Cishe abantu abangama-200 bahlangane eNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina e-Asheville muva nje ukuzodingida ukuzibophezela kwedolobha ekubuyiseleni kwasendaweni. Bekuyingqungquthela yokuqala yohlobo lwayo kanye nesinyathelo esibalulekile ohlelweni lwe-Asheville lokunxephezela abahlali abaMnyama amashumi eminyaka okucwasa ngokwesakhiwo.
Njengoba idolobha liqinisa umzamo walo wokunxeshezelwa, isifundazwe saseNyakatho Carolina sibuyela emuva, nomthetho wezwe ufuna ukunciphisa izingxoxo mayelana nokucwasa ngokwebala, ikakhulukazi kuhulumeni nasezifundweni.
Umthetho omusha ophasiswe ngoJuni uvimbela noma yisiphi isisebenzi sikahulumeni wesifunda saseNorth Carolina - okubandakanya uhlelo lweNyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina - kusuka kudingidwa imiqondo ehlobene nokucwasa ngokwebala, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokuqasha.
NgoMashi, abenzi bomthetho eNdlu yabaMeli yesifundazwe saseNorth Carolina nabo baphasise umthethosivivinywa owenqabela othisha bezikole zikahulumeni “ukukhuthaza” imibono ehlobene nokudalula ukucwasa okuhlelekile nomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, othisha bazovinjelwa ekufundiseni imiqondo ethi, “Umuntu, ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe noma ubulili kuphela, unesibopho ngezenzo ezenziwa esikhathini esidlule” ezalimaza olunye uhlanga. Umthethosivivinywa awukakaphasiswa yithimba lezigele.
Ngokusho kukaprofesa wezomthetho wase-University of North Carolina u-Osamudia James, laba izingxenye zomthetho “zibanzi ngokungafanele, azicaci kahle, kunzima ukuzisebenzisa, futhi ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi othile uzephule nini ngokuvamile kuyimpikiswano.”
Yize kungekho mthethosivivinywa osho uhlelo lokunxeshezelwa, Umthetho onjalo usuvele udala isimo esibi kubasekeli bokubuyiselwa kwemali, kusho izifundiswa zendawo.
“Ukuhlukahluka, ukulingana, ukufakwa kanye nobulungiswa kuyahlaselwa,” kusho uprofesa Hlanganisa uRuffin, umqondisi we-UNC emnyangweni we-Africana Studies wase-Asheville osize ukusingatha ingqungquthela yalo nyaka. “Siqhubekile nokulungisa izinxephezelo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika edolobheni. Yize kungenzeka kube nokuhlehla emuva kanye nemibhikisho ephikisana nezinto ezithile, simane sithi sizoqhubeka nokwenza lokhu noma ngabe yikuphi.”
Lezi zikweletu ziyizibonelo zamagagasi amabili akamuva omthetho wezwe: Okubizwa kanjalo Imithetho ephikisana ne-DEI okuhlosiwe, phakathi kokunye, imizamo yokuhlukahluka, ukulingana nokufakwa ekuqasheni. Imithetho ye-anti-critical race theory [CRT], eqanjwe ngocwaningo olufundiswa amakolishi oluphenya ukuthi ubandlululo lufakwa kanjani ezinqubweni nasezikhungweni zase-US, lufuna ukukhawulela indlela othisha abangaxoxa ngayo ngobandlululo. Abenzi bomthetho abalandela imithetho enjalo baphikisa ngokuthi imfundo enjalo ifana “nokufundisa.”
Lezi zinhlobo zemithetho zenze izingqinamba kwamanye amadolobha nezifundazwe. E-Oklahoma, ikhomishana yombuso eyakhiwe ukuze iphenye ngo-1921 Tulsa Race Massacre akhishwe uMbusi Kevin Stitt ebhodini layo ngemuva kokuba esayine umthethosivivinywa wethiyori yobuhlanga omelene nokugxeka ovimbela ukuthi izindaba ezithinta ubuhlanga zingafundiswa futhi kuxoxwe ngazo.
Ebuzwa ukuthi lezi zikweletu zingaba namuphi umthelela emzamweni wokubuyisela, uSenator wesifunda saseNorth Carolina uWarren Daniel, umxhasi womthetho omelene ne-DEI owaphasiswa ngoJuni, uthe, “Ngiyethemba noma yibaphi osolwazi abaxoxisana nomphakathi mayelana nezinxephezelo bazobambelela ezingxoxweni ezifundisayo, esikhundleni sokuphusha umbono wokucwasa wokuthi ngenxa yohlanga lomuntu kuphela, umuntu kufanele aziphendulele izenzo ezenziwe esikhathini esidlule ngamanye amalungu ohlanga olufanayo."
Abaholi Bezinxephezelo Abazange Badikibale
I-Asheville ivotele ngoJulayi 2020 ukuze idale ikhomishana yokubuyisela ezophenya ukuthi idolobha liyilimaze kanjani imindeni yabaNsundu kanye nazo zonke izindawo ezingomakhelwane abaNsundu ngezinqubomgomo zobandlululo. Lokhu kuhilele iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili yokuvubukula imibhalo yomlando, amatayitela ezakhiwo, amarekhodi ezimali, amaphepha entela kanye nemithetho yedolobha.
Imithetho emisha nehlongozwayo ayikawuvimbi lo msebenzi wokubuyisela ezingeni ledolobha, kusho uDwight Mullen, usihlalo wekhomishana yezokubuyisela yedolobha. Amalungu ekhomishana iningi asanda kuziba izinkulumo ezivela kubalandeli mayelana nokubeka phansi ukuthi ubandlululo lufundiswa futhi lusingathwe kanjani esifundazweni, kusho uMullen.
Kodwa bobabili u-Mullen no-Ruffin sebevele bayawubona umphumela weziphakamiso kwezinye izindawo zomsebenzi wabo. URuffin uthe abenzi bomthetho bombuso sebeqalile ukubuza inyuvesi ngokuthi yimalini imali esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-DEI kanye nokuthi hlobo luni lwemibuzo umnyango we-Africana Studies oyibuzayo lapho uqasha osolwazi nabanye abasebenzi.
U-Mullen uhileleke ku- isikhalazo samalungelo omphakathi sikahulumeni kufakwe ngokumelene I-Asheville PEAK Academy. Inhlangano i-Western North Carolina Citizens for Equality eqambe u-Mullen, umsunguli we-PEAK Academy nelungu lebhodi, esikhalazweni, ethi isikole esiqasha i-K-3 sisebenzisa “izabelo zobuhlanga” ezingabafaki othisha nabafundi bezinhlanga ezithile.
"Kusemthethweni ngokuphelele futhi kuyafaneleka ukuthi - ukuze kuguqulwe futhi kubhekwane nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobuhlanga okugqugquzelwa uhulumeni - ukusebenzisa ubuhlanga njengendlela yokubhekana nakho," kusho uMullen.
Usolwazi we-UNC School of Law u-James akacabangi ukuthi enye yale mithetho sivivinyo ingaphumelela inhlanganisela yomthethosisekelo uma iphonselwa inselelo enkantolo. Kodwa lokho “cishe sekungaphezu kwalokho,” usho kanje. “Iphuzu wukwenza abantu bayeke ukukhuluma ngalezi zinto ezingokoqobo, okuyinkinga ngoba uma ungakwazi ukukhuluma ngobuhlanga futhi ubone ukuthi lusebenza kanjani ngeke ukwazi ukwenza izinto ukulungisa umthelela wabo oqhubekayo.”
'Ohulumeni Basekhaya Abakwazi Ukuba Isixazululo Esiphelele'
Izinqumo ukuthi Idolobha yase-Asheville nasezindaweni ezizungezile esifundeni uphasise ikhwelo lokusungulwa kwekhomishana yokulungisa isimo ezophenya ngokulimala kohlanga, kanye nombiko oveza lokho kulimala kanye namakhambi angenzeka. Ikhomishana izobe seyenza izincomo ngentwasahlobo ka-2024.
Nakuba i-Asheville ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa eNingizimu ezazingenalo uhlelo lokutshala izigqila, abagqugquzeli bokubuyisela lapha bathi ezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni, njengokuhlukanisa, imithetho kaJim Crow, ukulungiswa kabusha kwedolobha kanye nokuvuselelwa kwedolobha kwacekela phansi yonke imiphakathi yabaNsundu. Ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960, amakhulukhulu emizi yabantu abamnyama, izikole kanye nemitholampilo yezempilo yacekelwa phansi futhi isifunda samabhizinisi abamnyama sacekelwa phansi. ukwakha imigwaqo yezwe.
Abagqugquzeli bokunxeshezelwa bathi lokho kungabi nabulungisa kuyimbangela yokuhlukana okuningi kwezinhlanga okukhona e-Asheville namuhla. Ngokusho kwe Umbiko we-State of Black Asheville, izinga lokufa komdlavuza kusukela ngo-2011 kuya ku-2015 lalingu-218.9 ku-100,000 kubahlali abaMnyama uma kuqhathaniswa no-155.1 kwabamhlophe; isilinganiso somholo womuntu ngamunye sasingu-$15,535 kuzakhamuzi eziNsundu uma kuqhathaniswa no-$28,480 kwabamhlophe; futhi, kusukela ngo-2017, bekunamabhizinisi abantu abamnyama angama-858 kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nabelungu abangama-26,122.
Ikhomishana yokubuyisela igxile kulokhu izindawo ezinhlanu okumele ziphenywe: ubulungiswa bobugebengu, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, izindlu, imfundo kanye nezempilo. Ezinye zezincomo abazicubungulayo njengamanje zifaka uxhaso lwemindeni ehlwempu ngokuboshwa kwamalungu; izibonelelo zamabhizinisi aphethwe ngabantu abamnyama; amaholo angcono othisha abamnyama; izinkokhelo emindenini yabaNsundu ezizosetshenziselwa kuphela ukwesekwa kwezempilo yengqondo; kanye “nomhlaba wokunxeshezelwa” — izakhiwo nenkatho etholwe ngokukhethekile abanikazi bezindlu abaNsundu nosomabhizinisi.
Kukhona futhi izincomo ezingezona zesinxephezelo ezigxile kakhulu kunqubomgomo, ezifana nezingcingo zokuthi kuqedwe ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ohlelweni lwezinkantolo, ukuqasha nokugcina othisha abaningi abaNsundu, kanye nokwakhiwa kweSikhungo Sokuthuthukisa Umnotho Wabamnyama ukuze siqeqeshe abanikazi bamabhizinisi abamnyama.
Njengohulumeni wasekhaya osesimweni sodlame, idolobha lingagcina licindezelwe ukuthi yiziphi kulezi zincomo elingasungula futhi kanjani. Ku-imeyili ethunyelwe ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kwengqungquthela, ikhomishana yezokubuyisela ixwayise ngokuthi "ohulumeni basekhaya ngeke babe yisixazululo esiphelele sezinkinga umphakathi wabaNsundu obhekene nazo" ngenxa, ngokwengxenye, ukulinganiselwa kwezomthetho.
"Ekugcineni, iDolobha neSifunda zimi neKhomishana ekugxileni emgomweni wokutshala imali kanye nokunika amandla iBlack Asheville ngenqubo yokubuyisela," kusho incwadi. “Yebo, ezinye iziphakamiso zingase zibe ngaphezu kwamandla ethu omthetho, futhi ukubhekana nalezi zinselelo kumane kuyingxenye yomsebenzi onzima nobalulekile owenziwa yiKhomishini, umphakathi kanye nohulumeni basekhaya. Sihlala sigxile kulokho okungenzeka, kunokungenzeki.”
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela