Njengabaningi bosomabhizinisi abacebile emhlabeni Bill Gates ukholelwa ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwentando yeningi, olwaziwa ngenye indlela ngokuthi i-plutocracy, okungukuthi, โsocialism for abacebile kanye nonxiwankulu kwabampofuโ. Ukulandela ezinyathelweni zabaphangi, njengo-John D. Rockefeller kanye no-Andrew Carnegie, owasungula izisekelo ezimbili zenkululeko ezinethonya elikhulu eMelika (isb. i-Rockefeller Foundation kanye ne-Carnegie Corporation), uGates, njengonxiwankulu abaningi, uthembele kuhulumeni ukuba asize. alawule futhi avikele ibhizinisi lakhe emiqhudelwaneni, kodwa akazimisele kangako ngombono kahulumeni othatha isinyathelo sokwaba kabusha ingcebo kubantu abaningi. UDean Baker uwuqagela lo mbono lapho ebhala ukuthi uBill Gates phela "omunye amaqhawe ezwe eligcina umzanyana.โ Emiqondweni yalabo abangaba ngonxiwankulu abanamandla amakhulu, uMbuso umane uyithuluzi okufanele lisetshenziswe ukuze kukhuliswe inzuzo, futhi bona ngokwabo, labo abazuze ingcebo yabo ngokuxhaphaza nangokuxhaphaza uhlelo lwezomnotho bese beluthwala emahlombe abo. ukusiza ukukhulula ukungalingani emhlabeni wonke kanye nobumpofu obandayo - umthwalo wezinsuku zanamuhla wabamhlophe. Njengoba umuntu engase alindele, izincazelo zezixazululo ezifanele zokungalingani okuqhutshwa ngonxiwankulu ezikhiqizwa ngonxiwankulu abaphumelele kakhulu emhlabeni azinaki ukubekela inselele inselelo enkulu ubumpofu bomhlaba wonke, ubunxiwankulu. Ngokwengxenye enkulu ukungahambisani kwentando yeningi kanye ne-capitalism kuhlala kuyihlazo kubo bonke, kunalokho i-liberal philanthropists ngenkuthalo ukuxhasa ngenkuthalo zonke izinhlobo 'zezixazululo' ezisiza ukuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuphuma edingeka kakhulu yokukhuphuka kokumelana nokuphikisa, kuyilapho ivumela ibhizinisi njengenjwayelo, nakuba kune-band-aid ebambelele kokunye ukungalingani okusobala kakhulu.
Njengoba imibuso emikhulu yezezimali esizwa uhulumeni isezandleni zezikhulu ezincane, ikhono lezazi ezicebe kakhulu zokubumba umphakathi womhlaba liyakhula ngaso sonke isikhathi, kuyilapho amandla ohulumeni okuthonya umphakathi enyazwa ngokuqhubekayo ngabaningi ama-philanthropists anamandla. Lesi simo siyinkinga emazingeni ambalwa okungesiwo ukuthi imibono ekhona yokubusa ngentando yeningi ayitholi indima esemthethweni kuma-liberal philanthropists asebenza njengabahleli ngaphandle komthethosisekelo. Ohulumeni bentando yeningi bathembele ezintela ukuze banzinzise izinhlaka ezikhona zokubusa; kodwa-ke, ngokusebenzisa umthetho oklanywe ngokukhethekile, onxiwankulu abangosozigidigidi bayakwazi ukwenza iminikelo emikhulu engakhokhi intela ukuze banelise izifiso zabo noma izithakazelo zabo, kodwa hhayi lezo zomphakathi wonkana. Le nqubo empeleni isho ukuthi isamba esikhulu semali 'siyebiwa' njalo esakhamuzini sentando yeningi, bese satshalaliswa kabusha abantu abakhethekile abangenakuziphendulela, abasebenzisa ngokubhuqa lokhu kuboniswa kokuphana ukuze bazuze abalandeli abengeziwe emigomeni yemakethe yamahhala abazenzela bona ngokwabo. konke okusemandleni ukuzivikela.
UBill Gates Microsoft Corporation kanye nesisekelo sakhe esihambisana nenkululeko, i Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation - okuyiyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - ingenye yezinkomba ezibonakala kakhulu zobuzenzisi bonxiwankulu. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje ngaphakathi kwezincwadi zezazi akukho ukunakwa okunakiwe emisebenzini yalesi sikhulu sokusiza abantulayo esinamandla, ngakho-ke lesi sihloko sizonikeza umbono wokuqala obalulekile wobunjiniyela bomhlaba wonke kaBill Gates. Uma kubhekwa ukushoda kwezifundo ezifake ukugxeka kokupha kwenkululeko, abafundi abaningi bangase bangazazi izigxeko eziningi zokuphana kwenkululeko, nokho, lezi ngeke zibuyekezwe lapha njengoba ngibuyekeze lezi zincwadi kwenye indawo.[1] Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa uhlaka lomqondo we-Gramscian, osekelwa u-Joan Roelofs ukuqonda okubalulekile emisebenzini ekhohlisayo yentando yeningi yezisekelo ezikhululekile, lesi sihloko sizogxila ekunikezeni umongo womlando odingeka kakhulu ku-philanthropy ka-Bill Gates. Ngokulandelayo, i-athikili izonikeza umbono omfishane webhizinisi elikhiqize ingcebo ka-Bill Gates, I-Microsoft Corporation, futhi izobe isihlola abanye abantu namaphrojekthi ayizixhumanisi zemisebenzi yakhe ye-philanthropic yomhlaba wonke.
Ama-Capitalists cum Philanthropists: izimpande ze-Gates' philanthropy
Kulesi sikhathi samanje somlando, izimfundiso zezomnotho ze-neoclassical free-market - ngokombono okungenani - ziyindlela ethandwayo yokugqugquzela ubunxiwankulu ngamabhizinisi nepolitiki. Ngeshwa, ezicini eziningi le mfundiso ye-neoliberal iye yamukelwa, ngokungangabazeki ngokumelene nezithakazelo zabo, ngengxenye enkulu yezakhamuzi zamazwe anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni (isb. e-United States nase-UK). Lokhu kufakwa kwangaphakathi okusabalele (kodwa hhayi ngempela ukwamukelwa) ngobuningi bemibono yezomnotho ehlanganisa amandla onxiwankulu phezu kwemakethe yomhlaba akwenzekanga ngokwemvelo, kodwa empeleni kwakudinga ukuqhubeka okukhulu okuqhubekayo. umkhankaso we-propaganda ukuzifaka ezingqondweni zabantu abaningi. I-contours yalokhu kuhlasela kwe-propaganda kuchazwe kahle ngu U-Alex Carey owakubona ngokufanelekile ukuthi: โEyamashumi amabili Ikhulu leminyaka liye labonakala ngentuthuko emithathu ebaluleke kakhulu kwezombangazwe: ukukhula kwentando yeningi, ukukhula kwamandla ezinkampani, nokwanda kwenkulumo-ze yezinkampani njengendlela yokuvikela amandla ezinkampani ekubuseni intando yeningi.โ
Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani ama-giants ezinkampani enze imizamo yokusiza umphakathi ngenkululeko: esinye iwukuba nethonya eliqondile ezinqumweni zezombusazwe ngalokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi ukuphana kwezombusazwe, [2] kodwa esinye isizathu esibalulekile ukuthi imizamo enjalo yokupha isiza ukuhlakulela isithombe esihle ezweni. ingqondo yomphakathi esebenza ukuphambukisa ukugxekwa okudingekile, kuyilapho futhi ibasiza bandise isabelo sabo semakethe. Kodwa-ke, nakuba izisekelo ezikhululekile njengeGates Foundation zingase zihlanganyele emisebenzini ebonakala ithuthuka, lokhu akusho ukuthi amabhizinisi onxiwankulu avela kuwo amandla awo (okungukuthi, iMicrosoft) ayagwema ukuzibandakanya emikhubeni evamile yebhizinisi ephikisana nentando yeningi. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi i-Gates Foundation iqondisa ezinye zezinsiza zayo ezinhlelweni ezithuthukayo zasemazingeni aphansi, umzuzi wayo webhizinisi empeleni usebenzela ukwakha izinhlangano ezingelona iqiniso (okunye ezaziwa ngokuthi amaqembu e-astroturf) ukunxenxa ngenkuthalo ngezindlela ezicashile zokuvikela amandla enkampani.
Isibonelo, ngo-1999 iMicrosoft yasiza ekutholeni iqembu eliphambili lebhizinisi elibizwa AmaMelika Obuholi Bezobuchwepheshe - iqembu elichaza indima yalo ngokuthi โezinikezelwe ku ukunciphisa ukulawulwa kukahulumeni kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokugqugquzela izixazululo zemakethe ezincintisanayo ezindabeni zenqubomgomo yomphakathi ezithinta imboni yezobuchwepheshe. " Ngo-2001, uJoseph Menn no-Edmund Sanders bathi ama-Americans for Technology Leadership ahlele "umkhankaso kazwelonke ukudala umbono womnyakazo okhulayo wezimpandeโ ukusiza ukuvikela i-Microsoft ekukhokhisweni kwe-monopoly. Umsunguli waleli qembu eliphambili, u-Jonathan Zuck, naye udale elinye owenkululeko iqembu ngo-1998 elibizwa ngokuthi I-Association for Competitive Technology, iqembu elaliyingxenye exhaswe yiMicrosoft ukulwa nezenzo zokulwa nokwethenjwa ezenziwa ngokumelene neMicrosoft e-United States. Imikhankaso enjalo ephikisana nentando yeningi eyenziwa ngamaqembu angaphambili kanye nezinhlangano zezinkanyezi, nokho, bekuyingxenye eyodwa yokukhohlisa kwentando yeningi ye-Microsoft: lokhu kungenxa yokuthi njengoba uGreg Miller kanye no-Leslie Helm babonisa (ngo-1998), lena bekuyingxenye eyodwa yohlelo iMicrosoft kanye ne-PR giant. Edelman kade ehlela njengengxenye โyomkhankaso omkhulu wemithombo yezindaba oklanyelwe ukuthonya abaphenyi bombuso ngokudala ukubonakala kwesisekelo sokusekela umphakathi kwenkampani.โ[3] Akukho kulokhu okufanele kusimangaze ngoba ngo-1995 kwavezwa nokuthi iMicrosoft yayinjani. usebenzisa "consultants ukuze ukukhiqiza ukuhlaziya kwekhompuyutha kwezihloko zezintatheli, kubhaliselwe imithombo yemboni ukuze kugxekwe ababhali ababaziyo futhi - kancane - ukuhlinzeka ngemibono yophenyo ezimpilweni eziyimfihlo zezintatheliโ. Phakathi kwezinga elingavamile lama-athikili abalulekile avela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, ukwengeza inhlamba ekulimaleni kwaboniswa nokuthi iMicrosoft nayo yenze a $380,000 umnikelo eqenjini le-astroturf elixhaswe ngezimali yinkampani iCitizens for a Sound Economy (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi FreedomWorks[4] Ngeshwa, lezi zibonelo zimele kuphela isuphu lemisebenzi ekhohlisayo yentando yeningi ye-Microsoft, njengoba abezindaba bebhizinisi ngenkathi bekwazi ukwenza imibuzo ebucayi ngezikhathi ezithile ngamaphutha ezinkampani ngeke kuthenjelwe kubo ukuthi basebenze njengombheki webhizinisi.
Njengalokho okwakwaziwa ngaphambili ngokuthi "izisekelo ezinkulu ezintathu" zenkululeko - iCarnegie Corporation, iFord Foundation, kanye neRockefeller Foundation - ekhombise umlando omude we ukusebenza eduze ne-Central Intelligence Agency kahulumeni wase-US, iMicrosoft nayo inobudlelwane bayo nomphakathi wezobunhloli. Ngakho emkhankasweni oshiwo ngenhla we-astroturf obandakanya AmaMelika Obuholi Bezobuchwepheshe, elinye iqembu esebenze kanye nalo mfelandawonye egameni le-Microsoft kwakuyiqembu elibizwa ngokuthi iCitizens Against Government Waste. Leli qembu elimelene nemithethonqubo lasungulwa ngo-1984 ngumlobi wephephandaba uJack Anderson kanye nongasekho. J. Peter Grace (1913-1995); nokho-ke, indima kaGrace ekudaleni leli qembu iphawuleka kakhulu njengoba eke waba ngusihlalo we-AFL-CIO's American Institute for Free Labor Development (noma i-Solidarity Center), iqembu elinomlando omude wokusebenzisana ne-CIA kanye ne-National Endowment for Intando yeningi ukukhuthaza izintshisekelo zombuso wase-US phesheya kwezilwandle. Yebo, uGrace owashona ngo-1995 wayengeyona ingxenye yomkhankaso we-Microsoft, kodwa iphuzu lapha ukukhombisa nje izinhlobo zamaqembu e-Conservative iMicrosoft ezihlanganisa nawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1999 kwavezwa ukuthi iMicrosoft inobudlelwane obuqondile nomphakathi wezobunhloli ngokuthi โukufinyelela okukhethekile amakhodi azosetshenziswa yi-US National Security Agency (NSA)[d] akhiwe ngokuyimfihlo kuzo zonke izinguqulo zesistimu yokusebenza ye-Windowsโ.
Lokhu kuxhumana kwe-CIA kufanele kulindelwe njengoba elinye lamakhasimende amakhulu e-Microsoft ngemuva kwayo yonke iPentagon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhodi labaqondisi beMicrosoft nayo iyikhaya lelungu elibalulekile lenhlangano 'yokuvikela', njengangoNovemba 2003. Charles Noski bajoyine ibhodi labo. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngoZibandlela wezi-2003, uNoski wajoyina i-Northrop Grumman Corporation - okuyinkampani yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke ekhiqiza izikhali emhlabeni - njengephini likamongameli wenkampani, isikhundla asigcina kwaze kwaba nguNdasa wezi-2005 (waphinde wasebenza ebhodini labaqondisi ngesikhathi. kule minyaka). Omunye umqondisi weMicrosoft, UJames Cash, Jr., futhi usebenza ebhodini likaGeneral Electric, kanti omunye usonkontileka omkhulu wezempi; kuyilapho uNoski esebenza njengomqondisi wesikhondlakhondla sebhange lokutshala imali elixhumene ne-Rockefeller, uMorgan Stanley, kanye nelungu lebhodi le-Microsoft. Dina Dube uyisikhulu esiphezulu sezezimali senkampani yezinsizakalo zezezimali ze-Rockefellers i-JPMorgan Chase.
Okokugcina kodwa okungenani i-CEO ye-Microsoft, USteven Ballmer, osebenze kulesi sikhundla kusukela ngo-2000, unokuxhumana nelinye iqembu elidala umbango elibizwa ngeJewish National Fund (JNF). Lapha ukhonza eMkhandlwini kaSihlalo Womhlaba Wonke, umkhandlu owakhiwe โiqembu elikhethiwe labantu elibonise ukuzibophezela okuhlala njalo ku-Israel ne-JNFโ ngokunikela ngemali engaphezu kwesigidi esingu-$1. Leli qembu lasungulwa ngo-1901, futhi libhekwa kabanzi njengenhlangano yezemvelo, njengoba i-website yabo iphawula, "itshale izihlahla ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-240, ezakhiwe ngaphezu kwamadamu angu-180 namadamu, athuthukiswe ngaphezu kwamahektha angu-250,000 omhlaba, adale amapaki angaphezu kuka-1,000. kulo lonke elakwa-Israyeli futhi wafundisa abafundi emhlabeni wonke ngo-Israyeli kanye nemvelo.โ Nokho, le ncazelo yepolitiki ezwakala kahle idinga ukucutshungulwa kahle lapho kwaziwa ukuthi umongameli we-JNF, uStanley Chesley, naye ukhonza ekomitini eliphezulu le-American Israel Public Affairs Committee. Ngempela, nakuba โemhlabeni wonke wamaJuda i-JNF ibonakala njengenhlangano yezemvelo enomthwalo wemfanelo omkhuluโ eqinisweni langempela, โi-JNF yayiyithuluzi eliyinhloko lamaZayoni lokuqoqwa kwePalestineโ. Engxoxweni yakamuva Illan Pappe ukubeka kalula: i-JNF imane nje โi-ejensi yamakholoni lokuhlanjululwa kohlanga.โ[5] Lesi isixhumanisi esinempikiswano kakhulu senkampani eyakha iGates Foundation: nokho, njengoba isinikeze umbono obucayi wenhlangano evumele umsebenzi kaBill Gates wokusiza umphakathi ukuthi uthuthuke, ingxenye elandelayo yalesi sihloko izophumelela. ukwethula abanye abantu kanye namaphrojekthi asekelwe yizisekelo ezihlukahlukene zeGates.
UMichael Barker usanda kuhambisa ithisisi yakhe yobudokotela, futhi njengamanje uhlela ngokuhlanganyela incwadi noDaniel Faber kanye no-Joan Roelofs ezocubungula ngokujulile umthelela wezisekelo ze-philanthropic emkhakheni womphakathi. Lesi sihloko sethulwe ngokuthi a iphepha likanompempe ku Ingqungquthela ye-Australasian Political Science Association.
amanothi
[1] Michael Barker 2008. 'Izisekelo ezikhululekile zemvelo: ukuvakashela kabusha ukuxhumana kwe-Rockefeller-Ford.' I-Capitalism Nature Socialism, 19, 2, 15-42; UMichael Barker 2008. 'Izisekelo ezikhululekile zokuguqulwa kwabezindaba? Ukudala amathuba esimeme okuxhasa ngezimali izinguquko ezinqala zemidiya. ' I-Global Media Journal.
[2] Sims ilinganisela ukuthi 'imali ekhokhwa inkampani ekunikezeni usizo lwezombangazwe emjikelezweni wokhetho lwango-2000 [e-US] yayiโฆ ubuncane obungu-$1-2 billion. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa cishe nezigidi ezingu-200 zamaRandi emalini ye-PAC kanye nezigidi ezingu-400 zamaRandi emalini yemali ethambileโ (ikhasi 167-8). I-Grechen Sims 2003. Ukucabanga kabusha amandla ezepolitiki ebhizinisi laseMelika: indima yesibopho senhlangano yezenhlalo. IThesis ye-PhD Engashicilelwe: Inyuvesi yaseStanford. (Bona i-athikili ehlobene.)
[3] U-Greg Miller no-Leslie Helm 1998. 'I-Microsoft Izama Ukuhlela Ukusekelwa Komphakathi.' Los Angeles Times, 10 April 1998, p. A1.
[4] Omele i-Microsoft, u-Thomas Hartocollis, ukhonza ebhodini labaqondisi be-National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship - iqembu elixhaswa ngezimali yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezilondolozayo kanye nokufundisa izingane ngezinzuzo zonxiwankulu.
[5] U-Illan Pappe ubhala ukuthi: โInhloso yeqiniso ye-JNF, bekuwukufihla [i] izinsalela ezibonakalayo zasePalestine hhayi kuphela ngezihlahla ezitshale phezu kwazo, kodwa nangokulandisa okudalwe ukuphika ubukhona bazo. .โ Izingosi 'zezemvelo' ze-JNF โazikhumbuli kangako umlando njengoba zifuna ukuwususa ngokupheleleโ. Ilan Pappe 2006. Ukuhlanzwa Kwezizwe zasePalestine. Oxford: Oneworld, pp.228-9, 17.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela