Ama-Biofuels: Isithembiso Noma Usongo?
NguRachel Smolker noBrian Tokar
Emasontweni ezayo, abaphathi baka-Obama kulindeleke ukuthi bakhiphe izinhlelo zabo zokubhekana nezinkinga ezimbili zokuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuncika ngokweqile kuwoyela wangaphandle. Khonamanjalo, ngemuva, impikiswano phakathi kwezazi zemvelo mayelana ne-biofuels kanye negalelo labo ezidingweni zamandla zesikhathi esizayo iyaqhubeka ikhula. Imifino eminingi evamile iwasekela ngenkuthalo ama-biofuels njengento eyinhloko ekuxubeni okuzayo kwemithombo yamandla, kodwa amazwi avela eNingizimu yomhlaba ngokuvamile abaluleke kakhulu. Bagcizelela ukuthi izinto zokubasa ezifana ne-biodiesel, i-bioethanol kanye nezibaseli โzesizukulwane sesibiliโ ezihlongozwayo zibizwe ngokuthi โama-agrofuels,โ bebheka ukusetshenziswa kwazo okusabalele njengenzuzo engaba khona ezinhlanganweni zamabhizinisi ezolimo emhlabeni wonke, okunemiphumela engaba yingozi kubantu abahlala emhlabeni. Lo mbono manje uthola ukwesekwa okubanzi okuvela emaqenjini ase-US naseYurophu.
Ngesonto eledlule, i-Sierra Club kanye ne-Worldwatch Institute bazame ukuhoxisa lokhu kukhathazeka ngombiko wabo omusha, onesihloko esithi โIzinketho Ezihlakaniphile Ze-Biofuelsโ. Kubonakala sengathi abakaze babuze umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu othi โIngabe I-Biofuels iyisinqumo esihlakaniphile?โ Kulo mbuzo, inani elandayo lezinhlangano zezemvelo nezamalungelo abantu liphendula ngokuthi โchaโ ocacile nozwakalayo.
Incwadi yakamuva eyaqalwa izinhlangano zomphakathi ezizinze e-US eziyishumi nanye igqamisa izincwadi ezikhula ngokushesha ezibonisa ukuthi ama-biofuels/agrofuels abhebhethekisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, abangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuxosha abalimi abancane basemaphandleni kanye nabantu bomdabu, aqeda inhlabathi namanzi nokunye. Uma kubhekwa isidingo esibalulekile sokulondoloza nokubuyisela imvelo, ukushisa impahla yezitshalo ukuze kuphethiswe uphethiloli kubukwa kangcono njengendlela eya enhlekeleleni. Nakuba umbiko othi โIzinketho Ezihlakaniphileโ, njengokuphatha kuka-Obama, uthi โama-biofuels athuthukisiweโ kanye nezindinganiso zokusimama kuzoxazulula izinkinga, ayikho indlela umhlaba ongasekela ngayo isidingo esisha esikhulu nesilokhu sikhula njalo se-biomass yezitshalo. ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwesidingo somphakathi sezibaseli eziwuketshezi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile, ngezinyathelo ezifana nezokuthuthwa komphakathi, ukonga kwamandla, nokunciphisa kanye nokushintshwa kokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo.
Umbhalo wale ncwadi, ebaluleke kakhulu, mayelana ne-agrofuels unikeza umbono wombono ongokoqobo walolu daba kunalokho okunikezwa umbiko we-Sierra Club/Worldwatch:
Njengomfelandawonye ohlukahlukene wezinhlangano eziphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, inqubomgomo yezolimo nokudla, amalungelo abantu kanye namalungelo abantu bomdabu kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo., thina (i-Global Justice Ecology Project, Institute for Social Ecology, Heartwood, Energy Justice Network, Grassroots International, Food First, Native Forest Council, Family Farm Defenders, ETC Group, Dogwood Alliance, Rainforest Action Network) sikhipha le ncwadi evulekile ngokumelene ama-agrofuels (ama-biofuels ezimboni ezinkulu).
Simelana ngokuqinile nokwanda okusheshayo nokulimazayo kwama-agrofuels; ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni ezinkulu zezibaseli zokuthutha namanye amandla avela ezitshalweni (ummbila, umoba, imbewu kawoyela, izihlahla, utshani, imfucuza njll.). Ama-agrofuels ayisixazululo esingamanga nesiphazamiso esiyingozi futhi kufanele amiswe.
Ama-Agrofuels "ayisixazululo samanga":
Amazwi amaningi agqamile e-United States, okuhlanganisa noMongameli Okhethiwe u-Obama, azwakalise ukusekela ukukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu lama-agrofuels njengesu eliyinhloko lokuxazulula izinkinga zokuhlinzekwa kwamandla kanye nokufudumala komhlaba. Indikimba ekhulayo yobufakazi besayensi, nokho, ikhombisa ukuthi lokhu kuwumbono oyiphutha odabukisayo nokuthi ukuqhubeka nokuphishekela ama-agrofuels kuzoshuba kakhulu kunokuba kuxazulule imiphumela eminingi nebi yesimo sezulu, amandla, ukudla, izinkinga zomnotho kanye nemvelo esibhekene nazo. Njengobunye ubuchwepheshe nemishini engcolile futhi eyingozi ekhuthazwa imboni ukuze ibhekane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu-okuhlanganisa "amalahle ahlanzekile," i-carbon capture and storage [CCS], ukufakwa kwegesi yamalahle, amandla enuzi, izimakethe ze-carbon offset, kanye nama-agrofuels olwandle kuyaphazamisa. "isixazululo samanga" sakhuthazwa amandla abo okuthola inzuzo kunokuba amandla abo okuxazulula izinkinga ngempumelelo. [1]
Ama-agrofuels abhebhethekisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nobumpofu:
Indikimba ekhulayo yezincwadi ezivela kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi iveza ukuthi, lapho yonke imithelela ibhekwa, ama-agrofuels adala ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kakhulu, hhayi kancane; qeda inhlabathi namanzi; susa ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi nezinye imvelo ehlukahlukene; umphumela wokusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kwezitshalo ezenziwe ngofuzo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi, nezibulala-khula; kanye nokuhlanganisa ukulawula kwebhizinisi ekufinyeleleni komhlaba. Nakuba kwenziwa izimangalo zokuthi ama-agrofuels azohlomulisa abampofu basemaphandleni, empeleni, abalimi bomdabu kanye nabalimi abancane baya ngokuya bexoshwa. Ezolimo zezimboni kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okuyizimbangela ezimbili ezihamba phambili zokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kuzophinde kwenziwe lula ngama-agrofuels. [2]
Amafutha esizukulwane esilandelayo "se-cellulosic" ngeke axazulule izinkinga:
Ngokuqashelwa kweqhaza lama-agrofuels ekunyuseni amanani okudla, kube nokunakwa okukhulayo ezindlekweni zezenhlalo nezemvelo zommbila kanye ne-ethanol etholakala komoba. Ukuphendula, manje sekunomfutho omkhulu wokuthuthukisa okungekona ukudla, okubizwa ngamafutha e-cellulosic okusekelwe ezimangalweni zokuthi lezi zitshalo ezintsha zokudla (utshani, izihlahla, kanye nemikhiqizo "engcolile") ngeke ziqhudelane nokukhiqizwa kokudla futhi zingatshalwa " imihlaba engasebenzi futhi engasenalutho. I-Obama Administration engenayo ibeka ngokucacile isikhundla sokumela ngokuqinile kule nkundla. [3] Ngeshwa, lezi zimangalo azikwazi ukubhekwa.
Isidingo esikhulu esengeziwe sezihlahla, utshani nezinye izitshalo, ezidliwayo noma ezingadliwayo, angeke kuyigweme inkinga yokuncintisana ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Umhlaba ongase usetshenziselwe izitshalo zokudla noma ukongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo uzodluliselwa ngokuya ekukhiqizeni amandla. Isidingo somhlaba wokulima kanye nezingodo sesivele sishubile futhi siyakhula emhlabeni wonke njengoba amanzi, inhlabathi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuncipha kanye nesimo sezulu siya ngokuya sintengantenga. [4]
Isikali sesidingo asinakuhlangabezwana nayo ngendlela eqhubekayo:
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zokudla ezihlongozwayo ze-cellulosic (kuhlanganise nezitshalo zamandla ezizinikele njengotshani obungapheli kanye nezihlahla ezikhula ngokushesha noma ezenziwe ngofuzo, "imfucumfucu nezinsalela" zezolimo nezamahlathi, imfucumfucu kamasipala njll.) zethula ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwemvelo ngesilinganiso esidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kwe-biorefinery. futhi nomthelela omkhulu ezidingweni zamandla zase-US. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhloso zokubasa ezivuselelekayo e-US zigunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwamalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 we-ethanol yommbila ngonyaka, inani elidinga ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesivuno sommbila wezizwe, kanye namalitha angeziwe angama-21 billion ngonyaka wama-agrofuels "athuthukisiwe", incazelo okuvula ithuba lokuthi isidingo sizohlangatshezwa nemithombo yangaphandle. Isidingo esikhulu esisha sama-agrofuels siyakhula ukugawulwa kwamahlathi futhi okuholela ekuguqulweni kwamahlathi emvelo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezinothe ngekhabhoni kanye nezindawo ezinotshani zibe amasimu ezihlahla ezizimboni angenalutho kanye ne-carbon kanye nokunye ukutshala okukodwa. [5]
Ukushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba okubangelwa ezolimo zezimboni, okuhlanganisa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi okusabalele, kuyimbangela enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luthola ukuthi amahlathi amadala akhula athatha ikhabhoni eningi kakhulu kunaleyo ebicatshangelwa phambilini, (okungukuthi, Iphaneli Yohulumeni Bezizwe Ezihlangene Ekuguquguqukeni Kwesimo Sezulu ithathe kancane isitokwe sekhabhoni samahlathi akhula ngokwesimo sezulu esipholile ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kube yimbangela enkulu kakhulu yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ekuqaleni, nokuthi amahlathi emvelo angaguquki abalulekile ekuthatheni ikhabhoni. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi sivikele amahlathi asele, izindawo ezinotshani kanye nezinye imvelo enothe ngekhabhoni. [6]
Ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kwe-biotechnology ekukhiqizeni i-agrofuel, okuhlanganisa izitshalo ze-feedstock ezenziwe ngofuzo (GE) ezifana notshani be-GE kanye nezihlahla ze-GE, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenzisa i-synthetic biology kanye nezinye izindlela zobunjiniyela bofuzo ukuze kuguqulwe futhi kwakhiwe amagciwane, kuyingozi engamukelekile futhi eyingozi. [7]
Imibandela yokusimama ayikwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga ngama-agrofuels ngoba awakwazi ukubhekana nemithelela eminingi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile engaqondile engaqondile yendawo ezungezile neyomphakathi. Futhi ngeke zisetshenziswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zomhlaba jikelele zezemvelo, ezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Imizamo efanayo yokuthuthukisa izindlela zesoya, uwoyela wesundu nezingodo, ngokwesibonelo, ibonakale inganele kakhulu. Okokugcina, le mizamo isekelwe ekucabangeni okuyisisekelo nokunephutha kokuthi izimfuno ezinkulu kangaka zingakwazi futhi kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nazo.
Ama-Agrofuels awawona umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo:
Ngenkathi izitshalo zikhula kabusha, inhlabathi, imisoco, amaminerali kanye namanzi eziwadingayo azitholakali kalula. Izinhlobonhlobo neziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo ezitholakala ezitshalweni zomdabu nazo zilinganiselwe futhi azivuselelwa kalula. Izibonelelo kanye nezibonelelo zamafutha avuselelekayo kufanele kugxile ezintweni ezivuselelekayo ngempela, njengomoya namandla elanga. Esikhundleni salokho, okwamanje e-US eduze nezingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezikweletu zentela kanye nezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezibonelelo zikahulumeni zamandla avuselelekayo zitshalwa ngokungalungile kuma-agrofuels. [8]
I-Agrofuels iyinhlekelele kubantu:
Njengoba ohulumeni, abatshalizimali kanye nezinkampani bebona ukwanda kwesidingo kanye nenzuzo yomhlaba wokudla, ifayibha kanye namandla manje, sibona igagasi langempela lokuqhwagwa komhlaba emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kuyinhlekelele kubantu basemakhaya kanye nabomdabu abaya ngokuya bexoshwa noma besuswa ezindaweni zabo. Uma amanani entengo njengamanje akhawulela ukuhweba nge-agrofuel yamazwe ngamazwe encipha noma eqedwa, umonakalo ongokwenhlalo nemvelo uzokhula.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa nenhlangano yabalimi bamazwe ngamazwe, i-Via Campesina, ibiza "ukudla namandla ubukhosi." I-Via Campesina, kanye ne-International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) ezimele, ukuhlola okuzimele kwesikhathi eside kwezolimo okubandakanya ososayensi abangaphezu kuka-400 nababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene, kukhomba ukubaluleka okubalulekile kokubuyela ekulawuleni endaweni, izinqubo zezolimo ezahlukahlukene, ezizwelayo emvelweni, kanye ne-organic njengoba kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nobumpofu. Ekufuneni ukuthi kumiswe ukuhlanya kokunwetshwa kwe-agrofuel, sima ebunyeni nabantu emhlabeni wonke abamelana nokulahlekelwa nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zabo, kanye nezilwane zasendle nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziqhutshwa ekuqothulweni ukuze kuzuze izinkampani. [9]
Izixazululo zangempela kufanele zinikezwe ithuba.
Kunezinketho eziningi ezingcono zokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kuvame ukufakazelwa, akubandakanyi ubuchwepheshe obuyingozi, ukubuyisela ukulawulwa kwezinsiza kubahlali bendawo kunokwenza inzuzo ezinkampanini ezinganakekeli, futhi ziyalingana. [10]
Lokhu kufaka kepha akukhawulelwe ku:
* Ukugxila okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kahle kwamandla, ezokuthutha zomphakathi kanye namazinga ancishisiwe okusetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwe-United States (nakwamanye amazwe acebile);
* Ukwenqatshwa kwebhizinisi lemboni yezolimo kanye ne-biotechnology kanye nokubuyela ezinkambisweni zezolimo eziguqulelwe endaweni kanye nezilawulwa umphakathi ngenhloso yokondla abantu, hhayi izimoto, kuyilapho kongiwa umhlabathi namanzi, ukwandisa ukudliwa kwekhabhoni nokuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo;
* Ukuchithwa kwethagethi engamalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-36 ngonyaka ngonyaka we-Renewable Fuel Standard biofuel kuMthetho Wokuzimela Kwamandla Nokuphepha.
* Ukwesekwa kwamalungelo omhlaba wendabuko kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha umphakathi njengokugxilwa kakhulu kwemizamo yokulondoloza imvelo ehlukahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemvume yamahhala nenolwazi lwangaphambili evela kubantu bomdabu maqondana namaphrojekthi ahlongozwayo ezindaweni nezindawo zokhokho babo.
* Ukunciphisa isidingo semikhiqizo yamahlathi kanye nokuvikela ngamandla amahlathi emvelo asele kanye nezindawo ezinotshani;
* Ukwenqatshwa kobuchwepheshe bamalahle nawenuzi, obunobuthi ngokwemvelo nobuyingozi;
* Ukwenyuswa kwamandla omoya namandla elanga ahlukaniselwe izwe futhi avuseleleke ngokungananazi futhi ahlanzeke;
* Ukushiya izibaseli phansi, lapho zingakwazi ukufaka isandla ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu;
* Ukwenqatshwa kwezindlela ezingasebenzi ezisekelwe emakethe ezenza umkhathi, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, kanye nobuntu uqobo.
Bona uhlu oluphelele lwezinhlangano ezingu-40 ezisayine kule ncwadi, kanye namanothi anemininingwane nezithenjwa ezingaphezu kuka-30 ezisekelayo ku-http://globaljusticeecology.org/connections.php?ID=244. Ukwengeza isiginesha yeqembu lakho kule ncwadi, thumela i-imeyili igama lenhlangano yakho, umuntu othintana naye kanye nekheli lewebhusayithi kuye [i-imeyili ivikelwe].
U-Rachel Smolker usosayensi ozimele wocwaningo, ozinze e-Hinesburg, e-Vermont, futhi u-Brian Tokar ungumqondisi we-Institute for Social Ecology, ezinze e-Plainfield, e-Vermont. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngeSikhungo, vakashela ku social-ecology.org.
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