UZibandlela wase-Argentina onesiyaluyalu - lapho isiteleka sezinyunyana eziphikisana nesabelomali esinonya siholela ezinsukwini zemibhikisho, ukuqubuka kweSigodlo sikaMongameli, ukundiza kwendiza enophephela emhlane ephuma ngowayehlala ngaleso sikhathi kanye nokulandelana komongameli abahlanu lingakapheli isonto - kwaba umphumela wamandla angenakuvinjelwa, umphakathi owawunokwanele, ukuhlangana nento (ebonakala) enganyakazi, isakhiwo esikhulu “somnotho womhlaba”.
Ukuhlubuka okudumile kwacasulwa ukuwohloka komnotho, onyakeni wawo wesine olandelanayo wokuwohloka komnotho okungapheli, kanye nosizi olwengeziwe, olubonakala.
Kodwa umnotho wase-Argentina awuzange uwele ngaphansi kwesisindo sawo; yayiguqe ngamadolo. Futhi ukusolwa ikakhulukazi kulele izinkulungwane zamamayela ukusuka eSigodlweni sikaMongameli eBuenos Aires, nosomnotho nabakhi bezinqubomgomo eWashington nabahwebi bamabhondi eNew York.
Esikhathini esingeside esidlule, i-Argentina ibingomunye “wezomnotho eziyisimangaliso” zase-Asia naseLatin America enkabeni “yezimakethe ezisafufusa”, njengoba kubukeka sengathi isiluleme ngokuphelele ekuhlaseleni kwe-hyperinflation ngo-1989 okubandakanya izigcawu zabasebenzi begoduka nomholo wabo. kumabhala.
Ngo-1991, owayengumongameli wangaleso sikhathi, uCarlos Menem, wavuma isivumelwano sezigidigidi zamarandi ne-International Monetary Fund.
I-IMF ezinze eWashington izosekela uhlelo lokubulala i-hyperinflation ngokwethula ibhodi lemali futhi "ibambe" i-peso eyodwa-for-one edoleni laseMelika.
Uma kushintshwana, uhulumeni wase-Argentina uzoqala uhlelo lwezomnotho oluhlanganisa enye yezindlela ezibanzi kakhulu zokwenziwa kwezinkampani ezizimele zaseLatin America, ukuvulwa kwe-akhawunti yenhloko-dolobha yezwe, ukuze kuvunyelwe ukungena nokuphuma mahhala kwemali enkulu, kanye nemizamo eqinile yokulinganisa isabelomali sombuso.
Ngokomthetho, okungenani, uhlelo lwaba yimpumelelo. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwasekuqaleni kuya maphakathi nawo-1990s, i-Argentina yayiyindawo yokuthola izizumbulu zemali yezimali zakwamanye amazwe, njengoba amafemu aphesheya kwezilwandle, ikakhulukazi avela eSpain, athenga amafa amasha namabhange kanye nezikhwama zempesheni ezisetshenziswe imali enkulu ezitokweni namabhondi ase-Argentina.
Kodwa isilinganiso sezwe esingu-A+ ezimakethe ezinkulu size ngentengo.
Okokuqala, ukuze kuqhutshekwe nesikhonkwane, uhulumeni wase-Argentina kwadingeka enze umhlaba wonke uqinisekise ukuthi i-peso yayilingana nedola laseMelika. Lokho kwakusho ukwakha izinqolobane ezinkulu zama-greenbacks - futhi lokho kwakusho isikweletu.
Iningi lesikweletu sikahulumeni esikhona njengamanje sezwe samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-132 sathathwa njengemalimboleko, evela ku-IMF noma ngokuqondile ezimakethe zamabhondi wamazwe ngamazwe, ukuze kugcwalise izimali ezigciniwe zamadola aseMelika.
Okwesibili, ngenkathi isikhonkwane siqeda i-hyperinflation, siphinde saqeda amandla kahulumeni wase-Argentina okusetha inqubomgomo yakhe yezimali. Esikhundleni salokho, amanani enzalo e-Argentina yilawo abekwe kudola laseMelika yi-US Federal Reserve.
Lokhu kwakulungile inqobo nje uma umnotho usalokhu ukhuphuka, kodwa awukwazanga futhi awukwazanga.
Ngo-1997-98, umbono wazo zonke “izimakethe ezisafufusa” waba mufi. Izinhlobo zemali zaseThailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, Russia kanye neBrazil zonke zawa njengama-skittles futhi ngokuzumayo izimakethe zenhloko-dolobha zaseNtshonalanga, ezake zathanda kakhulu, zase zingasenalutho.
Njengeziningi “zezimakethe ezisafufusa”, ukugeleza kwezimali kwase-Argentina komile, izimfuno zababolekisi bangaphandle “zokukhokha” zanda futhi umnotho wayo waba sengozini.
Ngo-1999, kwafika iphuzu lesinqumo. I-Peronist Menem yathathelwa indawo njengoMongameli nguFernando de la Rua weRadical Party. Lesi bekungaba yisikhathi sokushintsha inkambo.
Kodwa i-IMF ayizange ikuvumele lokho. Esikhundleni salokho, isikhwama saphikelela ngokuthi, u-de la Rua kumele ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo enze izinto ezintathu: agcine isikhonkwane futhi agweme ukwehla, aqhubeke nokukhokha isikweletu esikweletwa abanikazi bamabhondi bakwamanye amazwe futhi, ukuxhasa lokhu, ukulinganisa isabelomali ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokunciphisa izindleko.
Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-IMF yaqinisekisa ukuthi i-Argentina ayikwazi ukuphuma ekuwohlokeni komnotho.
Ngokungafani neBrazil engumakhelwane, eyehlisa inani lemali yayo futhi yabuye yalulama kancane, imali yase-Argentina ebiza kakhulu yayisho ukuthi izimpahla zayo nezinsizakalo ezithengiswa phesheya zazingenakuncintisana futhi nesixazululo se-orthodox - thekelisa indlela yakho yokuphuma enkingeni - akwenzekanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuwohlokeni komnotho, into enengqondo okufanele ibhange elikhulu liyenze ukwehlisa amanani enzalo ukuze likhuthaze ukutshalwa kwezimali. Kodwa njengoba i-peso ixhunywe kudola laseMelika, i-Argentina ayikwazanga ukwenza into enjalo - inzalo yayo yabekwa yi-Fed futhi, ngo-1999 ekuphakameni kwe-US boom, babebheke phezulu, hhayi phansi.
Ngaleso sikhathi, izindlela zokuthi mbimbi zinciphise isidingo sasekhaya, zenze ukwehla komnotho kwaba kubi kakhulu.
Kodwa ukusimama komnotho kwakungekona lokho i-IMF eyayikhathazeke kakhulu ngakho - yayisebenza ukuze kuvikelwe izimfuno zabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe.
Ukwesaba ukuxoxisana kabusha kwesikweletu, noma ngisho nokwehluleka kuso, kwakusobala ngokwanele. Ngeke nje kuphela ukulahlekelwa kwenani ledola labadayisi base-Wall Street kube kukhulu, kodwa kungase kukhuthaze amanye amazwe anezikweletu ezicindezelayo ukuthi alandele indlela efanayo.
Kepha i-IMF iphinde yaphikisana nokwehliswa kwamanani entengo, ikhathazekile ngokuthi ngaphansi kwengcindezi edumile uhulumeni angase ahambe ukuze avikele imindeni esebenzayo kanye nesezingeni eliphakathi ekwehlweni kwenani ngokubuyisela kabusha izinhlobo ezithile zokulawulwa kwezimali kanye nokudiliza amabhange amakhulu nezimboni (okuyikho impela uhulumeni omusha. ka-Eduardo Duhalde wenza).
Okuwukuphela kwesixazululo, kusho i-IMF ngo-1999 futhi ngesikhathi sokubolekwa imali entsha ngoDisemba 2000, kwakuwukucisha, umjikelezo ngamunye ujule futhi umunyu kakhulu kunakuqala: abasebenzi bakahulumeni bazokwehliswa amaholo abo ngo-13%, uhlelo lwempesheni ihlelwe kabusha, imali ezoya ezifundazweni izonqanyulwa.
Ngokungangabazeki, lolu hlelo lwalungathandwa kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuthi iqembu lakhe lithole isigcwagcwa ngokhetho lwengqungquthela yango-Okthoba, umongameli wamemezela ukuthi uzonikeza abanikazi bamabhondi bakwamanye amazwe “ukugundwa kwezinwele” ngokuphinda baxoxisane ngamaphrimiyamu akhokhelwa isikweletu. I-Wall Street iye yaba yi-ballistic, ikubiza ngokuthi kufana nokuzenzakalelayo.
Lapho ungqongqoshe wezomnotho uDomingo Cavallo eya e-US ukuyohlangana ne-US Treasury kanye nezikhulu ze-IMF zifuna ukusekelwa ngohlelo lokuxoxisana kabusha, wathola isikhashana esincane; base bevele banquma ukusekela amabhange. Ngomhla zi-5 kuZibandlela, i-IMF yaveza ukuthi izobamba isamba semali ebolekiwe, ngokusobala ukungalujabuleli lolu hlelo.
Ingcindezi yayisifinyelela eqophelweni eliphezulu: ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-IMF ne-Wall Street ifuna ukuqiniswa kanye nenkokhelo ngesikhathi futhi ngokugcwele; ngakolunye, inani labantu elikhulayo lenqaba ukubhekana nokucindezela okwengeziwe.
UDe la Rua akakwazanga ukubamba - futhi akazange. Wesula ngo-December 20. Uhulumeni omusha useyehlise izinga lepeso futhi ubukeka ezoxoxisana kabusha noma ahluleke ukukhokhela izikweletu eziningi, uma kungezona zonke, ezikweletini zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-132.
Inkinga yase-Argentina ingeyakamuva ochungechungeni lwezinkinga ezinganqamuki “ezimakethe ezisafufusa” futhi, ngaphandle uma i-IMF ihlehlisa inkambo ngokungalindelekile, ngeke kube ngeyokugcina (iTurkey isivele idonsa kanzima).
Kodwa ngokungafani nezingqinamba zango-1997-98, ingxenye enkulu eyayiwumphumela wokuqagela okungaboni kwezimakethe zezimali okulandelwa umgomo we-IMF “wokwelapha” oncisha umoya, owase-Argentina wawungabikezeleki nje kuphela kodwa waze waklanywa.
Lokhu bekuyinkinga engadalwanga ukwethuka kwezimakethe kodwa ukuqondiswa kwezimakethe - futhi, njengoba kwakunzima futhi kunzima ukukukholwa njengoba kuzwakala, i-IMF bekungeyona inqinamba enkulu. Leyo ndima yaya emabhange aseNtshonalanga angabanikazi abangaba ngu-40% wezikweletu zase-Argentina.
Indaba yeminyaka yawo-1990 “yezimakethe ezisafufusa” kwakuyindaba yokuvela kwabo esigabeni esikhulu. Yize amazwe amaningi e-Third World engavunyelwe ukungena ezimakethe zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi ancike ngokuphelele ku-IMF nezinye izikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze bathole uxhaso, abafana ne-Argentina, iNingizimu Korea neMexico bavunyelwe ukungena.
Yize isamba semali ebesijikijelwa kuso besingacabangeki phambilini, intengo ibilokhu iphezulu ngokubulala - izimakethe zamabhondi zikhombisile ukuthi zingabacindezeli bemisebenzi abanolaka kune-IMF.
Lapho abahwebi bebhondi bengagculisekile ngesivinini sohlelo lwe-Argentina lokunciphisa izindleko, abakathumeli izinhlangothi ezixoxisanayo ukuthi zisongele, njengoba i-IMF yenze njalo. Bamane baqongelela amaphrimiyamu enzalo abayifuna ekukhishweni kwezikweletu ezintsha.
NgoJulayi 11, isibonelo, baguqule inqubo yokukhishwa kwezigidi ezingama-US$850 ezikweletini zomgcinimafa zezinsuku ezingama-91 kwaba inhlekelele, ngamaphrimiyamu ayefunwa u-14%, isuka ku-9% emasontweni amabili kuphela ngaphambili. Uhulumeni wawuthola lo mlayezo futhi washesha wamemezela ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa izindleko.
Inkinga yase-Argentina ibonise amandla aqondile akhulayo ezimakethe zamabhondi wamazwe ngamazwe ukuze agobe amazwe ekuthanda kwawo, ngisho noma lokho kusho inhlekelele enkulu yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Lokho kusho izindaba ezimbi kubantu bomhlaba.
Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi inkinga yase-Argentina iphinde yabonisa enye into ebaluleke kakhulu: ukuthi, lapho ibhekene nokukhuphuka okudumile, inhlokodolobha yamazwe ngamazwe ibonakale ingenakunyakaziswa njengoba icabanga.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela