Inkinga yezomnotho iholele ekutheni izishoshovu zamazwe afana neGreece ne-Ireland zibheke emazweni asathuthuka ukuze bathole izibonelo zokuthi bangalwa kanjani nohlelo lwezezimali olunamandla, oluzisebenzelayo oluphoqa abantu abajwayelekile ukuthi bakhokhe inani lokwehluleka kwalo. Ukusuka eDublin kuya eHarare, ikhwelo ‘lokuhlolwa kwezikweletu’ lithathwa njengesinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ekufundiseni nasekuhlanganiseni abantu ngokumelene nesimiso sezimali esingalungile esizuzisa abambalwa ngezindleko zabaningi.
Lapha, u-Nick Dearden wethula umlando nokubaluleka komkhankaso wokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ezikweletu, bese u-Alan Cibils wase-Argentina, u-Maria Lucia Fattorelli wase-Brazil kanye no-Andy Storey wase-Ireland baxoxa ngezipiliyoni zabo zokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ezikweleti kanye nokuhluleka kwezikweletu, futhi bahlole izifundo zobulungiswa bezomnotho. izishoshovu.
Igagasi lokuqala lenkinga yamabhange seliphelile. Amabhange aphumelele ukulahlekelwa kwawo emphakathini futhi inzuzo yawo isiphinde ‘inempilo’. Manje sebebheke kohulumeni ukuthi baphinde iqhinga elifanayo kubo. I-Greece, i-Ireland kanye ne-Portugal zihlushwa izinqubomgomo 'zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo' ukuze imali yomphakathi iqhubeke nokugeleza ezikhungweni eziziphatha ngendlela edale ubunzima bomnotho emhlabeni jikelele.
Kulo lonke elaseYurophu, futhi ikakhulukazi eGreece, abantu bayalwa - kodwa hhayi nje ngenxa yombuzo othi 'ngubani ocosha ithebhu'. Basemzabalazweni wentando yeningi ngomqondo wayo wangempela, wohlelo lwezomnotho olusekelwe eqoqweni lezindinganiso ezihluke kakhulu. Futhi basebenzisa amamodeli athuthukiswe izinhlangano zomphakathi emazweni aseNingizimu ukuze baqale inqubo edingekayo yemfundo nokunika amandla.
Ukuphendula ubudlwangudlwangu ngolwazi
Omunye umbono oye wabhebhethekisa umcabango wezishoshovu eGreece nase-Ireland ‘wokucwaningwa kwezikweletu’, ukuvula amazwe abo izimali ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuhlaziywe umphakathi. Umhlangano wokwethula ubuhanjelwe ngamakhulu abantu e-Athens ngoMeyi futhi usuhlanganise ingxenye enhle yamaGreki asele ephukile. Lolu cingo seluthathwe yizishoshovu zase-Ireland, ezinentshisekelo eyengeziwe eSpain, Portugal kanye nase-UK.
USofia Sakorafa uyilungu lePhalamende laseGreece eliphikisayo, owayeyilungu likahulumeni waseGreece owashiya iqembu lakhe ngemuva kokwenqaba ukubhalisela iphakethe lokuqala 'lokusizakala' ngo-2010. Ukholelwa ukuthi 'impendulo yobushiqela, ingcindezelo, udlame nokuhlukunyezwa iwulwazi' - lokho kuqonda komphakathi ukuthi le nkinga yenzeka kanjani, ukuthi amaGreki akhokha ngani futhi kubani, kuzosiza ukukholisa abantu ngokuwohloka kokuziphatha kohlelo lwamanje lwezezimali futhi kuvuse kabusha umuzwa wobunikazi emnothweni wabo.
I-Sakorafa icacile ukuthi lena impi yamanani ahlukene: ‘Ngaphandle kokuqagela imidlalo yemakethe, kukhona imiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu. Kunabantu, kunomlando, kukhona isiko, kukhona ukuhlonipheka.’ Inkinga ngeke ixazululwe ngomthetho oyinqaba kodwa ngokuguqulwa kwendlela abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi ehlobana ngayo namandla.
Umlando wokuhlolwa kwezikweletu
Umqondo wokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ezikweletu wavela kubakhankasi baseNingizimu abanolwazi lwamashumi eminyaka ekulweni nokuthunjwa kwemiphakathi yabo yizintshisekelo zezezimali zaseNyakatho. Phela, izinkinga zaseYurophu namuhla ziyimpinda yendaba endala. Ukulawula uhlelo lwezezimali emazingeni kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe kwakuwukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kukaJohn Maynard Keynes ngemva kokubona umthelela ‘wokubusa kwamabhange’ eKuwohlokeni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho ngawo-1930. U-Keynes wayekholelwa kuzinqubomgomo ezazizokhuthaza ‘ukubulawa komuntu oqashiwe’ ngokungenelela kukahulumeni nokulawula ezezimali.
Njengoba lolo hlelo lokulawula lubhidlika ngeminyaka yawo-1970, umnotho womhlaba uye waba nenkinga phezu kwenhlekelele, kusukela enkingeni yezikweletu zaseLatin America ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kuya ekuwohlokeni kohlobo lwemali e-Indonesia naseThailand ngo-1997 kanye nenkinga yomnotho wase-Argentina ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Ezikhungweni zezimali ezizinze eNyakatho, isikweletu sinikeze indlela yokwelula ukulawula umkhakha wezezimali. Abantu baphendule esimweni ngasinye sobunzima ngokuzilwela - imvamisa hhayi ngeziphakamiso zenqubomgomo ezithile zohlobo oluthambile lokulawulwa kwezimali, kodwa ngokucela ukwenqatshwa kwezikweletu zezwe labo kanye nokuxosha lezo zikhungo zamazwe omhlaba ezibeka umfutho.
Kwelinye izinga impikiswano yokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ezikweletu iwubizo lokubeka izinto obala. Uma lezi zikweletu ‘zingezethu’ lokho okuncane esingakulindela ukwazi ukuthi sikhokha ngani. Kodwa umthelela wabo ujula kakhulu. Ngokwamazwi esishoshovu sase-Ireland u-Andy Storey, ukuhlola kwamabhuku ‘kungasusa isifihla-buso samandla ezimali esidonsa izintambo emnothweni wethu kanjalo nomphakathi wethu’. Kubaluleke kakhulu ezweni eliye ladlula ngaphansi kombuso wobushiqela, ekwembuleni ukuthi ababolekisi bamazwe ngamazwe bawusekela kanjani umbuso ongekho emthethweni. Kodwa ngisho nasemiphakathini yaseYurophu, ijula ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwamandla nezezimali, iveze ukuthi umnotho usebenza kanjani futhi ngezithakazelo zikabani.
Ukuhlolwa okuningi kwezikweletu kwenziwa ngesabelomali esifushane, kusetshenziswa yiluphi ulwazi olungatholwa enkululekweni yolwazi nolunye ucwaningo. I-Brazilian Citizen Debt Audit kwaba yisinyathelo sokuqala esinjalo ngo-2001. Ngo-2006, uMongameli uCorrea wenza i-Ecuador izwe lokuqala ukubamba ukucwaninga okusemthethweni, ememezela ukuthi 'isikweletu sami kuphela kubantu'. Naphezu kokusekelwa ngumongameli, ukucwaninga kwamabhuku kwakuwumsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu, owabhekana nokuphikiswa njalo kwabasebenzi bakahulumeni ababengafuni ukudalula izimfihlo zemibuso yangaphambili.
Ngo-2008, ikhomishana yokucwaningwa kwamabhuku yabika ukuthi isikweletu senze ‘umonakalo ongenakubalwa’ emphakathini wase-Ecuador. Ivundulule izikweletu eziningi ezingekho emthethweni, ezingenalusizo kanye nezikhwabanisayo ezamopha izinsiza zezwe. I-Correa empeleni yasilela esikweletini esingabazekayo kakhulu - iqoqo lamabhondi. Ngisho ne-Economist yabiza iCorrea ngokuthi 'ayinakonakala' lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi kukhuphuka ngenxa yalokho.
Izishoshovu, nokho, zazifuna adlulele phambili ekulahleni izikweletu. Lena enye yezinkinga zoxhaso lukahulumeni lwezinqubo ezinjalo zokuhlanganisa, okuphinde kwaholela ekudumaleni phakathi kwezishoshovu zase-Argentina naseBrazil njengoba izithembiso zingahunyushwanga ekuguquleni umnotho okubanzi. Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku okusemthethweni okuncane sekuqalisiwe, kodwa akuzange kwenziwe, e-Argentina nasePhilippines, futhi kuthenjiswe okwengeziwe eNepal naseBolivia.
Kusenjalo, abalwela amalungelo eZimbabwe bamatasatasa ukudingisisa loludaba lokubonisa indima edlalwa yinhlanganiso yeIMF le World Bank kanye lohulumende weNyakatho ekudaleni udubo elizweni. Uma iZimbabwe isithathwa njengedlulise umbuso kaMugabe, izwe libhekene nengwadla yezikweleti ezintsha ze-IMF ezihambisana nokulawula umnotho. Ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuphonsela inselelo lokhu kulawula.
Abanye babheka ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku ezikweletu ‘njengokuguquguqukayo’ - ngokuqinisekile impendulo eqinile iwukuba izwe limane liyeke ukukhokha izikweletu zalo? Empeleni akulula kangako. Okuzenzakalelayo akuqhubeki ngokuzenzakalelayo - bheka ezakwaMugabe eZimbabwe noma u-al-Bashir eSudan. Ukwenqaba nokuzenzakalelayo kungase kube inketho engcono kakhulu, kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho, kodwa akukhona ngaphandle kobuhlungu. Umphakathi wezwe uzodinga ukuthatha izinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo nobunzima kanye nokuhlukaniswa okungenzeka ukukuthola. Ukuqonda okuphelele kuyisidingo esibalulekile.
Abantu abakwazi ukuholelwa ekusekeleni okuzenzakalelayo enkolelweni eyiphutha yokuthi ‘konke kuzobuyela kokujwayelekile’. Izinto zingase zibe zimbi nakakhulu. Njengoba oneminyaka engu-28 ubudala wase-Iceland uThorgerdun Ásgeirsdóttir esho ngemva kokuba evotele ukwenqaba imigomo yaseBrithani neDutch yokukhokha isikweletu sezwe lakhe, ‘Ngiyazi ukuthi lokhu cishe kuzosilimaza emazweni omhlaba, kodwa kufanele sithathe isinyathelo.’
Ukuqonda okunjalo kuyadingeka futhi uma ukwehluleka kuwukuba isinyathelo sokuqala sangempela soshintsho olubanzi. I-Argentina yakhipha iphutha elikhulu kakhulu emlandweni ngo-2001, ngemva kweminyaka yokulandela iseluleko se-IMF esinephutha. Kwezomnotho kwasebenza - umnotho waqala ukusimama ngokushesha. Kodwa izishoshovu eziningi zikhala ngokwehluleka kukahulumeni wase-Argentina ukwakhela phezu kwalokhu ngokwakha enye indlela yokuthuthukisa umnotho. Naphezu kokukhula okusheshayo, ubumpofu buhlala kumaphesenti angu-30, ukungalingani kuphezulu futhi iningi liyaqhubeka nokuhlupheka ngenxa yendlela 'yokuthuthukiswa' eholwa yizikweletu.
Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku eYurophu
Ngokusobala isikweletu e-Europe sinomehluko omningi esikweletini saseNingizimu yomhlaba. Isikweletu esincane saseYurophu namuhla saqhutshwa imibuso yomashiqela, futhi ukukhokhwa kwaleso sikweletu ngeke kuholele emazingeni obunzima amazwe ampofu ngempela abhekana nawo. Kodwa izindaba zengcebo nokwabiwa kabusha kwamandla, okuthi ubani olawula umphakathi wethu nokuthi ubani olandela umthetho walokho kuqoqwa kwamandla, ziyafana yonke indawo.
Yini i-Greek audit audit enethemba lokuyiveza? Isishoshovu saseGreece nesishoshovu u-Costas Lapavitsas uthe akanaso isiqiniseko sokuthi isamba esikhulu sesikweletu somphakathi saseGreece sisemthethweni, 'uma sinikezwe ikakhulukazi ukuthi sifakwe inkontileka ngokuphambana ngqo nezivumelwano ze-EU ezithi isikweletu somphakathi akumele sidlule amaphesenti angama-60 we-GDP' - into ababeyazi ngokugcwele abakweletwayo. Esinye isikweletu samaGreki sabhucungwa nguGoldman Sachs ukuze kufihlwe izinga langempela lezikweletu zaseGreece. Ngokusho kukaLapavitsas, iphakethe lebheyili ngokwalo alizange lenziwe isivumelwano ngokuhambisana nokwengamela okujwayelekile kwephalamende.
Thina eYurophu siphila emphakathini lapho izintshisekelo zezezimali zibambe ohulumeni bethu, zilawula umnotho wethu futhi sidla kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu. Baze bawuthatha umqondo wethu wentando yeningi - bechitha iqiniso lokuthi intando yeningi yeqiniso ayinakuba khona ngempela emphakathini onomehluko okhula kakhulu wengcebo, lapho amabhange edonsa khona yonke imigudu. Imizabalazo yentando yeningi yezombangazwe ayinakuthemba ukuphumelela ngokuhlukana nemizabalazo yentando yeningi yezomnotho. Ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu kuyindlela yokubona intando yeningi ngendlela ephelele. Ukutholwa kwabo kungasiza ekuvuleni indlela yekhefu langempela nezinqubomgomo ezihlulekile zezomnotho zesikhathi esedlule.
Ulwazi olwengeziwe: Umkhankaso Wezikweletu WeJubilee www.jubileedebtcampaign.org.uk
Umkhankaso Wokuqedwa Kwesikweletu Somhlaba Wesithathu (isiFulentshi nesiNgisi)www.cadtm.org
Impilo ngemva kokuzenzakalelayo
U-Alan B Cibils ubheka ezinye izifundo ezivela e-Argentina mayelana nokubhekana nokungakhokhi izikweletu
Inkinga ekhona njengamanje emngceleni we-eurozone inezithako eziningi ezifanayo eziholele engxoxweni yase-Argentina ka-2001-2002: ukukhishwa kwebheyili okuphindaphindiwe okwenza izikweletu ezivele zingakwazi ukusimama zingakwazi ukusimamisa nakakhulu, imiyalelo eyiphutha ye-IMF yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali, kanye nokungathembeki ezimakethe zezezimali. Ngakho-ke kungase kusize ukubheka izifundo ezivela enkingeni yezikweletu zase-Argentina - futhi ekugcineni ukwehluleka ngo-2001 - ukubona ukuthi yini esebenzile nokuthi yini okufanele igwenywe.
Okuzenzakalelayo kuyinketho esebenzayo
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Argentina kubonisa ukuthi ukwehluleka kwakungeyona inhlekelele abaningi ababeyibikezele. Ngempela, okuzenzakalelayo kumise ukuwa kwamahhala kweminyaka emine futhi kwasiza ukuqeda izinga lokushintshisana elingenakuphikiswa kanye nezinqubomgomo zezimali, kwakhulula izinsiza ukuze kusetshenziswe ukukhiqiza okwengeziwe. Ukuthi i-Argentina yabe isizisebenzisa kahle kakhulu lezi zinsiza kuyimpikiswano. Kodwa-ke, akungabazeki ukuthi okuzenzakalelayo bekuyindlela elungile nesebenza ngempumelelo uma kubhekwa izimo.
I-IMF ayinalo ulwazi?kanjani noma uhlaka lwethiyori lokubhekana nezinkinga zezimali
Indlela ye-IMF ‘yobukhulu obufanayo bulingana konke’ yenqubomgomo yezomnotho kanye nokuxazululwa kwezinhlekelele yehlulekile ngokuphindaphindiwe nangenhlekelele emhlabeni wonke, njengoba ihluleka eGreece, ePortugal, e-Ireland naseSpain. Ukwehliswa kwezindleko zomphakathi ezikhuthazwa yi-IMF kujulisa kuphela ukwehla komnotho, njengoba noma yimuphi umfundi wezethulo we-macroeconomics azi. Izizwe zase-Asia naseLatin America zisifunde kahle lesi sifundo. Ukuqongelela kwabo imali yangaphandle kusebenza njengomshwalense wokuthi bangaphinde balandele izeluleko ze-IMF. Nakuba ukuqongelela imali egciniwe kungase kubize, kubiza kancane kunokulandela iseluleko se-IMF.
Okuzenzakalelayo kufanele kukhulunywe ngakho ngokuphelele hhayi nje njengodaba lwezezimali
Ngokufanelekile, ithuba lokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu lizosetshenziswa ukwenza ucwaningo olunzulu lwezikweletu futhi kutholwe ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye, uma ikhona, yezikweletu eziqoqiwe okufanele ziyikhokhe. Naphezu kokungahambi kahle okubhalwe phansi nokukhwabanisa, okube nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwezikweletu, izikhulu zase-Argentina zakhetha ukungenzi ucwaningo lwezikweletu, ngenxa yalokho zagunyaza ukusebenzelana okukhohlakele kobushiqela bezempi kanye nokuphatha kweMenem neDe la Rúa. Ngempela, uMongameli uCristina Fernández de Kirchner wathi ku-2010 ukuthi 'ayikho into ebizwa ngokuthi isikweletu esingekho emthethweni', evimbela imizamo yezishoshovu kanye nosopolitiki abaphikisayo ukwenza ucwaningo lwezikweletu oludingeka kakhulu.
Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu akufanele kuhloselwe ukujabulisa izimakethe zezimali
Ukuze inqubo yokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu iphumele ekuthwaleni izikweletu esimeme, kufanele isekelwe emnothweni okhula ngenxa yezimakethe eziqinile zangaphakathi. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, kubalulekile ukuba nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhiqizayo kanye nokusabalalisa imali engenayo ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kuphambene nemiyalelo ye-‘Washington consensus’ (neoliberal economics).
Ukuthola ikhono lokuqhuba izinga lokushintshisana elizimele kanye nezinqubomgomo zezimali kuyisihluthulelo ekutakulweni kwezomnotho
Odabeni lwase-Argentina, ukubuyisela izinga lokushintshisana eligxilile ngohlelo oluvumelana nezimo kanye nokulawula imali kazwelonke kubangele ukukhula komnotho okurekhodiwe iminyaka eyisithupha. Imithetho yamanje yase-Europe, eklanywe ngokuya ngemithetho yezomnotho eyi-orthodox, ayivumeli indawo yezinqubomgomo zokwandisa ezidingekayo ekuwohlokeni komnotho. Uma le mithetho iphikelela, ngeke kube khona inketho ngaphandle kokuphuma ohlelweni bese ubuyela ohlotsheni lwemali lwezwe, oluzimele.
Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi kukhona impilo ngemuva kokuzenzakalelayo. Ngempela, ukuphila kuvela ngemva kokuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukwehlukana nezithiyo zezomnotho ze-neoliberal uma ukusimama kanye nokusabalalisa okungcono kwezithelo zemizamo yomphakathi kuyizinjongo.
U-Alan B Cibils ungusihlalo womnyango wezomnotho wezepolitiki e-Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento eBuenos Aires.
Ukuphakamisa isivalo kwababolekisi
U-Nick Dearden uxoxa nesishoshovu sase-Brazil u-Maria Lucia Fattorelli mayelana nokuhlolwa kwezikweletu e-Brazil nase-Ecuador
Iyiphi inqubekelaphambili osuyenzile ngocwaningomabhuku lwezikweletu?
Kusukela ngo-1988 umthethosisekelo waseBrazil ufake isibopho sokubamba ukucwaninga kwezikweletu okusemthethweni, kodwa akukaze kwenziwe. Ngo-2000 sahlela ingqungquthela edumile futhi abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha bavotela ukuthi bayeke ukukhokha isikweletu kuze kube kwenziwa ucwaningo. Sazithathela izindaba mathupha futhi sasungula iCitizen Debt Audit, okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ucwaningo, ukufundisa, ukuhlanganisa nokuhlola izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.
Ngo-2009 sazuza ukwakhiwa kwekhomishana esemthethweni ezophenya ngesikweletu. Siphinde samenywa ukuthi sibambe iqhaza ekucwaningweni kwezikweletu zase-Ecuador okwagunyazwa uMongameli Correa ngo-2007.
Yini eyatholwa isakhamuzi kanye nophenyo lwasephalamende eBrazil?
Ikhomishana yasephalamende yathola ukuthi ‘uhlelo lwezikweletu’ lwamazwe ngamazwe luqhubeka ludala isikweletu esisha ukuze kukhokhelwe izikweletu zangaphambili. Isikweletu esisha sihlala sikhulu kakhulu, naphezu kwezinkokhelo ezinkulu zokuhlinzeka. Ucwaningo lwethu lubonise ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko yesikweletu esikhulu sase-Brazil kube amanani enzalo aphezulu, okusho ukuthi ayikamele inzuzo yangempela ezweni.
Uhulumeni uguqule isikweletu ‘sangaphandle’ saseBrazil saba isikweletu ‘sangaphakathi’, kodwa sisakweletwa ikakhulukazi amabhange angaphandle. Ikhula ngokushesha futhi izinkokhelo zaba ngamaphesenti angu-45 esabelomali sikazwelonke ngo-2010. Yingakho, naphezu kokuba umnotho wezwe wesikhombisa ngobukhulu, iBrazil isenabantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yabantu abahlala ebumpofu.
Naphezu kokuxilongwa kwayo kanzima, ikhomishana ayizange iphakamise ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezikweletu. Kodwa-ke, amalungu ephalamende ayisishiyagalombili ahlanganyele nezishoshovu ukwethula omunye umbiko, owaqhubekela phambili kakhulu ekudaluleni umthelela ongekho emthethweni noyingozi wezikweletu zaseBrazil - nokuthola nokuthi ezinye izigaba zezinkontileka zezikweletu zephula umthethosisekelo.
Ukuhlolwa kwamabhuku kwatholani e-Ecuador?
Ukucwaninga kwamabhuku kwadalula izinkinga eziningi zomlando wezikweletu wase-Ecuador. Ikakhulukazi, isikweletu esiningi saqhutshwa iqeqebana lamabhange amakhulu amazwe ngamazwe elicindezela kanzima izikweletu e-Ecuador ngeminyaka yawo-1970, lase lihlela kabusha lezo zikweletu ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela eqenjini labakweletwayo elihlanganisa amabhange amakhulu, i-IMF kanye ne-IMF. Ohulumeni basenyakatho. Izikweletu ebezinenani elincane kakhulu zahlelwa kabusha ngevelu yazo egcwele, ngamazinga enzalo ahlukumezayo kanye nemigomo engekho emthethweni.
Ubufakazi bokwephulwa komthetho okuningi kangaka buvumele uMongameli uCorrea ukuthi amise ukukhokhelwa kwenzalo bese evuma ukukhokha kuphela amaphesenti angama-30 yenani elibhekene nalo ‘lesikweletu sebhondi’ yakhe. Kubonise ukuthi izwe lingazimisa izinkokhelo futhi lithole imiphumela emihle uma lisekelwa umbiko wocwaningomabhuku obhalwe kahle.
Ingabe imiphumela yasetshenziswa kanjani uhulumeni kanye namaqembu omphakathi ?
E-Ecuador umphakathi uhleleke kahle futhi ukucwaninga kwamabhuku kuholele izishoshovu emikhankasweni yobulungisa obukhulu bezomnotho - sicindezela ukwakhiwa kwezimali okusha njengeBhange LaseNingizimu, ukulawulwa kokugeleza kwezimali kanye nezinkantolo ezithandwayo ukuze zihlulele ubulungiswa bezomnotho kanye nesikweletu semvelo.
E-Brazil, uhulumeni akalisebenzisanga ithuba lophenyo futhi uyaqhubeka nokushaya indiva ikhwelo lokucwaningwa kwamabhuku ezikweletu ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi imikhankaso yokhetho yalabo abangenele ukhetho abakhulu ixhaswa osozimali futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa yamandla ezimakethe zezimali zokukhohlisa ohulumeni.
Umkhankaso wokulwa nezikweletu waba nzima kakhulu ngemva kokuba uLula esengumongameli. Iminyaka engu-20 wayemelene nesikweletu kodwa njengomongameli wagcina amalungelo ‘esistimu yezikweletu’. Eqinisweni, izinto zaba zimbi nakakhulu ngemva kokuba iBrazil ibuyisele isikweletu sayo se-IMF ngo-2005. Abantu abaningi bathatha lokhu njengokuphela kodaba, kuyilapho empeleni kwakuyingxenye encane kakhulu - amaphesenti angu-2 kuphela - esikweletini saseBrazil.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, isikweletu sethu savele sashintsha izandla. Ukuze ukhokhe lesi sikweletu kusenesikhathi ku-IMF, iBrazil yathatha isikweletu esisha nesibiza kakhulu. Nakuba inzalo ye-IMF yayingamaphesenti ama-4, amabhondi esikweletu amasha abenenzalo engu-7.5-12 wamaphesenti kumabhondi angaphandle kanye namaphesenti angu-19 kumabhondi asekhaya. Nakulokhu futhi lokhu kwalimaza izwe kwaze kwazuza inzuzo enkulu yabakweletayo.
Kubonakala sengathi kunengozi enkulu yokuthi umbuso ungahlanganyela ohlelweni lokucwaninga amabhuku. Lezi zifundo zingakhelwa kanjani phezu kocwaningomabhuku oluzayo, ikakhulukazi eYurophu?
Ikhambi engilibonayo ukulivimba wukuhlomisa umphakathi. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqala ngokushesha ekucwaningweni kwezakhamizi, okubandakanya izinhlangano eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka - ngoba izinkinga zezikweletu zithinta impilo yawo wonke umuntu. Njengoba abantu beqala ukuqonda ‘uhlelo lwezikweletu’ kanye nemiphumela yocwaningomabhuku, kuba nzima kakhulu ngohulumeni ukuba bahlanganyele kulolu hlelo.
Izindlela ezifanayo kakhulu nalezo eziqashwe manje eYurophu ziye zasetshenziswa ukudala ‘isikweletu somphakathi’ eLatin America kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970. Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlolwa kwezikweletu e-Ecuador naseBrazil kufakazele ukuthi eminyakeni engu-40 edlule lolu hlobo lwesikweletu samabhondi lusetshenziswe njengendlela yokudlulisa izinsiza zomphakathi emkhakheni wezezimali ozimele.
Yonke indawo izimali zomphakathi zidliwe. Asikwazi ukuqhubeka nokukhokha isikweletu esingekho emthethweni ngemisebenzi yethu kanye nempilo yethu.
U-Maria Lucia Fattorelli ubeyilungu lekhomishana yokuhlolwa kwezikweletu yase-Ecuador, umeluleki wekhomishini yezikweletu zomphakathi e-Brazil kanye nomxhumanisi we-Citizen Debt Audit.
Ingwe engazange ibhonge
I-Ireland ibe nenye yezinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu kwezezimali emhlabeni ocebile kusukela kwaqala ubunzima bezomnotho, ngezigidigidi ezingama-e20 ekunyusweni kwentela kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko. Kodwa impendulo yomphakathi ithulisiwe. U-Andy Storey uyabika
NgoMsombuluko wePhasika wezi-2011, inhlangano yezobulungiswa yase-Ireland kanye namalungelo abantu i-Action from Ireland (Afri) yethula inguqulo ehlekisayo yesimemezelo sika-1916 sokuzimela kwe-Ireland emathuneni ase-Arbor Hill e-Dublin, lapho abaholi be-Easter Rising bengcwatshwa khona. Umlingisi nombhali u-Donal O'Kelly ufunde isimemezelo esisha egameni labanikazi bamabhondi okuthenjiswe kubo imali yabantu base-Ireland ngesiqinisekiso sasebhange sango-2008 esabophezela uhulumeni wase-Ireland ukuthi athathele phezulu ithebhu yokulahlekelwa kwamabhange ase-Ireland:
‘Simemezela ilungelo labanikazi bamabhondi abakhulu kubunikazi be-Ireland, kanye nokulawula okungenamkhawulo kwezindawo zase-Ireland, ukuzibusa nokungenakunqotshwa . . . Abaphathi bebhondi abakhulu banelungelo, futhi ngalokhu bafuna, ukwethembeka kwawo wonke ama-Irishman nama-Irishwoman.’
Lesi simemezelo sisayinwe ‘abaqageli bezezimali ongabazi’ futhi ukugqoka kuka-O’Kelly imaskhi yobuso kufanekisela isimo esimnyama, esifiphele sabakweletwayo ikusasa labo lase-Ireland eliboshelwe kubagcini babo.
Ngokuphawulekayo, kube nokucasuka okulinganiselwe komphakathi e-Ireland mayelana nalokhu kuhlangana okuyihlazo kwezikweletu zangasese. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-20 zama-euro 'zokulungiswa kwezimali' (ukukhushulwa kwentela kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko) selokhu kwaqala le nkinga. Ngokwamazwi esazi sezomnotho sase-Ireland uKarl Whelan, lokhu ‘okulingana . . . €4,600 umuntu ngamunye . . . izinguquko ezinkulu zesabelomali ezibonakala noma yikuphi emhlabeni wezomnotho othuthukile ezikhathini zanamuhla’. Kuzoba nenani elilinganiselwa ku-€ 6 billion ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwemali okuqhubekayo kanye nokwenyuswa kwentela ngo-2011, kanye nesilinganiso sonyaka esingaba amabhiliyoni ama-€3 ngonyaka ngamunye weminyaka emithathu ezayo.
Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kungaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-14 (abantu abangu-446,800), ngaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezinhlanu zakho zesikhathi eside ngokwemvelo. Abantu abafudukela kwamanye amazwe balinganiselwa ku-60,000 ngonyaka. Futhi umnotho, akumangazi, ugcwele ukuwohloka komnotho, njengoba utshalomali lwehle lusuka ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-48 ngonyaka ka-2006 no-2007 lwaya ngaphezudlwana kwama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-18 ngo-2010. Inhloko-dolobha, njengoba isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu sase-Ireland u-Kieran Allen ekubeka, iqhubekile. shaya.
Pho kungani abantu bengaphumeleli emigwaqweni bevukela? Iqhaza elikhulu libanjwe ukungabibikho kobuholi ezinyunyaneni eziningi, umlando wazo omude wokubambisana nokuxoxisana nohulumeni uqede yonke inkanuko yomzabalazo ebezinawo. Imithombo yezindaba ye-hegemonic iphikelela ngokuthi ‘ayikho enye indlela’, phakathi kokwesaba okubangelwa usongo lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngisho nokungabi nakhaya - umuzi owodwa kwemihlanu uhlushwa ‘i-negative equity’ (indlu yawo ibiza kancane kunemali ebolekiwe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abaningi babeka amathemba abo okhethweni lukaFebhuwari 2011, lapho uhulumeni owayengamele le nhlekelele ekhishwa esikhundleni, kuphela ngenxa yokuthi owangena esikhundleni sakhe aphishekele izinqubomgomo ezifanayo ncamashi zokukhokhwa kwezikweletu kanye nokunciphisa izindleko.
Kungenziwa kanjani-ke ukucasuka okudingekayo? Omunye umnikelo kungaba wukuphakamisa imaski abaqageli bezezimali abacashe ngayo kanye nokuveza ubuqiniso bomkhonyovu nokudlelwa kwabo. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuqaqa iwebhu yezimfihlo ezungeze isikweletu futhi uthole ukuthi ubani owaboleka ubani, nini futhi ngayiphi injongo. Kulindeleke ukuthi okungenani esinye sesikweletu sitholakale ‘singekho emthethweni’ futhi singanqatshwa.
I-Afri kanye nezinye izinhlangano (iDebt and Development Coalition Ireland kanye nenyunyana yabasebenzi Unite) basungule ucwaningo lwezikweletu e-Ireland. Ithimba elincane lezifundiswa ezizimele - ezinongoti kwezomnotho, ezezimali kanye nemikhakha ehlobene - licubungula izincwadi ukuze libone ukuthi lingakwazi yini ukuphendula imibuzo ehlukahlukene. Okuyisisekelo kakhulu ukuthi: sikweleta bani isikweletu sebhange (umbuso osibophezele)?
Sesinazo izinsolo zethu. Okunye ukulinganisa ukuthi ukubhalwa phansi okungamaphesenti angama-50 esikweletini sezifunda ezisemngceleni we-EU kuzosula imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-850 zamabhange aseJalimane naseFrance kuphela. Ukumisa lokho ukwenzeka, imali ihanjiswa kubakhokhi bentela baseYurophu kanye ne-European Central Bank ngokusebenzisa i-Ireland, iPortugal neGreece iyiswa ezikhungweni zezimali zaseJalimane, eFrance nakwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kuwumqondo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-bailouts.
U-Andy Storey ungumfundisi esikoleni sezombusazwe nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, i-University College Dublin. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngomsebenzi we-Afri ekucwaningweni kwezikweletu zase-Ireland, bheka: www.afri.ie
Nick Dearden ungumqondisi weJubilee Debt Campaign.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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