E-Okinawa nasezindaweni ezizungezile, izenzakalo zokubaluleka okungenakuqhathaniswa ziyaqhubeka zenzeka, okunomthelela eJapane, ebudlelwaneni be-US-Japan kanye ne-US-Japan-China, kanye nokuthula nentando yeningi ngokuvamile. Njengoba owayenguMbusi u-Ota Masahide abona kusengaphambili ekuqaleni konyaka, i-2013 yaba "embi kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona (ngokusobala ngaphandle kwenhlekelele enkulu yango-1945) e-Okinawa."1
“Uchungechunge olukhethekile” (“Futhi Okinawa”) olwanyatheliswa kulo magazini ngoNovemba lwabonisa ukubaluleka kwezinqumo ezimbili eziseduze: esisodwa ngoDisemba lapho umbusi wase-Okinawan ayezonikeza impendulo yakhe esicelweni sikahulumeni kazwelonke sokuthi anikeze ilayisense yokubuyiselwa kabusha kwezilwandle. ukusuka enyakatho ye-Okinawa ukuvumela ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sezempi esikhulu esisha lapho se-US Marine Corps, kanye nesinye ngoJanuwari lapho abavoti baseNago City bezokhetha imeya yedolobha eliqokwe njengendawo yesizinda esisha. 2 Ukuhunyushwa kwengoma yokuqala kuzwakale emhlabeni wonke ngoDisemba. Lapha sigxila kukho.
Tokyo, 17 Disemba
Ngomhla ziyi-17 kuZibandlela, uMbusi wase-Okinawan uNakaima Hirokazu, eTokyo obezokwelashwa, waya emhlanganweni woMkhandlu Wenqubomgomo Yase-Okinawa, nayo yonke iKhabhinethi yase-Abe. Ngenkathi uNakaima ethembisa ukubambisana kunqubomgomo yezokuvikela kazwelonke ebigxile kakhulu ekubhekaneni neChina nasekuqiniseni ubukhona bezempi baseJapan ne-US e-Okinawa, ethi "Ngifuna ukufaka isandla ekuzinzeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwesifunda sase-Asia-Pacific," kusho u-Abe. ngokuzimisela kwakhe ukwenza noma yini esemandleni akhe ukuze “anciphise umthwalo” wezisekelo zase-Okinawa.
UNakaima ubengaphansi kwengcindezi ekhulayo unyaka wonke ukuba afake isicelo esafakwa uhulumeni kazwelonke ngoMashi sokubuyiselwa kwelayisense yolwandle lwase-Oura Bay eDolobheni laseNago eNyakatho ne-Okinawa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukwakhiwa “Indawo Yokubuyisela I-Futenma.” Ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu kusukela ngo-2010, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-Conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)'s Okinawa Chapter yayiziqhelelanisile nenhlangano yeqembu likazwelonke futhi yamukela inqubomgomo yokuphikisa noma iyiphi iphrojekthi entsha enjalo, "isivumelwano se-Okinawa" ngesisekelo. izinkinga zase zimile. Ngo-2013 kwabonakala kungathandeki. Kwaboniswa ngokungangabazeki esihambelini esikhethekile sase-Okinawa e-Tokyo ngo-January 2013. Ithimba labantu abangu-150 elihlanganisa izimeya zedolobha, idolobha, nezamadolobhana ezingu-38, izinhloko zedolobha, idolobha, noma izifunda ezingu-41, namalungu angu-29 omhlangano wesifunda sase-Okinawan, kanye nabamele iChamber of Commerce and Industry kanye ne-Okinawan Women's Association, bethule kuhulumeni eTokyo incwadi ethi “Kempakusho” noma isethi yezimfuno egameni lesifunda. Ifune izinto ezimbili: ukuthi indiza ye-Marine Corps's i-tilt-rotor "Osprey" ihoxiswe futhi kungabikho indiza enjalo entsha eyethulwe, nokuthi isiza se-Futenma esingamahektha angu-481 kufanele sibuyiselwe ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kwemibandela, ngaphandle kokushintshwa (okungukuthi ukwakhiwa kwanoma yisiphi isisekelo esisha ).
UNakaima ngo-2013 wabe ephakathi kwesifunda ayesimele esasiphikelela ekwenzeni lezi zidingo kanye nohulumeni kazwelonke azi ukuthi uzimisele ngokuzenqaba. Ngaphambi kokuthi kuphele unyaka wayazi ukuthi kuzomele akhethe.
Umhlangano e-Tokyo noNdunankulu kanye neKhabhinethi eMkhandlwini Wenqubomgomo wase-Okinawa mhla ziyi-17 kuZibandlela, uNakaima wethula uchungechunge lwezicelo egameni lesifunda. Umhlangano, okuhlanganisa nokuphawula kwamalungu amathathu ekhabhinethi kanye noNdunankulu u-Abe kanye nesethulo sikaNakaima, kuthathe imizuzu engu-18 nje kuphela.3 UNakaima ucele lokhu okulandelayo:
1) ukuthi ukusebenza ngaphakathi kwe-Futenma Marine Air Station, emaphakathi neDolobha lase-Ginowan, kuqedwe phakathi neminyaka emihlanu futhi indawo eyisisekelo ibuyiselwe e-Japan;
2) ukuthi isizinda se-Marine Corps’ Makiminato logistics (Camp Kinser) sibuyiselwe e-Japan phakathi neminyaka eyisikhombisa;
3) ukuthi Isivumelwano Se-Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) esinikeza amalungelo abonakalayo angaphandle kumasosha ase-US sibuyekezwe ukuze kuvunyelwe okungenani ukuhlolwa okuthile esizeni kwezisekelo;
4) ukuthi ezinye (cishe uhhafu) zendiza ehlongozwayo engu-24 ye-Osprey tiltrotor ezisatshalaliswa e-Okinawa zidluliselwe ezisekelweni zezwekazi;
5) ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke ugunyaze isabelo esiceliwe se-block ku-Okinawa se-yen ye-340.8 yezigidigidi ze-fy 2014 futhi azibophezele ekuqhubekeleni phambili, ukuqhubeka nosizo lwezomnotho esifundeni okubandakanya ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa "komzila wesitimela" kanye nokucatshangelwa okuhle kokukhethwa kwe-Okinawa njengendawo. "Indawo Ekhethekile Ephelele Yezokuvakasha."
Ukwethulwa kukaNakaima bekungakaze kwenzeke. Kwakuhlanganiswe hhayi kuphela ngaphandle kokubonisana nabamele izikhungo zase-Okinawan, kodwa ezicini ezinkulu eziphikisana nezinqubomgomo ezisungulwe yizo yena ngokwakhe ayezishilo futhi waphinda waphinda izikhathi eziningi. I-Henoko yayiyindaba eyinhloko emqondweni wawo wonke umuntu njengoba iwashi lalisondela ekupheleni konyaka. Igebe lihlukanise iTokyo neNaha ngalolu daba. Ngenkathi u-Abe nohulumeni wakhe benza izithembiso eziphindaphindiwe kuhulumeni eWashington ukuthi lolu hlelo luzoqhubeka, uNakaima kusukela ngo-2010 wayelokhu ephindaphinda ukuthi uzinikele ngenze iphutha (ukuthuthwa kweFutenma kwenye indawo eJapane), nokuthi umsebenzi wokwakha iHenoko “cishe wawungenakwenzeka.” Esabiseni sikahulumeni kazwelonke sokuthi uFutenma uzoba yisakhiwo esihlala unomphela ngaphandle kokuthi ukwakhiwa kweHenoko kuqhubeke, uphendule ngokuthi sona kanye isenzo sokucabanga noma sokubeka izwi emcabangweni wokuthi uFutenma abe yinhlangano yaphakade “kwakuwuhlobo oluthile lokuwohloka.”4
NgoDisemba 2013, i-Henoko yayiyindaba esemqoka. UNakaima wayethembise impendulo yakhe ngasekupheleni konyaka, nokho uNdunankulu noma uMbusi uNakaima ngaphambi koMkhandlu Wenqubomgomo Yase-Okinawa akazange akhulume ngakho.
Nokho, kuba futhi icala ukuthi hhayi kanye, ngisho endaweni ephakeme ye Kempakusho ukugqugquzela abantu ngoJanuwari, ingabe uNakaima washo ngokusobala ukuthi wayephikisa, noma wayezokwenqabela, ukwakhiwa eHenoko. Futhi akazange iqhaza Kempakusho noma wahlala emsamo wemihlangano emikhulu eyaholela kuwo. Uma ebheka emuva ubonakala ekhetha ukucasuka, ebonakala ehambisana nabaphikisi abaphansi ukuze athole ukwesekwa kwezombusazwe kodwa eshiya evulekile indlela yokubajikela lapho isikhathi sesilungile.
Inkinga ye-Futenma yayikhathaze i-Okinawa amashumi eminyaka. Ukubuyiswa kwesisekelo phakathi neminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisikhombisa (okungukuthi, ngo-2002) kwakuthenjiswe okokuqala ngohulumeni ababili ku-1996, ithemba lahlehliswa kancane kancane eminyakeni eyalandela, okokuqala (ngo-2006) kuya ku-2014 futhi kamuva nje (ngo-Ephreli 2013) kuya ku-“2023 noma kamuva.”5 Isicelo sika-Nakaima “seminyaka emihlanu” sasingahambisani nenqubo yentando yeningi kangangokuthi sakha ukuguqulwa okuhlangene kwenqubomgomo ye-prefectural.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba futhi ukuthi isicelo sokuthi uFutenma abuye “phakathi neminyaka emihlanu” kwakungeyona into uhulumeni waseJapane ayengasivumela ngayo noma sasithambekele kangako. Lokho bekuyinto uhulumeni wase-US kuphela onganikeza, futhi umkhulumeli wePentagon washeshe wabheka noma yiliphi ithemba lokuthi lokho kuzokwenzeka ngokuthi akunakwenzeka.6 Kamuva nje kwatholakala ukuthi uHulumeni waseJapan empeleni uye waya eWashington maphakathi noNovemba ukuze azame ukwenza isivumelwano ne-ajenda ye-Nakaima, okungukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uNakaima ahlale etafuleni laseTokyo ukuze ayiphakamise, kodwa wanikezwa iphuzu elingenalutho. ukwenqaba.7 Ngamanye amazwi, lokho uNakaima ayekubuza, noNdunankulu u-Abe ebonakala ecabanga, kwakuyinto uWashington ayeseyikhiphile.
Ngalowo mqondo, ukusebenza komphakathi u-Abe no-Nakaima ababambe iqhaza kukho bekungeyona izingxoxo kangako njengomdlalo weshashalazi, okungenzeka ukuthi ngokombhalo obhalwe nguNobhala Omkhulu weKhabhinethi, u-Suga Yoshihide, ngokudlala kwabo,8 nangokwesiko lomlando wakamuva we-Okinawan onqunywa ngezikhathi ezibalulekile ngamadili ayimfihlo, amanga, nokukhohlisa ohlangothini lukahulumeni kazwelonke. Ngenkathi ukunaka kugxile ezenzweni zasesiteji sase-Tokyo, amadili wangempela enziwa kude nokubhekwa ngumphakathi. Kuphinde kwabonakala sengathi uNakaima ungenile esibhedlela eTokyo ngenxa yezizathu zezepolitiki njengezizathu zezempilo, efuna ukuzivala noNdunankulu kanye noNobhala Oyinhloko weKhabhinethi ukuze enze isivumelwano esigculisayo, ngasese, ngaphandle kwesibopho kufanele uphendule umbono wase-Okinawan.
Ngokuqondene nendawo yesevisi yaseMakiminato, yayihlelelwe ukubuyisela ingxenye ngo-2013 nango-2014 (umkhakha oyihektha elilodwa nezimbili ngokulandelana) nezingxenye zayo ezinkulu (amahektha angu-129 no-142) ukuthi ibuyele “ngo-2025 noma kamuva” kanye “no-2024 noma kamuva. ” Ukuze isisekelo sisonke sibuyiswe “eminyakeni eyisikhombisa” kungasho ukuqhubekisela phambili usuku oseluvele luhleliwe cishe ngonyaka owodwa. Kungani uNakaima bekufanele akhethe ukubhekisela ngokukhethekile kulokhu, kunokuba, ngokwesibonelo, iNaha Port (amahektha angama-56), okubuya kwayo, okwathenjiswa okokuqala ngo-1974, okwakusanda kubuyiselwa ku-“2028 noma kamuva” kwakungacacile, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka amabutho ase-US ayebonise ukulungela ukuyeka omunye kodwa hhayi omunye. Kunoma ikuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-Futenma noma i-Makiminato, zonke izindawo “zokubuyisela” zazinemibandela ekulungelweni kwezindawo ezintsha, ezithatha indawo. Wonke "kwakudluliswa futhi kuthuthukiswe" kunokuba "ukubuyisela."
E-Osprey, imfuno "Yonke i-Okinawa" ye-January Kempakusho yayicacile: i-Osprey yayiwusongo futhi iwuhlupho, kwakungafanele neze ivunyelwe ukungena e-Okinawa kwasekuqaleni, futhi kufanele ihoxiswe ngokuphelele. Kodwa lokho uNakaima ayethule njengesicelo "sokwehliswa komthwalo" kwafinyelela esitatimendeni sokulungela ukushiya isikhundla esishiwo ngokusemthethweni sesifunda kanye nokubekezelela izinto eziyi-12 zalezo ama-Okinawans azithole ziwumthwalo omkhulu. Akukhona nje ukuthi umthwalo wawungeke wehliswe, wawuzokwengezwa, ngoba konke okwakuzodluliswa kwakungeminye yemisebenzi yokuqeqesha, futhi njengoba i-Self Defence Forces yaseJapane kwakulindeleke ukuthi iqale ukuyithenga futhi isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Isidingo sokubuyekezwa kwe-SOFA, esiqondwa kangcono njengesitatimende selungelo langaphandle elijatshulelwa amabutho ase-US, sekuyisikhathi eside siphakathi kombhikisho wase-Okinawan. U-Nakaima ngokwakhe wayezihlanganise nesidingo, evame ukunamathisela isiphawulo esithi “basic” (komponteki) esibizweni sakhe sokuthi kubuyekezwe. Ngaphambi koMkhandlu Wenqubomgomo yase-Okinawa, nokho, walisusa lelo gama. Njengezinye izicelo zakhe, nalokhu bekuyinto i-US okwase kuyisikhathi eside iphikisana nayo, igcizelela amalungelo ayo, futhi njengoba uNakaima angeniswe esibhedlela sakhe saseTokyo, iziphathimandla zase-US zaphinda zacacisa ukuthi ngeke zibhekane nanoma yikuphi ukubuyekezwa. Umlayezo ofanayo okhishwe kukho kokubili i-Pentagon kanye noMnyango Wezwe.9 Njengoba uMarie Harf woMnyango Wezwe akubeka, i-United States "ayikavumanga futhi ngeke icabange" ukuvula i-SOFA ukuze kuxoxiswane kabusha.10 Ngokushesha nje kwacaca, konke okwakucatshangelwa kusukela ngo-2013 kwakuyingxoxo mayelana nesivumelwano sokwengeza okungenzeka, sohlobo okwavunyelwana ngalo neNingizimu Korea ngo-2001, lapho iziphathimandla zase-Okinawan zingase zinikezwe ukufinyelela okuyisisekelo ngezinjongo zokuhlola imvelo. Ngisho nalokho kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi kuphazamise amandla okugcina e-US, okuzikhethela noma ukuthambisa ukwenqaba kwayo ukunxephezela umonakalo odalwe amashumi eminyaka amazwe angaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwezempi. 11
Udaba lokuxhaswa ngezimali okuceliwe kuphinde kuxoxwe ngakho ngezansi. Isicelo “sojantshi” sasiphawuleka ngokuqamba kwakhe leli gama eliyinqaba ithekkido (elikhanyisiwe: “umzila wesitimela wensimbi”) kunegama elivamile i-tetsudo, kanye nokuntula inkomba kunoma yiluphi ucwaningo noma inqubomgomo ekhona noma lapho isitimela esinjalo singase sihambe khona. Emhlanganweni wakhe noNdunankulu ngemuva kwesonto, nokho, uNakaima wabiza lokhu ngokuthi iphrojekthi “eNyakatho neNingizimu”, okungenzeka ukuthi ixhumanisa iNago nenhloko-dolobha, iNaha. 12 Uhlelo olunjalo luye lwavela ngezikhathi ezithile esikhathini esidlule, ngokuvamile uma kuza ukhetho olubalulekile e-Nago City, olunyamalala esibukweni uma ukhetho seluphelile.
“Indawo Ekhethekile Ebanzi Yezokuvakasha” ingase iqondwe njengereferensi embozwe kancane yephrojekthi yekhasino. Iqembu elinamandla ngaphakathi kwe-National Diet kulindeleke ukuthi lethule umthethosivivinywa phakathi neseshini ezayo ka-2014 ukuze kwenziwe ikhasino yaseJapan ibe nokwenzeka futhi njengoba bobabili uNdunankulu u-Abe kanye nePhini likaNdunankulu u-Aso “bengabaluleki abakhulu” eqenjini, uNakaima ubefuna ukwesekwa kwabo ukuthi i-Okinawa ikhethwe njenge, noma, isayithi ekhethwayo ngokushesha nje lapho isimemezelo sokugembula singasuswa.
Ngakho-ke iqoqo lezimfuno uNakaima ayethulile lalingelikhulu futhi lalingenakwenzeka, futhi lalithenjiswa kancane kancane “lokwehliswa komthwalo.” Ethula icala elinjalo kuhulumeni wase-Abe "egameni labantu besifunda abayizigidi eziyi-1.4," ngaphandle kokubonisana noma ukufuna umbono wezikhungo ezimele i-Okinawa, uNakaima wayethatha amalungelo obukhosi esikhundleni sesikhundla sesikhulu esikhethiwe nesinomthwalo wemfanelo. Ukuthi lokhu kungase kube inkinga yentando yeningi yaseJapane kubonakala kushaya izibukeli ezimbalwa ngaphandle kwe-Okinawa ngokwayo.
Tokyo 25 Disemba, Naha 27 Disemba
Ngemva nje kwesonto, ngomhla zingama-25 kuZibandlela (uSuku LukaKhisimusi), uNakaima, oseseTokyo, waphinde wahlangana noNdunankulu u-Abe owamnikeza impendulo kahulumeni. U-Abe uthembise ukusungula amaqembu asebenzayo ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezokuvikela ukuze abheke ukuguqulwa okungenzeka kwe-Futenma ne-Makiminato, ukuphambukisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezindiza ze-Osprey ezweni laseJapan, nokuvula izingxoxo ne-US mayelana nesivumelwano esizokwenza kube nokwenzeka kohulumeni basekhaya. e-Okinawa ukungena ezisekelweni zase-US ukuphenya izimo zemvelo. Mayelana nezezimali, uvumile ukuhlinzeka ngama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-346 ku-FY 2014 (okungaphezu kancane kwezigidigidi ezingama-340.8 uNakaima ayezifunile), nokuqhubeka namalungiselelo “okukhethekile” okuxhasa i-Okinawa (ngaphezu kwama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300, noma cishe amabhiliyoni angama-2.9, ngonyaka) kuze kufike ku-2021.13
UNakaima uthole lezi zipho “zimangalisa futhi zinhle kakhulu.” Amalungiselelo ezimali ayebonakala ngokukhethekile kuye eqinisekisa “isabelomali esihle kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona emlandweni.” Esuka endaweni yesigameko ejabule, wamemeza izintatheli ukuthi "zibe neholide elihle" futhi wakhuluma ngokulangazelela uNyaka Omusha. Ukugula okwakumphathe lapho efika eTokyo esikhathini esingangesonto ngaphambili kwabonakala kungasekho.
Ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva, eNaha, wenza isimemezelo esasilindelekile ku-Henoko. Uzosivumela isicelo sokuthi kuqalwe ukulungiswa kabusha kwezilwandle ukuze kuqalwe umsebenzi wokwakha izakhiwo ezintsha ze-Marine Corps. Phakathi kwesikhundla sakhe sasekuqaleni kuka-2012, lapho ebala izinkinga ezinkulu ezingu-175 ezamholela embonweni wokuthi “akunakwenzeka, ngezinyathelo zokuvikela imvelo ezishiwo ku-EI [ukuhlolwa kwemvelo] ukugcina ngokuphelele ukulondolozwa kwempilo yabantu kanye nemvelo. imvelo,” kanye nesikhundla asithatha manje sokuthi “Okwamanje uhulumeni uthatha zonke izinyathelo angakwazi ukuzenza ukuze avikele imvelo. Ngakho-ke nginqume ukuthi isicelo siyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezibekwe ngaphansi koMthetho Wokubuyiswa Kwamanzi Amanzi Omphakathi,” kubeke igebe elibanzi, elingachazeki.14
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, izindaba okubonakala sengathi kuxoxiswana ngazo phakathi kukaNdunankulu noMbusi empeleni bezikade zingaphansi kwezingxoxo eziyimfihlo phakathi kohulumeni baseJapan kanye ne-US kusukela maphakathi noNovemba, kanti uMbusi ucishe wazisiwe, futhi inhloso yalezo zingxoxo, ngokuphambene nalokho. emilayezweni ehlelwe ngokucophelela evela enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yase-Abe yase-Abe, bekuwukuthi bekungeke kube khona ukubuya kwe-Futenma “phakathi neminyaka emihlanu”, akukho kubuyekezwa kwe-SOFA, nokuthi, kude nokwehliswa kwayo, ukuthunyelwa kwe-Osprey kwakufanele kube kakhulu. yanwetshwa, futhi yanwetshwa ezweni lase-Japan kanye nase-Okinawa kanye nangamaSelf Defence Forces aseJapane kanye ne-Marine Corps.15 Ezicini ezibalulekile, ithiyetha ye-Abe yethule umbukiso owawungqubuzana neqiniso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe akekho owayekholelwa ukubhikisha kukaNakaima kokuthi akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxoxo zakhe nohulumeni kazwelonke mayelana nezindaba eziyisisekelo nentuthuko kanye nezingxoxo zakhe ngodaba lokubuyiswa kabusha noma wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakungenzeka ngenhlanhla nje ukuthi umphumela walowo muntu uvele nje. ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi kokumenyezelwa kwesinqumo sakhe kwenye. Babone izehlakalo zangomhla zingama-25 nezi-27 kuZibandlela njengesivumelwano esibanzi lapho i-Tokyo yazuza khona imvume yohlelo lwayo lokunwetshwa kwenani lezithembiso ezimbalwa ezingenalutho kanye nokwenyuka okuncane kwenkokhelo yesibonelelo sebhulokhi esifundeni.
“Indaba” elandiswa ngabezindaba kazwelonke ngokuyisisekelo ilandele umbhalo olungiselelwe uNobhala Oyinhloko weKhabhinethi u-Suga, emane ebika ukuthi isivumelwano senziwe futhi inkinga okwakunesikhathi eside ingaxazululeki ekugcineni “ixazululiwe,” kodwa e-Okinawa yabonakala ngokushesha futhi kabanzi njenge. esinye isiqephu esaga esiqhubekayo samanga asemthethweni, ukukhohlisa, nokubandlululwa kwe-Okinawa ohlangothini lukahulumeni kazwelonke. Kubo, izithembiso zika-Abe ezingacacile nezingenakufezekiswa zokwenza “ukwenza konke okusemandleni akhe” ukuze kwehliswe umthwalo oyisisekelo, kanye nokuzibophezela kwakhe okusobala ukunikeza usizo lwezezimali oluvulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Okinawan, kuncenge abambalwa. Iningi libuze ngokungabaza ukuthi kungani uNakaima ezinikele kangaka ekubeni ethola inzuzo encane kangaka, wabe esecela ukuthi kwenziwe uphenyo kunokubungaza.
Ukubukeka kuka-Nakaima okujabulisayo nokubonga kuhulumeni kazwelonke, njengokungathi i-Okinawa iboniswa ukuphana okungavamile, kwakungakhulumi neze. Bekungenzeka futhi ukuthi kudlulisele ezweni lonke umbono wokuthi imali yase-Okinawa ibaluleke ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umgomo wokulwa nesisekelo. Kodwa naphezu kombono osabalele wokuphana kwezwe kanye nokuqina kwezingxoxo zase-Okinawan, ukubekela eceleni izinto “ezikhethekile” (okuxoxwe ngazo ngezansi), isibonelelo sika-Okinawa sikhuphuke ngo-FY 2014 cishe ngamaphesenti angu-15.3 ngaphezu kwe-FY 2013, njengoba empeleni yehliswe cishe ngamaphesenti angu-10. inkathi yeminyaka eyishumi nane kusukela ngo-1999, kuyilapho yonke iJapane ibone ukwanda ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-10.16
Izibalo zahlehliswa ngokufaka izinto ezimbili ezithile: ama-yen ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ekwakheni umzila wezindiza wesibili weSikhumulo Sezindiza saseNaha kanye nezigidigidi eziyi-19.8 ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST, eyasungulwa ngo-2001). Abasekeli bebhizinisi likaNakaima bamukele ithemba lemisebenzi emikhulu yokulungisa kabusha indawo engaphezulu kwekhilomitha nje ukusuka eDolobheni laseNaha (umzila wezindiza wamamitha angu-2,700 endaweni engamahektha ayi-160) uqhubeka cishe iminyaka eyi-7, ebiza cishe izigidigidi eziyi-198 isiyonke, futhi ukuhlanganisa nokulungisa kabusha okukhulu nakakhulu. imisebenzi elindelwe kusayithi le-Henoko. Nokho isikhumulo sezindiza sikazwelonke, asisona esase-prefectural. Kakade ngo-2010 Isikhumulo sezindiza saseNaha sasibekwe endaweni yesi-5th okumatasa kakhulu ezweni (ngemuva kwe-Haneda, i-Narita, i-New Chitose, ne-Fukuoka) futhi kwase kunesikhathi eside kwaqashelwa ukuthi umzila wayo wezindiza owodwa wawuzoba umgoqo onzima. Ukwakhiwa komzila wezindiza wesibili kwakumele kuqale ngo-2014 noma kunjalo, ngaphansi koMnyango Wezomhlaba, Ingqalasizinda, kanye Nezokuthutha, owabelwe isabelomali kudala ngaphambi kwemihlangano kaNakaima-Abe kaZibandlela wezi-2013.17 U-Nakaima ngokwakhe uzamile ukuthi uxhaso lwesibili lwendlela yezindiza lukhishwe kuxhaso lwesifunda, kodwa u-Abe wenqabile, wakugcina njengenzuzo ebalulekile ukuze akhiphe ukuthunyelwa kuka-Okinawa ohlelweni lwakhe oluyisisekelo.18
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Isikhumulo Sezindiza saseNaha siyisikhungo esihlangene samasosha omphakathi futhi isidingo esikhulu sokunwetshwa sivela ekwenyukeni okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kwe-Air Self-Defense Force F 15s. Ukuzibophezela kukahulumeni wase-Abe ekuqiniseni ukusebenza kwamasosha e-Okinawa njengengxenye yokubhekana neChina kwasho ukuthi isikhumulo sezindiza sase-Naha kufanele sinwetshwe, kungakhathalekile ukuthi kunezinhlelo zesikhumulo sezindiza "se-Asian hub".19 Amaqembu omphakathi kanye nezemvelo aphikisana nokugcizelela kukahulumeni wase-Abe ekuxhumaniseni amaphrojekthi omphakathi nezempi, ahlawumbisela ukuthi umzila omusha wezindiza ungase ubonakale ungowe-SDF kuphela, futhi waphakamisa ukuthi isidingo sezinhloso ze-Asian "hub" singahlangatshezwana ngokumane sinciphise. ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi.20
Ngokuqondene ne-OIST, nayo yayiyisikhungo sikazwelonke futhi ohlelweni oluvamile lokuphathwa kwezimali uxhaso lwayo beluzokwabiwa ngokuqondile ngezinkonzo zemfundo, isayensi nobuchwepheshe. Sesiyisungule ngo-2001, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isifunda sasithini ezindabeni eziyisisekelo uhulumeni kwakumele aqhubeke nokusixhasa ngezimali, futhi isiphakamiso sokuthi lezo zimali zazinokuzikhethela ngandlela thize sasidukisa.
Kunoma ikuphi, asikho isethembiso sika-Abe sikaDisemba esasinamandla abophezelayo, ngisho noma kwenzeka kwenzeka okungalindelekile kokuqhubeka kwakhe kuhulumeni kuze kube sekupheleni kwenkathi yeminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ayezibophezele ngayo ngezezimali.
Umbusi vs. Okinawa?
Umehluko phakathi kwemishini yase-Okinawan eya e-Tokyo ngoJanuwari nangoDisemba ka-2013 wawugqamile. Lapho ummeleli ngendlela engakaze ibonwe Kempakusho Ithimba likaJanuwari alizange linakwa emhlabeni wezepolitiki nabezindaba kazwelonke, futhi amalungu alo ahlukunyezwa emigwaqweni yaseTokyo ngoJanuwari, ezinyangeni eziyi-11 kamuva uMbusi wamenyezelwa kabanzi, ezweni lonke nasemhlabeni wonke, ngokunganaki isimo sesifunda esichazwe ngokusemthethweni sentando yeningi.
Abanye, ikakhulukazi e-Tokyo, bangase baphikise ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwesimo soMbusi ku-Henoko kumane kubonise ukuguquguquka okungokoqobo komphakathi wase-Okinawan kodwa umbono ovame kakhulu e-Okinawa ngokwawo wawuwukuthi ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuthatha kwakhe umhlalaphansi wayesebenzisa igunya lehhovisi lakhe ukuphoqa. umbono ucishe wenqatshwa emhlabeni wonke e-Okinawa.
Empeleni kube nokuncane okukhombisa ukuthambisa okubalulekile kokuphikiswa okuhlangene kwe-“all-Okinawa” kumadizayini aseTokyo okwakhiwa kwesisekelo esisha. Ngo-Ephreli, inhlolovo yesifunda yonke yabonisa umbono osebenza ngamaphesenti angama-74.7 ngokumelene nephrojekthi ye-Henoko, ngamaphesenti ayi-15 kuphela evuna, kanye nesibalo saseNago City, indawo yesiza saseHenoko, sicishe sifane: 77.3% ngokumelene ne 18.8 ngokuvuna.21 Ekupheleni konyaka, enye inhlolovo, njengoba umkhankaso kazwelonke wokushintsha umbono wase-Okinawa ufinyelela umvuthwandaba, wathola ukuthi namanje amaphesenti angu-64 ase-Okinawa akholelwa ukuthi uNakaima akufanele ahambise isicelo sokubuyiselwa kabusha; ngamaphesenti angama-22 kuphela ayevumelana nokwenza kwakhe lokho.22 Ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kwesinqumo sakhe, namanje amaphesenti angama-61 awazange asisekele futhi amaphesenti angama-72 akholelwa ukuthi uthengise izithembiso zakhe kubantu base-Okinawan.23
Izibalo ezinjalo ziphakamisa ukwehla kancane kancane ngaphansi kwengcindezi yaseTokyo engaguquki, inqubo eyathola umfutho ngasekupheleni konyaka lapho i-LDP ichitha "yonke i-Okinawa" ngokuhlehlisa isikhundla sayo futhi izinikele ekuziphatheni kazwelonke. Nokho, kuyacaca futhi ukuthi inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseTokyo yayincenge abambalwa. Iningi lahlala liphikisana nemiklamo yaseTokyo, liphikisana nokuthunyelwa koMbusi, futhi liphikisana nanoma yisiphi isisekelo esisha esakhiwa e-Okinawa. Abaningi babona ukuma kwakhe njengokululaza nokululaza, noma njengokuphinda ukuthotshiswa u-Okinawa akuthola ngaphansi “kwesikhulu sokujezisa” esithunyelwe ukuyoqondisa ukufakwa kweziqhingi ezweni lesizwe ngo-1879.
Njenge I-Ryukyu shimpo isihloko salubeka mhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela,
“Isinqumo sikaNakaima sokungazinaki abantu base-Okinawan abaphikisana nokufuduka eHenoko sisilimaze kakhulu isithunzi sabo.
Isinqumo sakhe sokuhoxisa ngempumelelo isicelo e-Okinawa sezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezifana nenkululeko, intando yeningi nokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo i-United States ne-Japan icilongo elilulazayo. Ngamalungelo bekufanele aveze izindinganiso eziphindwe kabili zohulumeni wase-US kanye nohulumeni waseJapan, futhi wacela ukuthi intando yeningi isetshenziswe nase-Okinawa….
Ukuhlambalaza kukaNakaima empeleni kugunyaza ohulumeni base-US nabaseJapane abaguqule i-Okinawa ibe inqaba yezempi. Lesi isenzo sokuhlambalaza hhayi kuphela kubantu base-Okinawa abaphilayo manje, kodwa nakulabo abafela empini, nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Kuyicala lezilinganiso zomlando…. Kumele esule esikhundleni.”24
Ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlangano ezilondolozayo kanye nabantu ngabanye ukucasuka ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo eziqala ngokunikezela kwesahluko sase-Okinawan se-LDP ekupheleni kukaNovemba kwakusabalele. Umongameli wesahluko se-LDP sika-Okinawa, u-Onaga Masatoshi, wesula esikhundleni ephikisana nokulethwa kwenhlangano yakhe. Umeluleki wenhlangano kanye nowayengumongameli we-Prefectural Assembly, uNakazato Toshinobu, naye wesula esikhundleni, egxeka uhulumeni ngokuphoqelela "ukuguqulwa" kumalungu eDiet kazwelonke, futhi ethi "ukuzinikela ku-Yamato (izwe laseJapane) ngalolu daba kuzokwenza i-Okinawa ibe yizwe laphakade. isiqhingi sezisekelo.”25 U-Onaga Takeshi, imeya yaseNaha, umholi wethimba likaJanuwari "all-Okinawa" eTokyo kanye nomthengisi wamandla obalulekile emibuthanweni ye-Okinawan Conservative, uxwayise ngokugqugquzelwa kwazo zonke izinsiza zayo yizwe laseJapane ukuqeda ubumbano lwase-Okinawa kodwa wagcizelela ukuthi i-70 ngayinye. Ikhulu lama-Okinawans ahlala eqinile ngemuva kokuma kwawo ngoJanuwari.26 Kuye, ingcindezi kahulumeni kazwelonke yaba "usongo kubunikazi base-Okinawan."27 I-Naha City Assembly yamukele isinqumo esifanayo ngokumelene nohulumeni "ngokunganaki, ukucindezela, ukuhlukanisa, ukuphoqelela, ukuphoqa" i-Okinawa. “Ayikho intando yeningi e-Okinawa,” iphikelela, futhi i-Okinawa kufanele ifake isicelo eKomitini Yamalungelo Abantu yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngokumelene nokubandlululwa okungenakubekezelelwa eyatholwa kukho.28 Isahluko sase-Okinawan se-New Komeito, ukwesekwa kwayo kwezombusazwe kwabamele i-LDP okhethweni sekuyisikhathi eside kubalulekile, senqabile ukulandela ukuhola kwe-LDP, sacela uMbusi ukuthi "athathe isinyathelo sokuziqhenya ngaphambi komlando" ngokuthi "Cha" kuhulumeni kazwelonke.29 Usihlalo uKinjo Tsutomu ukumemezele lokho
“Cishe amaphesenti angama-80 abantu base-Okinawa bafuna ukuthi uFutenma akhishwe kulesi sifunda. Ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kokuthi kungani kufanele kube ngaphandle kwe-Okinawa, nokuthi kungani kungenakuba yi-Henoko, sekuqalile. Akulona iphutha labantu bakhe base-Okinawan ukuthi uFutenma abe umdlali, kodwa ngenxa yobudedengu bezepolitiki. "30
Nakuba isimemezelo sikaNakaima sangomhla zingama-27 kuZibandlela sibe nomthelela othile oshaqisayo, ubufakazi obutholakalayo buphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi sahlukanisa futhi sahlukanisa isisekelo sakhe sokusekela okungenani njengoba sahlukanisa noma senza buthaka umnyakazo wokulwa nesisekelo. Okunye okuvezwe yilokhu kwaba ukushicilelwa kwenhlolovo yezimpendulo ezinqumweni zoMbusi ezikhishwe izinhloko zemihlangano yedolobha, idolobha, nedolobhana, nezigodi ezingama-41 ezazihlanganyele ekubonakalisweni kwe-“All-Okinawa” kaJanuwari. Abayishumi nambili bebezimisele ukubona imizamo yakhe ngendlela encomekayo njengokuvula indlela yokubuyisela uFutenma “phakathi neminyaka emihlanu,” kodwa iningi lazwakalisa ukungabaza nokuzisola okukhulu, likholelwa ukuthi ukweleta isifunda incazelo futhi liyangabaza ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke angakwazi. yethenjwa ukuthi izofeza izithembiso zayo. Ngokweqile, babambelela emoyeni wamaKempakusho. Naphezu kokuncipha okuthile, ngamanye amazwi, njengoba inhlanganisela engapheli yokucindezela kanye ne-cajolery - izinti nezaqathi - kwathatha umonakalo futhi naphezu kokuthambekela kwemvelo ukulandela ukuhola koMbusi, iningi eliphikisayo lalibonakala libambelele ngokuqinile, ngisho nasezindaweni ezilinganiselwe. "elite," umkhakha olondolozayo womphakathi wase-Okinawan.31
I-Tokyo vs. Nago
Ngokuhamba konyaka kusukela ngoJanuwari 2013, nokho, uhulumeni wase-Abe wayeqinisekise kaningi i-United States ukuthi iFutenma replacement Facility izokwakhiwa ngokohlelo lwaseHenoko. Ekupheleni konyaka imizamo yayo yokuletha u-Okinawa esithendeni isithele izithelo ezithile ngesinqumo soMbusi wangomhla zingama-27 kuZibandlela, nokho lokho kuguquguquka kwaphawula isikhashana emzabalazweni oqhubekayo, hhayi isisombululo sawo. Kusengaphambili kunenselelo engase ibe khona yezomthetho (okuhlanganisa nesixazululo esingaba khona sokungamethembi uMbusi noma isiphakamiso sokuhoxiswa kwesicelo), inselele yenkantolo yokuba semthethweni kwezinqubo ezamukelwa yi-Tokyo, kanye nezithiyo ezingangabazeki zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Kulandela "ukunqoba" kwamaqhinga akhe kaNovemba noDisemba, uhulumeni kazwelonke kwadingeka agxile ekuthuleni isifunda sonke, anake kakhulu ukubuyisela ukwesekwa yiNew Komeito. Futhi ngokushesha yabhekana nenkinga yeNago City.
Okhethweni oluzayo, lwangomhla ziyi-19 kuMasingana 2014, lweMeya yeDolobha laseNago, u-Inamine Susumu, oqokwe ngo-2010 endaweni ecacile emelene nesisekelo kanye nokugcina isikhundla esiqinile sokuthi “asikho isisekelo esizokwakhiwa olwandle noma emhlabeni eDolobheni laseNago,” ibhekana no-Suematsu Bunshin, osondelene noMbusi uNakaima manje osemele ngokusobala isikhundla sokwakha isisekelo se-pro-Henoko. Lapho u-Inamine wayenakho empeleni wenqabile Noma yiziphi izibonelelo zikahulumeni kazwelonke ezihlobene nesisekelo, u-Suematsu wagcizelela ukuthi iDolobha alikwazi ukuthuthuka ngaphandle kwazo. U-Abe nohulumeni wakhe babekudinga kakhulu ukunqoba kukaSuematsu.
Ngaphandle kwefasitela elifushane likahulumeni we-DPJ ngaphansi kuka-Hatoyama Yukio ngo-2009-2010, uhulumeni ngemuva kukahulumeni waseTokyo kusukela ngo-1997 ubambelele emcabangweni wokuthi uFutenma kufanele abuyiselwe esikhundleni sakhe, ukuthi esikhundleni kwakudingeka kube se-Okinawa hhayi kwenye indawo eJapane, nokuthi ngaphakathi kwe-Okinawa kungaba se-Henoko kuphela. Ku-Abe nabangane bakhe, i-Inamine neNago City bakha uhlobo lokungabaza okokugcina, okufanele lwehlulwe ngokuphelele. Iqiniso lokuthi i-Nago City yayinqabile uxhaso lwe-Tokyo njengokudala isimo sengqondo esincikile empeleni esasithikameza intuthuko nokuthi yayibonakala iphumelela ekudwebeni enye indlela, ezakhela yona noma indlela ezenzakalelayo, lenza kwaba kuphuthuma kakhulu emehlweni e-Tokyo alawulayo. imiswe kabusha.32
Alikho idolobha noma idolobha elaseJapane lanamuhla elake labhekana nanoma yini efana nengcindezi iNago City eye yabhekana nayo, noma elafeza ukumelana okunjalo okuphumelelayo isikhathi eside kangaka. Izakhamizi zaseNago ziye zabhekana nengcindezi yephrojekthi eyisisekelo selokhu yamenyezelwa okokuqala ngo-1996, zayichitha ngo-1997 ukuze imeya yangaleso sikhathi ichithe umphumela futhi yancoma ukuthi iphrojekthi iqhubeke. Kusukela lapho, bawubhuntshile ngokuzimisela ngokusebenzisa isikhathi soNdunankulu abayi-11, Ababusi aba-3 kanye nezimeya zeDolobha laseNago ezi-4.
Emkhankasweni wakhe wokhetho lwango-2014, u-Inamine kanye nedolobha lakhe laseNago (inani labantu: 61,000) abasekela izakhamizi babhekene namandla aphelele nezinsiza zezwe laseJapan (kanye nomsekeli waso waseMelika). Izikhonkwane zazingeke zibe ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqhudelanayo bangafani, umphumela ungaqiniseki nakakhulu.
Umbhali
U-Gavan McCormack unguprofesa osekhulile we-Australian National University kanye nomxhumanisi we-Asia-Pacific Journal. Ungumbhali kanye no-Satoko Oka Norimatsu we Iziqhingi Eziqinile: I-Okinawa Ibhekana NeJapane ne-United States (Rowman and Littlefield, 2012, Horitsu bunkasha, 2013)) kanye no-John Dower we okusanda kushicilelwa. Tenkanki no Nihon e – Pax Americana kaPax Asia ka (NHK Bukkusu, 2014).
Ingcaphuno enconyiwe:U-Gavan McCormack, "Isobho Elibabayo Labase-Okinawa - Ukukhashelwa Kokuphela KoMbusi Kokuphela Konyaka," I-Asia-Pacific Journal, Umqulu 12, Ukukhishwa 1, No. 2, January 6, 2014.
amanothi
1 “'Okinawa wa seijiteki shichikusa' Ota moto chiji ni kiku,” Okinawa taimusu, 9 Mashi 2013.
2 "I-Agaon Okinawa: Ubudlelwano base-Japan-Okinawa-US Esikhathini Sesiyaluyalu,” I-Asia-Pacific Journal - Japan Focus, 25 November 2013, kanye “‘Okinawa Again '- Okinawa Special Series - A Postscript,” I-Asia-Pacific Journal – Japan Focus, 1 Disemba 2013.
3 Okuwukuphela kwerekhodi elifinyeleleka esidlangalaleni lalo mhlangano libonakala lilandelayo, nakuba lilifushane ngokwedlulele: Okinawa seisaku kyogikai, “Giji gaiyo,” 17 December 2013. Ngakho-ke, imininingwane elandelayo ihlanganiswe kusukela e-Okinawan kanye nemithombo yezindaba kazwelonke.
4 Kucashunwe kokuthi “‘Kyo ‘shonin hyomei’ kengai koyaku hoki suru no ka,” Okinawa taimusu, 27 Disemba 2013.
5 "Uhlelo Lokuhlanganiswa Kwezinsiza Nezindawo e-Okinawa," Ephreli 2013.
6 “Futenma teishi yokyu, kuchisaki no karayakusoku wa tsujnai,” umhleli, I-Ryukyu shimpo, 21 Disemba 2013.
7 U-Heianna Sumio, “Bei Futenma 5 nen teishi kobamu, 11 gatsu kyokucho kyu kaigi,” Okinawa taimusu, 1 January 2014.
8 Matsumoto Takeshi, “Henoko umetate shonin 'bundan' katan no omoi sekinin,” Tokubetsu hyoron, I-Ryukyu shimpo, 27 Disemba 2013.
9 Umkhulumeli wePentagon waphawula, “Asivumelani nanoma yikuphi ukubuyekezwa [kwe-SOFA] futhi asicabangi ukuqala izingxoxo ngakho ngemva kwalokho,” okucashunwe kwethi “Futenma teishi no yokyu, kuchisaki no kara yakusoku wa tsujinai,” I-Ryukyu shimpo, 21 Disemba 2013.
10 UKyodo, "IJapan ixoxisana ne-US mayelana nokufuduka kwangaphambili kwesizinda sezindiza sase-Futenma," I-Japan Times, 21 Disemba 2013.
11 Bheka uSakurai Kunitoshi, "Ukubuyiselwa kwemvelo kwezisekelo zamasosha ase-US e-Okinawa,” I-Asia-Pacific Journal – Japan Focus, 25 November 2013.
12 Shusho kantei, “Nakaima Okinawa ken chiji to no mendan,” 25 December 2013.
13 Ukuze uthole imininingwane: Shusho kantei, “Nakaima Okinawa ken chiji to no mendan,” 25 December 2013.
14 Kowokuqala, uGavan McCormack noSatoko Oka Norimatsu, Iziqhingi Eziqinile: I-Okinawa Ibhekana NeJapane ne-United Statess, 2012, p. 163, kanti kweyakamuva, “Chiji, Henoko umetate shonin, jinin ni genkyu sezu,” I-Ryukyu shimpo, 28 Disemba 2013.
15 Heianna, op. cit.
16 “‘Kogu’ wa insho sosaku da kichi kyoyo no seitoka yami,” I-Ryukyu shimpo, 25 Disemba 2013.
17 Ibid. kanye neWikipedia ukuze uthole imininingwane yezinga.
18 “'Naha kuko umetate' kenen mo haramitsutsu aru,” Okinawa taimusu, isihloko, 21 September 2013.
19 “Naha kuko F15, kassoro zosetsu de hiko 5000 kai zo,” Okinawa taimusu, 21 Septhemba 2013.
20 Ibid.
21 “'Futenma' seron chosa” min-i o shimesu omoi suji da,” Okinawa taimusu, 13 Ephreli 2013.
22 “Henoko 'fushonin' 64%, umetate hantai tsuyoku,” Okinawa taimusu, 17 Disemba 2013.
23 “Chiji shonin fushiji 61%, koyaku ihan 72%, Shimpo, OTV chosayo,” I-Ryukyu shimpo, 30 December 2013. Ngokuphambene, iningi (56%) imibono yezwekazi yasisekela isinqumo soMbusi. (“Chiji shonin to seron, ‘mo, damasarenai’ sokokatai Henoko No no min –i,” Ryukyu shimngo-December 31, 2013
24 “Chiji umetate shonin, sokkoku jishoku shin o toe, min-i ni somuku rekishiteki oten,” umhleli, Ryukyu shimpo, 28 December 2013. Lapha ngicaphuna ekuhunyushweni kuka-Mark Ealey okufakwe esizeni sephephandaba ngomhlaka-1 Januwari 2014 ngaphansi kwencwadi ethi isihloko esithi “UMbusi wase-Okinawa uNakaima kufanele asule esikhundleni ngenxa yokukhaphela abantu base-Okinawan ngokugunyaza indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu yase-Henoko.”
25 "'Henoko yonin 'yukensha damasu jimin kenren toin mo hihan," I-Mainichi shimbun, 1 Disemba 2013.
26 “Futangen no tanpo, chiji amai, Onaga ken shichokaicho ga hihan,” Okinawa taimusu, 27 Disemba 2013.
27 “Henoko yonin, Naha shicho 'sabishii omoi',” Okinawa taimusu, 2 Disemba 2013.
28 “Naha shigikai ikensho, minshuteki seitosei wa Okinawa ni,” I-Ryukyu shimpo, 3 Disemba 2013.
29 Komeito Okinawa-ken honbu, "Beigun Futenma hikojo isetsu mondai ni kansuru teigen,” 13 Disemba 2013.
30 “Okinawa o kataru: Kinjo Tsutomu san (62) Komeito honbu kanjicho,” Okinawa taimusu, I-15 December 2013
31 "Kakhon, mujun, hyoka mo," I-Ryukyu shimpo, 28 December 2013. (Amanani asekelwe ekufundeni kwami izitatimende zemibono enikezwe izikhulu ze-41).
32 Bheka, isibonelo, Urashima, op. cit.
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