Ukhetho lukazwelonke lwalubanjelwe eBolivia ngeSonto, Disemba 6, 2009. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kwalolu khetho ngathola ithuba lokuxoxa ngezigaba zehlandla lokuqala lika-Evo Morales ehhovisi kanye neNxusa laseBolivia eCanada, u-Edgar Tรณrrez Mosqueira. Ingxoxo elandelayo inikeza isizinda okhethweni obelubanjwe ngesonto eledlule, futhi igqamisa imibono eminingi ebalulekile kahulumeni esemthethweni mayelana nenqubo yoshintsho eqhubekayo e-Bolivia.
JRW: Ngilapha ehhovisi lami eNyuvesi yaseRegina, ngoNovemba 12, 2009, no-Edgar Tรณrrez Mosquiera, inxusa laseBolivia eCanada.
Ngijabula kakhulu ukuthola leli thuba lokukhuluma nawe, ummeleli osemthethweni wesifunda saseBolivia, engxoxweni ebaluleke kakhulu yamanje, ngaphambi nje kokhetho oluzayo lukaDisemba.
Ngikubuze uchungechunge lwemibuzo. Okokuqala, ukuqala, ungachaza ukwakheka kwakho kwezepolitiki kanye nomkhondo wezepolitiki? Ubudlelwano bakho bomlando ne I-Movimiento al Socialismo (Movement Toward Socialism, MAS) iqembu? Futhi ekugcineni waba kanjani inxusa laseBolivia eCanada?
I-ETM: Ngiyabonga kakhulu ngengxoxo. Ukwakheka kwami โโkwezemfundo kuqale ngeminyaka yawo-1970s. Ngaqala eyunivesithi ngo-1974, ngesikhathi sobushiqela [kaHugo] Banzer. Umbuso wobushiqela waseBanzer wathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa [1971-1978]. Kwakuwubushiqela omude kunabo bonke ekhulwini lamashumi amabili [eBolivia].
Ngalesi sikhathi ngangiyingxenye yeqembu leLeftist, a i-free amplio, noma inkundla ebanzi, efuna ukwehlisa ubushiqela baseBanzer. Lokhu kwaba wukuqala nokuqala komsebenzi wami wepolitiki. Phakathi nalo lonke lolu hlelo ngadingiswa kabili, ngo-1975 nango-1978.
Ngangikade ngisemnyangweni wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu. Ngaleso sikhathi lo mnyango wawunezimpawu zawo i-foquista orientation, abantu bakude Kwesobunxele.[1] Umzabalazo wawuwukuvula kabusha umnyango wesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, futhi sasimelene nobushiqela obubi kakhulu iBolivia eyayinabo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngethulwa ngale ndlela esizukulwaneni esisha sakwaNxele, ngaphakathi kulokho esikubiza ngeNxele lesizwe. Ngenhloso yokuhlanganisa ndawonye yonke izinhlangano zomphakathi ngemuva kwenhloso eyodwa ebalulekile: ukufakwa kwemikhakha empofu kakhulu eBolivia. Ngakho-ke, yilapho umqondo wokuxhumanisa ndawonye izihlakaniphi kanye nokunyakaza komphakathi waseBolivia wazalwa khona.
Amaqembu endabuko nawo ayekhona ngaleso sikhathi, njengomsekeli kaMaoist, iQembu LamaKhomanisi-Marxist Leninist, IQembu LamaKhomanisi laseBolivia, elalivela eqenjini labashokobezi lika-Ernesto Che Guevara ngo-1966 no-1967. Ngakho kwaba khona lokhu kuphumelela. phakathi kwentsha, ngokukhula kokuqonda kwezinguquko kanye nombono wokuthi kwakungenzeka ukuguqula ngokuyisisekelo imodeli yobuFascist eyayikhona.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngikholwa ukuthi ukubunjwa kwami โโโโkwezepolitiki kusekelwe ekuzinikeleni kwezempi kanye nohlelo lokubuyisela izintshisekelo zeningi lezwe lami. Ngalowo mqondo, lokhu kuchaza izibopho zami, ngaphakathi kwe-MAS, eqenjini longqondongqondo abahumusha futhi baklame iziphakamiso ezenzelwe u-Evo Morales.
U-Evo Morales umele umongameli wokuqala wendabuko, hhayi waseLatin America kuphela, kodwa womhlaba. Ungummeleli oyiqiniso kunawo wonke wemikhakha ephucwe kakhulu indawo yaseBolivia.
Ngikholwa ukuthi inkundla ye-MAS imele ukubambisana okudingekile, inkhulumomphendvulwano, nokuvumelana okuzovumela ukuqhubeka. Ekuhlanganeni kweminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970, izikhundla ezimbi kakhulu zanqotshwa. Manje sifuna ubuhlakani, sizama ukuthuthukisa ulimi olusha, ukuze iBolivia ithuthuke.
Saqala ukuhlangana okukhulu kwemibono nepolitiki phakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, izigaba ezimaphakathi, nezihlakaniphi, ukuze siphushele intuthuko enkulu, futhi sithathe amandla. Ngeminyaka yawo-2000, ngenxa yokuthi ngokokuqala ngqรก eminyakeni eminingi kwakunomphumela omkhulu wokunyakaza komphakathi, sasingabona ngeso lengqondo ukuthatha amandla. Lokhu kwaqala ngeMpi Yamanzi YaseCochabamba ngowezi-2000, kwase kuba uMfumfu Omnyama ngowezi-2003, sabe sesifika okhethweni luka-2005 lapho u-Evo Morales akhethwa khona ngokwesekwa okukhulu, ngamaphesenti angama-53.7 amavoti athandwayo.
Kwenzekani ngemva kwalokhu kuhlangana? U-Evo Morales wawina ukhetho, kodwa i-Right, noma i-oligarchy, yayizinze eminyango emine [kweyisishiyagalolunye] [izifundazwe noma izifundazwe]. Kule minyango emine [u-Tarija, u-Santa Cruz, u-Beni, no-Pando] amaqembu endabuko alwela ilungelo athathe isibhengezo sokuzama ukwehlisa umongameli wokuqala womdabu. Futhi kungenxa yalokhu [lawa mabutho ophiko lwesokudla] ukuthi kulesi sikhathi seminyaka emithathu kube nokhetho olune. Imizamo yokungabaza ukuba semthethweni kwehhovisi likamongameli we-Evo Morales.
Kodwa, okhethweni lwesibili uMorales wagunyazwa ngamaphesenti angama-68.[2] Lokhu akunakuqhathaniswa nomlando waseBolivia. Imvamisa, emlandweni waseBolivia, oMongameli bathole amavoti aphakathi kwamaphesenti ayi-14 nangama-22, futhi akekho noyedwa kubo ozuze ubukhulu bamavoti atholwe ngu-Evo Morales.
Asho ukuthini la maphesenti - angama-53.7 namaphesenti angama-68? Kusho ukuthi ezakhamuzini eziyizigidi ezintathu ezingavota izigidi ezi-2.5 zivotela iphrojekthi ye-MAS eklanywe nguMorales ukuze izwe lithuthuke.
Lona umnikelo omkhulu, wokukwazi ukuqhubekela phambili phakathi nalokhu kuhlangana eBolivia, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-25 yohulumeni be-neoliberal.
Siyini isisekelo salenkundla [ye-MAS]? - ukufakwa kwezenhlalakahle kwemikhakha emikhulu yezenhlalakahle eyayikhishwe ohulumeni bangaphambilini. Kufanele siqinise futhi sijulise ukuhlangana kwentando yeningi esizithola sikuyo.
Okhethweni lwangoDisemba 6, 2009 sizobe sesiphethe iminyaka emithathu. Siliphathe kanjani izwe? Ngokusobala, ngokuyisisekelo, ukunqoba inkohlakalo. Nsuku zonke kufanele sinqobe inkohlakalo ngendlela engenakugwemeka. Yilokhu okuzolungisa uhlelo lwezepolitiki esikulo. Enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu zika-Evo Morales wukungafihli kwakhe. Akanakonakala.
Ukuze ube nohlelo, inkundla yezepolitiki, lapho kungafakwanga kuphela imikhakha yendabuko kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kodwa nayo yonke imikhakha yesigaba esiphakathi, okubandakanya imikhakha ehilelekile embonini. Yonke le mikhakha izimisele futhi ilwela ukuthi lolu hlelo luqhubeke.
Siyazi ukuthi lokhu kuyinhlanganisela enzima kakhulu, kodwa ukwazi okusha kwezwe kukhiqize le phrojekthi entsha yezombangazwe, njengokuthi lokhu akusona isikhashana mayelana no-Evo Morales, kodwa umzuzwana wezwe lonke ukuze likwazi ukuqhubekela phambili.
Siyaqonda ukuthi izimo zangaphandle akuzona ezivumayo kakhulu. Isivumelwano phakathi kwe-United States ne-Colombia, ngendlela ethile, sizoba yisithiyo kule nqubo yoshintsho.
Kodwa futhi siyazi ukuthi amandla abantu baseBolivia abalulekile ukuze bakwazi ukuthuthuka.
JRW: Kube nenqubo yoshintsho kulo lonke elaseLatin America kakhulu noma ngaphansi kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990. Lokhu kuzibonakalise ngokhetho ngo-Hugo Chรกvez e-Venezuela, u-Rafael Correa e-Ecuador, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubonakala kimi ukuthi kukhona ukuphikisana kanye nezinkimbinkimbi enhliziyweni yalezi zinqubo ezihlukahlukene.
Kulo mongo, nginombuzo mayelana nendaba ethile yaseBolivia.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Evo Morales ukhuluma njalo ezinkundleni zamazwe ngamazwe ngombono omelene nonxiwankulu. Ugxeka ubunxiwankulu njengohlelo olusekelwe ekuxhashazweni kwabantu, ikakhulukazi abampofu. Futhi ugxeka ubunxiwankulu njengohlelo olucekela phansi izimiso zemvelo zomhlaba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nokho, sinePhini Likamongameli u-รlvaro Garcรญa Linera ekhuluma ngaphakathi kweBolivia mayelana nokungenzeki kwe-socialism esimweni samanje kulelo zwe futhi ekhuthaza lokho akubiza ngokuthi "i-Andean-Amazonian Capitalism."
Ngakho, kimina kubonakala sengathi kukhona ukungqubuzana okusobala, ukungezwani phakathi kwale miyalezo. Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza lokhu kuphikisana?
I-ETM: Ekuhlanganeni kwamanje, kufanele sibheke ukuthi kwenzekani eLatin America. ELatin America ukuhlobana kwamandla kuvumelana nezinhlangano zomphakathi.
IBolivia inezinto ezikhetheke kakhulu. Okufanele sikwenze kuqala kulokhu kuhlangana kwamanje wukuqinisa ukufakwa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4.5 abebencishwe amathuba, ngaphandle kokuphathwa kombuso.
Ngalo mqondo, okwenziwa iPhini Likamongameli u-รlvaro Garcรญa Linera ukuhumusha ubuqiniso bomongo waseBolivia. Isifunda saseBolivia sinesikweletu esiwumlando kule mikhakha engakaze izuze kwezempilo, imfundo, noma izinsiza eziyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sigaba sokuqala, okokuqala, sigcizelela ukufakwa kwale mikhakha yezenhlalakahle engakaze ihlomule endleleni umbuso osuphethwe ngayo. Kufanele sinqobe ukungabandakanywa emphakathini, ukubandlululwa, ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukungondleki, [amazinga aphezulu] okufa. Lezi yizigaba ezibalulekile uma sizokwazi ukuqhubekela phambili. Uma kulesi sigaba sokuqala singayifezi le ndima eyingqophamlando sizobe siphikisana nomyalelo wabomdabu kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, kusengaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu ukwethula isimemezelo se-socialism yekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye uma singakasifezi lesi sigaba sokuqala.
Akukho kuhlukana phakathi kukaMongameli kanye nePhini likaMongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuvumelana kokugxila, kwezenhlalo. I-intelligentsia ngaphakathi kwe-Movement Towards Socialism ikholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuqeda lezi zigaba zokuqala, eziyisisekelo - njengoba uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle uDavid Choquehuanca esho, ukuphila kahle, hhayi ukuphila kangcono.
Kusho ukuthini ukuphila kahle? Kufanele sihlinzeke ngezempilo kanye nemfundo kuyo yonke leyo mikhakha emikhulu yezenhlalakahle engakaze ibe nalutho, ukuze inqobe ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukungondleki. Lezi yizinto ozibona mihla namalanga ezweni lami. Lokhu kuyinto ebalulekile okufanele uyiqonde.
Manje, kulezo zinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe, u-Evo Morales usekhulume kabi inhlanhla ubunxiwankulu. Isho ukuthini i-capitalism enonya? Kusho i-capitalism lapho inzuzo ingabiwa emikhakheni yezenhlalakahle ezidingayo. Siyaqonda ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kubalulekile ukuze siye phambili, kodwa asifuni abaphathi ngale mali, kodwa sifuna ozakwethu.
Emlandweni omude weBolivia yonke imithombo yethu yemvelo iphangiwe, futhi azikho izinzuzo ezisele ezweni lethu. Isiphakamiso sethu esisha sisho ukuthi abatshalizimali abakhulu nabo kufanele babelane ngomcebo wabo. Lena imodeli entsha, into entsha agxile kuyo uMongameli Evo Morales eyethulayo.
Akukho ukwahlukana phakathi kobuholi. Kuphela nje ukuthi sonke siyaqaphela ukuthi isigaba ngasinye, isigaba ngasinye kufanele sigcwaliseke. Futhi ukusuka lapho, siyaqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinqubo zase-Ecuadorian, zaseVenezuela, noma inqubo yaseCuba ngeminyaka yawo-1960s [futhi kwenzekani eBolivia]? Izihlanganiso zihlukile, kanjalo namaqiniso. Angeke kube khona ukufana ezinqubweni zenguquko. Kungani? Ngoba sinezinhlobo ezahlukene zezintshisekelo, kodwa izinhloso zethu ziyefana. Kodwa imigwaqo yokufika kulezo zinhloso ihlukile.
Ngakho-ke sinomuzwa wokuthi kufanele kuqala siqedele izibopho ezithile zomlando. Sisho ukuthi kule minyaka engama-250 edluleโฆ [engazwakali] umbuso awukaze uzifezekisele imikhakha yezenhlalakahle enganakiwe. Ngakho-ke kufanele sinakekele lokhu kugxuma kwekhwalithi ukuze sifinyelele umgomo wokugcina, ngaphambi kokudlulela ngale. Kufanele siqhubeke nokudlulela phambili ngaphandle kokweqa izigaba, kodwa kunalokho ukuziqeda. Ngoba sikholwa ukuthi ukuze kuthuthuke kumele kube nokuhlangana okukhulu kwesizwe.
Akukaze kube khona ubukhona bombuso eBolivia, ngakho-ke izinzuzo zentuthuko yezwe ziye kwabathile abancane abagxilile esikhundleni sabaningi kuzwelonke. Ukutholwa kwemithombo yethu yemvelo kuyingxenye yale nqubomgomo, yokusabalalisa kabusha inzuzo. Ngoba sikholelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zemali engenayo zizovumela intuthuko. Bazohlinzeka ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-Renta Dignidad, i-Bono Juancito Pinto yezingane, ne-Bono Juana Azurduy yabesifazane.[3]
Lokhu ukunqotshwa komphakathi esingenakukukhohlwa, futhi esingenakunqotshwa uma sekuphakathi nomgwaqo. Ngokubona kwethu sinezindlela ezizosenza sifinyelele ezinhlosweni zethu esizibeke phambili ngaphakathi kwenkundla yeMovement Towards Socialism.
JRW: Kuyinto eqinisekile ukuthi u-Evo Morales uzowina ukhetho ngoDisemba [waphumelela], ngokwengxenye ngoba Ilungelo lihlukene kakhulu okwamanje. Ngakho-ke, kuzoba yini izinhloso eziyinhloko zokuphatha okulandelayo kwe-Evo Morales, eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo?
I-ETM: Ukwakhiwa okusha kwezepolitiki kombuso - okwavunywa kunhlolovo yiningi, ngakho-ke akusona isibopho nganoma iyiphi indlela. Abantu bavotele lo mthethosisekelo omusha wezombangazwe wombuso. Ngalo mthethosisekelo omusha siklama izwe elisha.
Sifunani kule minyaka emihlanu ezayo? Sesithuthukile, kodwa sidinga ukujula. Ingxenye yalokhu izinjongo zeMillennium Development Goals. Kufanele siqede, ngokuyisisekelo, [amazinga] okufa. Kufanele sihlinzeke ngemfundo, ezempilo, izidingongqangi, amanzi, izibani, kuleyo mikhakha engakaze ibe nazo.
Okuhambisana nalokhu kufanele sithuthukise ukwenziwa kwezimboni kwemithombo yethu yemvelo, isibonelo endaweni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Sinezinsiza ezinkulu, ezifana neCanada - hhayi ngezinga elifanayo, kodwa sinazo - ezizosenza sikwazi ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi amakhulu, njengokukhiqiza ugesi ngamanzi.
Futhi sinegesi yemvelo. Okwamanje sithumela igesi yethu e-Argentina naseBrazil ngendlela yayo eluhlaza. Kufanele siqale amaphrojekthi okuhlukanisa igesi [ezigabeni zayo ezihlukene zokukhiqiza], okuzongenisa imali entsha.
Sinephrojekthi ye-lithium, nayo ezolawulwa nguhulumeni kazwelonke. Futhi, ngokusobala, siklama isiphakamiso esisha ukuze kube nokutshalwa kwezimali futhi. Kukhona futhi amaphrojekthi amaningi amakhulu okuxhumanisa imigwaqo emikhulu.
Yilokhu okufanele sikunikeze abantu baseBolivia kule minyaka emihlanu ezayo - kuhlanganisa izwe; ukubuyisela izinsiza zethu zemvelo; ukwenziwa kwezimboni kanye nokukhiqiza inani lengeziwe; ukudala imisebenzi okusho ukuthi abantu baseBolivia ngeke kusadingeka bathuthele ngaphandle kwezwe. Lawa amaphrojekthi abalulekile enqubekelaphambili.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu sinendikimba yokuzimela. Lolu wudaba olukhohlisayo kakhulu, ukuzimelaโฆ [okuzwakalayo]. Lokho iBolivia ehlose ukukwenza ukuthi kube neminyango ezimele, izindawo ezizimele, kanye nemiphakathi yomdabu ezimele - ukuze kube nobuqotho phakathi kwalaba abathathu. Ukuthi babelane ngokulinganayo, ukuze kwakhiwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazinga amathathu, kanye nesigungu esiphezulu. Ukuzimela kuzosivumela ukuthi sithuthuke, futhi siklame izwe elisha. Akunakwenzeka, ngaphansi kwesibhengezo sokuzimela, ukuthi amaqembu ambalwa we-oligarchic ahlukane futhi azuze emithonjeni yesifunda sabo. Umbuso okufanele uhlele ukwakheka okusha kokuzimela kwezwe - hhayi ama-oligarchs. Ama-oligarchs kumele abe ngaphansi kohulumeni beminyango, ohulumeni basekhaya kanye nabantu bomdabu. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi bangaklama izwe labo elisha elizimele ukuze kuzuze bona. Asikholelwa kulokhu.
Leli yizwe elisha esifuna ukulinikeza, elibandakanya umphakathi, linqoba ukubandlululwa. Futhi ngeke sikwenze lokhu ngomthetho, ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. Ukuphikisa kumele kube ngokwakhayo. Kufanele izihlanganise nalo msebenzi ukuze, ngokubambisana, siqhubekele phambili. IBolivia inezakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-10, futhi kulaba abayizigidi ezingu-10 4.5 million ngabomdabuโฆ. Lena akuyona nje iphrojekthi yabantu bomdabu, kodwa eyawo wonke umuntu. Lena inkundla esiyinikezayo.
JRW: Umbuzo wokugcina uphathelene nombuso wamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nomthelela we-imperialism ohlelweni lwaseBolivia. Siyabona, ngokuketulwa umbuso eHonduras ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi u-Barack Obama umele ukuqhubeka kwe-imperialism yaseMelika eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe. Futhi nezwe laseCanada, futhi, kunombono wama-impiriyali ngokubuka izwe laseCanada kanye nenhloko-dolobha yaseCanada kanye nokusebenza kwabo eLatin America naseCaribbean. Lokhu singakubona ekugqugquzeleni izimayini zaseCanada, ukukhuthazwa kwenhloko-dolobha yaseCanada ngokuvamile eLatin America, ukusayinwa kwezivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala phakathi kweCanada neColombia, iPeru, neMexico, zonke namuhla ezinohulumeni abakwesokunene ngokwedlulele. Umbuzo wami kulo mongo ngowokuthi, siyini isikhundla sakho, futhi siyini isikhundla sikahulumeni waseBolivia, lapho ubhekene nalobu impiriyali, hhayi i-United States kuphela, kodwa neCanada?
I-ETM: Lo mbuzo ngezinye izindlela ulula, futhi ngezinye izindlela uyinkimbinkimbi. Sikholelwa ukuthi sinoMongameli Obama, bese sinePentagon. Lezi yizinto ezimbili ezihluke kakhulu. Ngokufana no-Evo Morales, u-Obama umele imikhakha encishwe amathuba kakhulu e-United States, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Sisakholelwa kuye, namandla akhe okuguqula yonke into okuyigama lezepolitiki lase-United States. Lona umbono womuntu siqu.
Endikimbeni yaseCanada, futhi ngikholwa ukuthi yindikimba elula kakhulu, kukhona inhlonipho, ukusebenzelana kwamazwe amabili. Kukhona ukubambisana neCanada. Kunombono womhlaba ngenqubomgomo yokuvumelana nokuhloniphana. Futhi ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, sikholwa ukuthi singathuthukela.
Amazwe [iCanada ne-US] angamazwe e-G8, athuthuke kakhulu. Sinezwe elingathuthukile, kodwa elinesithunzi. Sikholelwa kumqondo wokuzibusa kwabantu. Lokhu kusho inhlonipho.
Sikhuluma ngendlela engokomfanekiso. Kodwa siyakholwa, siyaqiniseka, ukuthi singaqhubekela phambili nenqubo yethu yoshintsho ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuhloniphana.
Kulokhu kuhlangana okusha, kukhona ukubonisana ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu phakathi kohulumeni waseBolivia nowaseMelika ukuze kuqalwe kabusha ubudlelwano bamazwe amabili.[4] Kodwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuhloniphana.
Lena idiplomacy yethu phakathi kwabantu ezingeni lomhlaba. Kufanele uyihloniphe njengoba injalo. Simpofu, kodwa sinesizotha.
JRW: Siyabonga kakhulu ngesikhathi sakho.
I-ETM: Cha ngiyabonga. Sisebudlelwaneni obukhethekile kakhulu eBolivia. U-Evo Morales, u-รlvaro Garcรญa Linera, u-David Choquehuanca, basuka embonweni ofanayo, benezinjongo ezifanayo, nama-paradigms afanayo. Futhi lokhu kuyisisekelo sokuqhubekela phambili. Asilakhi izwe ngezigidi eziyisi-6 kuphela, kodwa sakha zonke izigidi eziyishumi. Sikholwa wukuthi kulo mzuzu siyabehlula bonke labo abaphakamise ukuthi uMorales aphathe isikhathi esingeqi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Sikhombisa ukuthi lapho ukuzibophezela kokuziphatha nokuziphatha kukhona, kungaphumelela. Lona akuwona nje owabambalwa kuphela, kodwa wezwe lonke, owenza inqubo yoguquko kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu. Kunguguquko olubambe iqhaza nentando yeningi, futhi, ngokuyisisekelo, mayelana nokufakwa komphakathi.
UJeffery R. Webber ufundisa isayensi yezepolitiki eNyuvesi yaseRegina, eCanada. Unezincwadi ezintathu ezizayo: I-Red October: I-Left-Indigenous Struggles in Modern Bolivia; Ukuvukela Kwezinguquko eBolivia: Inkululeko Yomdabu, Ukuzabalaza Kwekilasi, kanye Nezepolitiki zika-Evo Morales; kanye neqoqo elihleliwe ku-Latin American Left no-Barry Carr.
[1] Lokhu kubhekiselwa ku- indawo yokubuka Ithiyori yomzabalazo wabashokobezi eyashiwo ngu-Ernesto Che Guevara nabanye ngokusekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ekuguquguqukeni kweCuba.
[2] Lokhu kubhekiselwa kunhlolovo yokukhumbula eyabanjwa ngo-Agasti 2008 lapho bobabili u-Evo Morales kanye nePhini Likamongameli u-รlvaro Garcรญa Linera bema ukuze balahlekelwe yimisebenzi noma baphinde basungule igunya labo elidumile.
[3] Lezi izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudluliswa kwemali. I-Renta Dignidad, eyasungulwa ngo-2008, inikeza cishe u-$US 258 ngenyanga kubahlali asebekhulile abampofu. I-Bono Juancito Pinto, eyasungulwa ngo-2006, inikeza cishe ama-US$29 ngonyaka ezinganeni ezincane ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuqeda ibanga lesithupha. I-Bono Juana Azurduy, eyasungulwa ngo-2009, inikeza izimali omama abangenawo umshwalense ukuze babakhuthaze ukuthi bafune usizo lwezokwelapha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nangemva kokukhulelwa. Bheka uMark Weisbrot, uRebecca Ray, noJake Johnson, I-Bolivia: Umnotho Ngesikhathi Sokuphatha kwe-Morales, Washington, DC: Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwezomnotho Nenqubomgomo, Disemba 2009.
[4] IBolivia yaxosha inxusa laseMelika eBolivia ngoSepthemba 2008.
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