubudlelwano ngokwemibandela ebanzi phakathi kwenhlangano yezohwebo ehleliwe kanye neqembu Lesokunxele kanye nezinhlangano zomdabu kulo lonke ikhulunyaka lamashumi amabili, nokuthi lobu budlelwano bashintsha kanjani phakathi kuka-2000 no-2005, uma empeleni yashintsha.
ST: Enye yezindlela esizame ngayo ukuqonda lezi zikhathi zoguquko ukubheka ubudlelwano phakathi kweningi labomdabu eBolivia kanye neminye imikhakha ehlubukayo noma ephikisayo eyayingakwesokhohlo, enhlanganweni yabasebenzi, emadolobheni. izigaba zokusebenza, abasebenzi basezimbonini; futhi ezikhathini zangaphambili zomlando, amanye amalungu aphikisayo eqembu elikhethekile afuna umfelandawonye namandla omdabu.
Ngokubona kwethu, isizathu esenza lezi zikhathi zoguquko - eziyivelakancane futhi ezingajwayelekile - zenzeke ukuthi kube khona uhlobo lokuhlangana phakathi kwesiko lendabuko lomzabalazo wezepolitiki kanye nolunye usiko lomzabalazo wezepolitiki. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kumelelwa ngakwesobunxele, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kumelelwa kakhulu yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi amandla kazwelonke adumile, okungenzeka angabonakali ngokuphelele ngephrojekthi ye-Marxist noma ye-socialist, kodwa evame ukuphikisa ama-imperialist futhi igxeka i-oligarchic elite. eye yaphatha amandla eBolivia kusukela esikhathini sobukoloni kuya phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili.
Uma sibheka ikhulunyaka lamashumi amabili kuze kube manje, sicabanga ukuthi ukhiye wokuqonda umzuzu woguquko olufana nowawo-1950 kanye nalowo wanamuhla ukuhlangana phakathi kwale mifudlana yomibili yomzabalazo wezepolitiki. Le mifudlana ivamise ukungaphambanisi, kodwa ibe ngezinjongo ezihlukene, ayikwazi ukuxhumana noma ukuhlanganisa amandla ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene. Kodwa kulezo zikhathi ezingavamile lapho behlangana, bayakwazi ukukhiqiza izinguquko ezijulile, ezinkulu zezombusazwe.
Lokhu kwenzeka maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka ngokugqugquzelwa okukhulu kwabalimi emaphandleni, phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 okuholela ku-1952 no-1953. Ngesikhathi esifanayo unokuvela kwenhlangano enamandla yabasebenzi basezimayini, ehlelwe ngokuhwebelana. izinyunyana, namanye amaqembu ezepolitiki alwela ubuzwe kanye nabenxele, ikakhulukazi iqembu leTrotskyist, iRevolutionary Workers Party (POR). Bese uphinda ube neqhaza le-MNR ngo-1952 nango-1953. Okwenzekayo ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi amabutho omdabu ahlangana nabasebenzi bezinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye namaqembu ezombusazwe ase-Centre-Left. Kodwa bajoyina njengamalungu amancane endaweni ebumbene. I-POR, iqembu le-Trotskyist, kanye ne-MNR, iqembu lobuzwe, lihola futhi liqondisa inqubo; basebenzisana futhi banikeze izimvume emiphakathini yabalimi bomdabu ukuze ijoyine le nhlangano yobuzwe.
Umphumela unikeza intuthuko ebalulekile. Uguquko lwezolimo luholela ekuguqulweni okukhulu kobunikazi bomhlaba eBolivia. Esikubona njengokwenzeka namuhla kuyinqubo efanayo, ngokuthi unokuhlangana kwale mifudlana emibili, futhi nokho ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngokomlando, noma okungenani engakaze ibonwe kusukela ngekhulu le-18. Manje usunamandla omdabu athatha indima enkulu njengobuholi.
I-Neoliberalism ibe nomthelela omubi kakhulu eBolivia emikhakheni yabasebenzi. Umbutho wabasebenzi basezimayini uqedwa ukuwohloka kwezimayini zombuso, iphakethe lezinqubomgomo zezomnotho zezepolitiki ezijwayelekile ezaqalwa ngo-1985. I-Bolivian Workers Central (COB), okwaze kwaba ngawo-1980 kwakuyiyona nqola ebaluleke kakhulu yokugqugquzela abantu abaningi, futhi eyahlanganisa abalimi. amabutho ezinyunyana kanye namasosha ezinyunyana zabasebenzi, ashayeka kakhulu futhi aqala ukulahlekelwa indima yobuholi obunamandla eyayiyidlalile amashumi eminyaka kusukela ngawo-1950 kuya ko-1980.
Kuleso sikhala sezombangazwe esavulwa ukwehla kwenhlangano yezinyunyana ehleliwe ngenxa ye-neoliberalism, amabutho abalimi kanye namandla endabuko - futhi ikakhulukazi abalimi be-coca - baqala ukuhlela ngendlela yokuzimela kakhulu; bamukela inkulumo yobuzwe eya ngokuya iqinile, inkulumo yamaNdiya yokuzinqumela, besuka ezingxoxweni zekilasi elidala ezazidlangile kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950.
Lapho kwenzeka umjikelezo wakamuva wokuvukela umbuso, kusukela ngo-2000, izinhlelo zomdabu zazihola phambili. Okuningi kokugqugquzelwa kwakwenzeka emaphandleni ngendlela yokuvinjwa kwemigwaqo nokuvinjezelwa kwabalimi emadolobheni, okuhlanganisa nenhloko-dolobha, iLa Paz. Basebenzisa izinhlobo zendabuko zobuchwepheshe bokuvukela umbuso kanye nenhlangano; isibonelo, ukwenza abantu bashintshane ukuze banikeze abasebenzi, banikeze izinsiza, ukugcina imigwaqo ivaliwe, ukupela labo babhikishi asebenesikhathi esithile bebambe iqhaza; ukuthumela izinhlaka ezintsha zababhikishi abakwazi ukugcina ukushuba kwezivimbelo, zokuvinjezelwa; ngubani ongahlinzeka ngokudla kanye nophethiloli kubabhikishi. Lawa ngamasu okuvinjezelwa kwedolobha aphinde asetshenziswa kusukela ngekhulu le-18.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkulumo zomdabu zaqala ukugqama kakhulu, hhayi kuphela emiphakathini yendabuko emaphandleni, kodwa futhi ngokwandayo edolobheni. Ukuvukela umbuso ngo-2003 kwaqala emaphandleni, ezindaweni ezifana ne-Warisata ne-Sorata, kodwa kwathuthela ngokushesha endaweni yasemadolobheni yase-El Alto. Futhi e-El Alto, abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 bahlobana ngandlela-thile neqembu lendabuko, ama-Aymara noma amaQuechua. Lesi sibalo sabantu siya ngokuya samukela ubunjalo bomdabu, sithatha izinhlobo zezinkulumo zezepolitiki zomdabu, futhi sakhiwe abantu ngokwabo abasuka emiphakathini yasemaphandleni noma inzalo yabafuduki abavela emiphakathini yasemaphandleni. Ngakho-ke kunemikhakha emikhulu ye-El Alto enobunikazi obuqinile be-Aymara.
Kukhona futhi imikhakha ebalulekile yedolobha lase-El Alto efikile ivela ezikhungweni zezimayini ezashayeka kakhulu ngemva kokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-neoliberal, kanye nokwenziwa kwezimayini ezizimele; abantu abashiywe bengenamisebenzi futhi abafudukela edolobheni lase-El Alto ukuze bazame kanzima ukuthola uhlobo oluthile lokuziphilisa, ngokuvamile emkhakheni ongakahleleki ngesikhathi se-neoliberal.
Ngakho-ke e-El Alto uthola ukuhlangana ebengikhuluma ngakho ngaphambili phakathi kwebutho lenhlalo yabantu bomdabu kanye namanye amabutho esigaba sabasebenzi, abantu abahlotshaniswa nomzabalazo wezigaba kanye nokuqonda kwezombusazwe okunempango okwakukhona ezimayini ngokomlando eBolivia. Le mikhakha emibili yabantu iba semqoka ekugqugquzeleni abantu edolobheni lase-El Alto.
Kodwa kunendlela ebalulekile lapho ubuholi bomdabu, umkhankaso wendabuko, kanye nezinkulumo zomdabu kube umgogodla wokuvukela umbuso ngo-2003. Futhi ngo-2005, njengoba igagasi lokuvukela umbuso ubona imiphakathi yomdabu iphinde ibuthane ezweni lonke kanye nabasebenzi basezimayini bedlala futhi. indima ebalulekile. Ungabona ukuhlangana.
Ekugcineni, uhulumeni ophume kulolu chungechunge lwemibhikisho, iMovement to Socialism, uyinhlangano ethathe le nkulumo yomdabu njengento ewumgogodla wezinhloso zayo zezepolitiki. Futhi lokho ngokwakho kuwukubonakaliswa kwamandla amandla abomdabu abawatholile kulesi sikhathi, ngokungafani nezikhathi zangaphambili zomlando waseBolivia lapho babevame ukuba ozakwethu abancane kumbimbi.
I-JRW: Siphendukela kuhulumeni we-Morales uqobo, imibuzo emibili: ingabe uhulumeni omusha ubonisa kangakanani izinhloso ezavezwa izinhlangano zomdabu nezithandwayo kusukela ngo-2000 kuze kube namuhla; futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungakwazi yini ukuphawula ngohlu olukhulu lwezincazelo zalo hulumeni omusha, kusukela ku-revolutionary socialist kuya ku-neoliberal? Ngokusobala, ngeke kube yizinto zonke. Uyini-ke umbono wakho ngalokho?
ST: Ngezindlela eziningi iMAS iyinkulumo yepolitiki ekhombisa ukuhlangana kwalezi zithethe ezimbili ebengikhuluma ngazo, isiko lendabuko kanye nesiko elidumile ezweni lonke. Lokhu singakubona ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokomfanekiso, ungakubona eqinisweni lokuthi umholi weqembu, u-Evo Morales, ungowomdabu, futhi useya ngokuya ebonakala esobala emphakathini wendabuko.
Iphini lakhe likamongameli, kanye nozakwabo kuhulumeni, u-รlvaro Garcรญa Linera, ungowozalo lwesicreole, okusho ukuthi inzalo emhlophe yabaseYurophu abazalelwa emazweni aseMelika. Uhlotshaniswa neNxele ngokwesiko, umuntu umkhondo wakhe wezombangazwe oxhunywe komunye wemisebenzi yobumbano yaseMelika Emaphakathi eyayiqhubeka eLatin America ngeminyaka yawo-1980; wayehileleke ezinhlanganweni zabashokobezi abahlomile, ezilandela isiko ngokuyinhloko lamaLeftist eLatin America; futhi ukwakheka kwakhe ithiyori kungaphakathi kweMarxism. Nokho wazibandakanya no-Felipe Quispe kanye ne-radical cadre ye-Aymara ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-March in Defense of Life yabavukuzi ngo-1986. Ngakho-ke ungabona uhlobo olusha lomdabu Lwesobunxele oluvezwe ngokomfanekiso kulezo zibalo ezimbili.
I-ajenda yezepolitiki ye-MAS ihlanganisa izimfuno zomdabu nezimfuno ezidume kakhulu ezweni. Zingaba yini izimfuno zomdabu i-MAS ethi iyazimela? Okokuqala nje umqondo wokuthi nguhulumeni woguquko onhloso yawo kuwukuqeda izwe laseBolivia kanye nomphakathi waseBolivia. Ingxabano lapha ingeyabantu bomdabu, yokuthi iBolivia ibilokhu iwuhlelo lwangaphakathi lwamakholoni selokhu yathola inkululeko, selokhu abantu baseSpain baxoshwa e-Andes. Uhulumeni omusha waseRiphabhulikhi osezandleni zama-creole elite ube ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwamakholoni okuholele ekubukelweni phansi kweningi lomdabu. Okudingwa yiBolivia namuhla, ongqondongqondo bomdabu baphikisene, wukuqedwa okujulile kwepolitiki nombuso. I-MAS ifune lokho njenge-ajenda yayo. I-MAS icele futhi yabiza ngokusemthethweni i-Constituent Assembly, okwakuyisidingo senhlangano yabomdabu kusukela ngo-1990.
Ngaso leso sikhathi i-MAS yenze isizinda sayo yonke i-ajenda yokwenziwa kwemithombo yemvelo kuzwelonke, okuyisidingo esidala esidumile ezweni lonke kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1920 kanye nawo-1930. Imikhakha yeNxele kanye neyobuzwe ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili yacela ukuba izimayini zinikezwe umbuso, nomhlaba unikezwe amaNdiya. Leso siqubulo, esishiwo Kwesokunxele, ngezibalo ezifana nomholi weTrotskyist uTristan Marof, sathathwa njengesiqubulo esimaphakathi ngesikhathi soguquko lukazwelonke ekuqaleni kwawo-1950. IBolivia yaba yizwe lokuqala eLatin America ukwenza izinsiza zayo zemvelo zibe ngaphansi kukahulumeni ngendlela yokwenziwa kwe-petroleum (uwoyela) kuzwelonke ngo-1937, unyaka owodwa ngaphambi kokuba iMexico yenze owayo uwoyela kuzwelonke. Lokho kwabuye kwahoxiswa ohulumeni bakamuva abalandela imithetho. IBolivia yenza uwoyela okwesibili ngaphansi kukahulumeni, yaphinde yaphuca izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe, ngo-1969. Lesi kwakuyisicelo esashiwo ngobuciko umholi weSocialist Party uMarcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz. Ngakho-ke, kube yimfuno ye-Left-nationalist ebuyela emuva ku-1930s, ephindaphindiwe ngawo-1950 ngokufakwa kwezimayini ngaphansi kukahulumeni, futhi okuphindaphindiwe ngokufakwa kukawoyela kuzwelonke. Iphinde yathathwa futhi yafunwa yimikhakha edumile ngo-2003 nango-2005.
I-MAS yenze lokhu kwaba wumgogodla we-ajenda yayo, ilandela ezinyathelweni zeminyakazo edumile. Ngo-2006, ngoMeyi 1 benza eyabo inguqulo yokwenziwa kwegesi yemvelo kuzwelonke, eye yahlaziywa yonke indawo, njengesinyathelo esiqine kakhulu noma isinyathelo esinamahloni sokulawula umbuso phezu kwemithombo yemvelo. Ngakho-ke lapha futhi ku-MAS ubona inhlanganisela yakho kokubili izimfuno zomdabu nezithandwa zikazwelonke kanye nezinkulumo ezivezwayo.
Ukungqubuzana okuningi kulo hulumeni kuhlobene nokuthi ubezama ukujabulisa izinhlaka ezihlukene kangaka. Kade izama ukumela amaqembu endabuko kanye nabalimi be-coca, kodwa futhi yakhanga imikhakha esezingeni eliphakathi kanye nokuba semthethweni njengohulumeni olwela izinguquko. I-MAS empeleni yakhethwa ngoba iwine ingxenye enkulu yevoti labasezingeni eliphakathi ngo-2005.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izamile ukusebenzisana nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni we-hydrocarbons, uhulumeni wase-US, kanye nelungelo. Nakuba imigomo emisha yokuqashiswa kwegesi iye yanciphisa kakhulu inzuzo yezinkampani zangaphandle nezizimele, akubangakho ukushaqwa kwempahla futhi ihambe kancane ngemva kwesimemezelo sayo sokuqala โsokwenza izweโ. Nakuba igxeka i-US ngezinye izikhathi futhi yenqaba noma yisiphi isivumelwano sohwebo lwamahhala, ngesikhathi esifanayo ifuna ukunciphisa izingxabano futhi yanxusa amalungelo entela aqhubekayo. Liwahlasele ngamazwi amabutho ophiko lwesokudla kuleli, azinze ezindaweni eziphansi. Kodwa iphinde yazama ukuxoxisana ngokuvumelana neLungelo, ikakhulukazi ukuletha nokusekela iSishayamthetho Somthetho.
Lolu hlobo lwesenzo sokulinganisa, lapho luzamile khona ukuhlanganisa yonke le mikhakha eyahlukene, selukhule ngokungenakufezeka. Ukuthandwa komuntu uMorales akujabulele kanye nokwethembeka uhulumeni wakhe ayenakho ezinsukwini zokuqala kuyaphela kancane kancane. Kukhona ukukhungatheka okwandayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Izinga lengxabano liya ngokushuba.
Silubonakalisa kanjani lolu hlobo lohulumeni? Uhulumeni akakaze azichaze njengowezenhlalakahle. Isizimemezele njengohulumeni woguquko, kodwa hhayi uhulumeni wezenhlalakahle. Ngakho-ke, angicabangi ukuthi kukhona umbuzo wokuthi kunguhulumeni wezenhlalakahle we-revolutionary. Iseduze nohulumeni woguquko wobuzwe ngokwesiko laseBolivia. Eqinisweni, i-MAS ijwayele ukuzifanisa ne-MNR ngokwezifiso zayo zamandla; njengoba nje i-MNR izifanise ne-Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) yase-Mexico. I-PRI ibiyimodeli ye-MNR, futhi i-MNR ngandlela thize ibe yisibonelo salokho i-MAS ebifuna ukukufeza. Yayifuna ukuwina imikhakha esezingeni eliphakathi ukuze kusungulwe umbuso we-hegemonic ongabusa ngokusemthethweni, hhayi ngokuqhwaga amandla ngobudlova.
Kunguhulumeni izinhlangano zomdabu nazo ezibuka ngokungananazi. Izinhlangano zabomdabu zibona u-Evo Morales njengommeleli osemthethweni wabantu bazo, futhi ziseka uhulumeni ngokugxekayo ngenxa yobumongameli bakhe. Khona manjalo bayasola uhulumeni ngoba iKhabhinethi, ongqongqoshe, iningi lombuso lisesezandleni zezinhlaka ezingezona ezomdabu, kanye nemikhakha engahlanganyeli kahle ngezinhlelo zabomdabu.
Lesi yisimo esiphikisanayo, futhi esibukeka singathandeki. Amabutho abomdabu aseqalile ukuqhela embusweni, nakuba kade esebenzisana naso ngezinga elithile selokhu kwathatha izintambo zombuso u-Evo Morales.
Angizimisele ukukuchaza njengohulumeni woguquko, noma ngabe besingakucabangi lokhu njengoguquko lwezenhlalakahle. Izibona njengohulumeni wobuzwe obuvukela umbuso, kodwa inkinga ukuthi ilandela kangakanani izifiso ezavezwa imikhakha edumile ekuvukeleni umbuso ngo-2003 no-2005. Ayizange izibeke ekhanda lalezo izimfuno ezidumile. Iphishekele izintshisekelo zayo zeqembu lezepolitiki ngezinjongo zokubusa, njengengxenye yokufuna amandla amakhulu, kunokuzama ukufeza izimfuno eziqinile ezavezwa izinhlangano ezidumile.
Lokhu singakubona ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi yi- nationalization of hydrocarbons. Umphumela wawungesona isilinganiso esiqinile sokudliwa kwempahla yangaphandle, kodwa umzamo wokuthola uhlobo oluthile lwesivumelwano okuxoxiwe ngaso ebhizinisini elihlanganyelwe phakathi kukahulumeni waseBolivia kanye nenhloko-dolobha yangaphandle. Kuke kwakhulunywa ngoguquko lwezolimo olunebhongo, kodwa kuze kube yimanje ukubuyiswa komhlaba akukenziwa. Isishayamthetho Somthetho sasinamandla okuba inkundla yoguquko lapho imikhakha eyahlukene yomphakathi waseBolivia ingaxoxisana ngoMthethosisekelo omusha wezwe futhi ihlele kabusha ubudlelwano bombuso nomphakathi; yanikeza uhlobo oluthakazelisayo lwesikhala ukuze umphakathi uxoxisane ngekusasa lawo, kanye nokuthi izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zibe nezwi eliqondile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zokuthi umphakathi kufanele uhlelwe kanjani kabusha. Kodwa-ke, i-MAS ayizange ivumele ukuba kube nesishayamthetho somthetho lapho amabutho adumile nezinhlangano ezidumile zingaziveza khona ngqo. Esikhundleni salokho ifuna ukuvala izinhlobo zokumeleleka kwezombusazwe ezavulwa ngenqubo yoguquko. Ifune ukuphoqa wonke amandla adumile ukuthi adluliselwe ku-MAS uqobo, ukuze izenze iyona yodwa emele amabutho adumile, njengoba yenzile. Lokhu ngezindlela eziningi kwakhawulela amathuba ayedalwe ngenqubo yokuvukela umbuso. Ngenxa yalokhu izinhlangano eziningi ezidumile zakhungatheka futhi zafakwa endimeni yesibili, okulindeleke ukuthi zisekele uhulumeni kuyilapho zihlehlisa izimfuno zazo zoshintsho.
Lolu uhlobo olujwayelekile lwenqubo yomlando ngesikhathi soguquko. Esikubonayo lapha kuyisimo sakudala ngomqondo othile. Indlela i-Constituent Assembly eyaxoxiswana ngayo yi-MAS, iyisebenzisela ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni nemikhakha ephiko lwesokudla ukuze ivumele iMAS ukuthi izenzele njengokuphela kwamandla ezombusazwe asebenzayo ezweni futhi ingabandakanyi amabutho adumile endimeni yezepolitiki, lokhu kwaba uhlobo lokuvala ukuvulwa koguquko okwenzeka ngo-2003. Ngicabanga ukuthi lolu hlelo lokuvala alukapheli, futhi lolu hlelo lwezepolitiki alukapheli. Izinto zingashintsha uma ibhalansi yamandla yamanje ibonakala ingenakusimama. Izinto zingaphinde zivuleke. Izinto zingase ziphume ekulawuleni zibe uhlobo oluthile lokululama oluphikisayo oluphikisayo. Kodwa sesingene enkathini entsha yezingqinamba, phakathi kwamabutho aphikisayo avukela umbuso, uhulumeni we-MAS ngandlela thize uphakathi nendawo kodwa ngokuya ngokungakwazi ukuqondisa inqubo, izigaba ezimaphakathi zihlehla ku-MAS kodwa zintula noma yiziphi ezinye izindlela zezepolitiki ezijwayelekile, bese kuba amandla omphakathi adumile alokhu ekhungatheka ngokungabi bikho kwenqubekela phambili.
JRW: Ngithanda ukuzwa okwengeziwe ngeqhaza le-MAS ekuzameni ukulinganisa lawa mandla omphakathi nezithakazelo eziyisisekelo ezingalungiseki, nokuthi lesi isikhathi esingabekezeleki, esingalawuleki kanjani. Owami umqondo wukuthi lezi zidingo ezingqubuzanayo zivezwe ngokucace kakhulu mayelana nenqubo yesiGungu soMthethosisekelo, emhlanganweni nasemigwaqweni. Ngiyazibuza futhi ngokunye abantu abambalwa abake bakhuluma ngakho: kuphi amasosha kulo mongo? I-oligarchy ezindaweni eziphansi ezisempumalanga ibonakala iphinda iveza amandla abo ezombusazwe, ngamakomiti abo omphakathi, njengoba ushilo, nangezifunda zomnyango (ababusi) base-Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija, kanye neqembu lezombusazwe, i-PODEMOS. Kodwa aphi amasosha kukho konke lokhu? Ngokusobala, lapho zikhuluma esidlangalaleni izikhulu zamasosha zithi umsebenzi wazo uwukusekela umthethosisekelo, kodwa amasosha awavamile ukumemezela ukuketulwa umbuso kusengaphambili. Umuntu uvamise ukuthola ngezinhlelo zokuketula umbuso kuphela ngemva kokuketula umbuso. Yimaphi amathuba okuphikisa uguquko okwenziwa ezempi?
ST: Akulula njalo ukwazi ukuthi kwenzakalani ezingqondweni zebutho. Kodwa umqondo wami ukuthi ngokomlando amasosha aseBolivia adlale izindima ezihlukile. Amasosha aseBolivia, vele, amashumi eminyaka ngeminyaka yawo-1960s kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 akha ibutho eliphikisa uguquko, elinegunya elibonakala kohulumeni bezempi, njengalabo bakaBarrientos, Bรกnzer, Garcรญa Meza. Ngokusobala, amasosha angabangela usongo oluphikisana noguquko. Amathuba ombuso wobushiqela yinto abantu abaningi baseBolivia abajwayelene nayo kakhulu, futhi abakwaziyo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo.
Amasosha aseBolivia nawo ashintshile ngezinye izikhathi ngokomlando, futhi achema nemikhakha edumile ezweni. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokumangazayo ngeminyaka yawo-1930, lapho i-oligarchy yayizivikela. Izibalo zamasosha esizwe zihlangene nezinyunyana zabasebenzi ngemuva kweMpi kaChaco (1932-1935), futhi kwaba yilabo hulumeni bezempi abaletha ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu zezinyunyana kuzwelonke, ikakhulukazi umthetho wezabasebenzi ngo-1938 owawubalulekile ukuthuthukiswa okwalandela kwenhlangano yezinyunyana. Kwakuyibutho futhi elasungula iNgqungquthela Kazwelonke ngo-1938 eyayilingana neConstituent Assembly namuhla. Kuleyo Ngqungquthela Kazwelonke kwaphasiswa imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nesimemezelo sokuthi amalungelo endawo yangasese awasoze abe ngokuphelele eBolivia; leyo mpahla yangasese kwakufanele yenze umsebenzi womphakathi; nokuthi lapho impahla yomuntu siqu ibanjwe ngendlela engaphumeleli emnothweni, emphakathini, ingathathwa nguhulumeni inikezwe labo abazoyisebenzela ukuze ikhiqize. Lona umthetho obaluleke kakhulu owakha isisekelo sezinguquko kwezolimo ngeminyaka yawo-1950, futhi udala amathuba okuba kube noguquko lombuso wokuqashwa komhlaba ezifundeni zasemathafeni asempumalanga namuhla. Nalapha futhi, amasosha adlala indima ebalulekile ethandwa kakhulu ezweni lapho uwoyela ukhishwa esikhundleni ngo-1969. Uhulumeni wezempi kaJuan Josรฉ Torres wayephethe lapho kubanjwa i-Popular Assembly ka-1970, inkulumo ethandwayo eyayingaqinile kakhulu, ephiko kwesokunxele eyaketulwa kamuva. ngokusabela kwezempi yesokudla.
Iphuzu liwukuthi kube khona, ngokomlando, amabutho anenqubekela phambili kanye nobuzwe ngaphakathi kwezempi abezobona izinto ngendlela efanayo nenhlangano yokuguqula ubuzwe noma uhulumeni waseBolivia. Ukuqonda kwami โโukuthi kunezigaba ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwezempi. Namuhla kunamabutho athile athuthukayo, ashisekela ubuzwe angase abukeke kahle kwezombangazwe zikaHugo Chรกvez eVenezuela, ngokwesibonelo; futhi ngubani onganqaba ukulawula okuqinisiwe kwe-US. Kuneminye imikhakha yezempi yaseBolivia esondelene kakhulu ne-United States, okuhlanganisa nezisebenzi eziqeqeshwe eSikoleni Samazwe AseMelika, futhi ezikhungathekiswe ukungezwani phakathi kukahulumeni waseBolivia kanye ne-United States. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ukungezwani, futhi ngokusobala kudala ithuba lokungenelela kwezempi ngendlela eyodwa yezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene.
Obunye bobuthakathaka balo obuphawuleka kakhulu beLungelo obuphinde buchazwe namuhla ezindaweni eziphansi ukuthi alinabo izixhumanisi eziqinile kwezempi. Kube nohulumeni bezempi - njengalowo ka-Arze Gรณmez noma umbuso ka-Bรกnzer - abanokuxhumana okubalulekile (okuhlanganisa nokuxhumana kwezidakamizwa) ezindaweni eziphansi. Kodwa okwamanje, izindawo eziphansi ezisempumalanga azinakho ukulawula ebuthweni lezempi laseBolivia. Ngicabanga ukuthi yindawo abasebenzela ukuyilungisa manje, kodwa akuyona into abangayiguqula ngobusuku obubodwa. Ngicabanga ukuthi kuzoba iphrojekthi yesikhathi eside yaMalungelo ezindaweni eziphansi, ukuthola indawo ethe xaxa kwezempi.
Emijikelezweni yakamuva yokuvukela umbuso, amasosha aseBolivia asebenze ezindaweni ezifana ne-Santa Cruz ne-Sucre ukuze avimbe amabutho aphikisayo. Ngakho-ke, angiboni ngempela usongo njengoluvela ngokushesha kwezempi kulo hulumeni. Ngicabanga ukuthi i-United States izokwenza umsebenzi wayo ngaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kusanda kugxekwa uhulumeni waseBolivia; izinhlobo ezifanayo zemizamo yokuxhasa ngezimali izinhlangano zomphakathi ezixhunywe Kwesokudla, ezenzekile futhi ezibhalwe e-Venezuela. Lokhu ngokungangabazeki kuyenzeka eBolivia. Kukhona imibhalo ye-USAID ekhululiwe evuma ngokusobala i-ajenda yokuphikisa i-MAS. Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi i-US ikhuluma nemikhakha engaphakathi kwezempi. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi Impi Yezidakamizwa sekuyiminyaka isetshenziselwa le njongo.
Kodwa okwamanje, izinhlangano zomphakathi zihamba phambili ngempela ekulweni noguquko. Lezi zinhlangano zomphakathi zimele amabhizinisi futhi ikakhulukazi izintshisekelo zobunikazi bomhlaba endaweni ephansi. Kodwa i-elite ezindaweni eziphansi ngokwayo ihlukene ngezindlela ezithile, futhi ayinakho ukulawula okuphelele emikhakheni ethandwayo. U-Evo Morales uzuze ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-30 amavoti okhethweni lokugcina lukamongameli. Ngakho-ke kukhona imifantu nezingxabano - izingxabano zezigaba kanye nezingxabano zobuzwe - zivuleka nasezindaweni eziphansi.
Amandla okulwa namavukelambuso aya ngokwanda. Ibutho lezempi liyinto okufanele ihlale iso. Kodwa umqondo wami wokuthi ukusabela ngeke kuvele ngokushesha kwamasosha.
JRW: Umbuzo wokugcina. Uhulumeni waseMorales usephathe isikhathi esingaphezudlwana nje konyaka nesigamu, ngakho-ke kunzima ukusho, kodwa kube yini impendulo yezwe laseMelika kuhulumeni waseMorales? Ukhulume indima eyaziwayo ye-US eLatin America, ukusekela amabutho e-oligarchic social ngokusebenzisa "ukukhuthazwa kwentando yeningi," into uWilliam I. Robinson akhulume ngayo, esekela amaqembu omphakathi aphiko kwesokudla ngokusebenzisa uxhaso, ngokusebenzisa i-National Endowment for Democracy, nezinye izikhungo zaseMelika. Kodwa ingabe abaphathi bakaBush baguqukile ngokwendlela abayifunde ngayo i-Evo Morales? Uma ubheka emuva ku-MNR ngeminyaka yawo-1950s izwe laseMelika lahlola uhulumeni woguquko, lanquma ukuthi linomumo omelene nobuKhomanisi, futhi empeleni lawuqhubezela phambili. Namuhla, izwe laseMelika limhlola kanjani u-Evo Morales?
ST: Yebo, kuyathakazelisa lokho. Ngeminyaka yawo-1950 i-US yangenelela eGuatemala futhi yangenelela e-Iran ukuze iketule ohulumeni ababebabona njengezinsongo zoguquko ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Futhi yanquma ukungakwenzi lokho nge-MNR, kodwa ukusebenzisana nayo futhi iyisebenzisele ukulwa namakhomanisi, izinjongo zokulwa nokuvukela umbuso.
Nge-MAS, uhulumeni wase-US unobutha kakhulu. Kube nezimemezelo ezivela ezikhulwini eziphezulu zezakhamuzi nezempi ezigxeka "i-radical populism" eBolivia, nangaphambi kokuba i-MAS ithathe izintambo. Lokhu ekuqaleni bekubhekiselwa kubalimi be-coca kanye nokunyakaza kwabomdabu. Kunabantu abaningi kwesokudla e-United States ababona uhulumeni we-MAS njengohulumeni wabantu abaningi, abahlobanise nohulumeni waseVenezuela ka-Hugo Chรกvez, ngakho-ke bakuchaze njengesitha. Bakhungathekile ngomfelandawonye weMorales-Chรกvez-Castro kanye nokuthambekela ekulawuleni okukhulu kombuso phezu komnotho, okuyinto emele uhulumeni waseMorales. Ngokusobala abayibheki ngendlela efanayo nabayibheka ngayo i-MNR, njengekhasimende. Kepha abakasukumi ukungenelela ngqo, obekunovalo oluzwakaliswa kwesokunxele samazwe omhlaba uma sekuqokwe uhulumeni weMAS.
Ukuphatha kukaBush ngandlela thize akuzange kube yikho konke okuphathelene nohulumeni waseBolivia. Ukunaka kwayo kuye kwaqondiswa kwezinye izindawo, ngokusobala eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Bakhathazeke kakhulu ngoHugo Chรกvez kanye namanye amagunya ezimboni eLatin America kunaseBolivia. IBolivia ayibonwa njengosongo olukhulu njengenkathazo.
Lapho kukhethwa uMorales futhi kumiswa ukuguqulwa kwe-hydrocarbon, kwakukhona ukukhathazeka emikhakheni yezezimali yamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuqhutshwa kombuso kungase kube isibonelo esibi kwezinye izingxenye zeLatin America, noma umhlaba. Ngakho-ke iBolivia ibibhekwe ngabagcini bemvelo kanye nezintshisakalo zebhizinisi ngokucasuka, kodwa bekungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-US nohulumeni waseBolivia buyashisa futhi bubanda. Kube nokusola okuvuthayo kokuphatha kukaBush, okudlala kahle kwezinye zezifunda ezidumile ze-MAS. Kodwa lokhu kulandelwa ngokushesha yimizamo yokuqinisekisa uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi izivumelwano zezentengiselwano ezikhona kufanele zivuselelwe. Sekukonke uhulumeni waseBolivia ubezama ukusebenzisana nohulumeni wase-US, ezama ukuphuma enkingeni. Into yokugcina eyidingayo ukuthi i-US ilethe ingcindezi eyengeziwe ngokumelene nezwe lapho i-MAS isivele igcwele izandla.
Uhulumeni waseMorales uzamile ukuhlakulela ubudlelwano neDemocratic Party kanye nengqungquthela yase-United States, futhi kube khona ukuvuleka lapho. Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi uhulumeni kaMorales ulindele lukhulu kwiDemocratic Party, kodwa ufuna ukusebenzisana kahle futhi angakhulisi amandla ombuso.
Kuzofanele sibone ukuthi ukushuba kwamanje kuholela ekugqugquzeleni okusha kwezepolitiki eBolivia. Uma izinto zishisa futhi zithatha inguquko entsha, singabona abaphathi base-US bethatha indima enolaka. Angikuboni lokhu njengokuseduze, futhi noma yikuphi ukunyakaza okunjalo kuzoncika ekulinganiseni kwamandla esifundeni sisonke. Okwamanje, uhulumeni wase-US uzobekezelela uMorales, athembele kuye ukuthi aziphathe kahle, futhi aqhubeke nokuhlinzeka ngokusekela okuphansi kwabaphikisayo abaphiko lwesokudla.
UJeffery R. Webber uyikhandidethi le-PhD kwisayensi yezepolitiki eNyuvesi yaseToronto futhi uyilungu leQembu LeNew Socialist.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela