Abantu basePalestine bangamaSemite, kepha igama elithi antisemitism alikaze lisetshenziswe ekubandlululeni, kumaJuda kuphela. Ukuvinjelwa kokufakwa kwesicelo kumaJuda, kanye nokwehluleka ukukusebenzisa kubhekiselwa kubantu basePalestine, kuyaqhubeka naphezu kokuthi ubandlululo olubhekiswe kumaJuda lwehle kakhulu eNtshonalanga kusukela esikhathini sikaHitler, nokuthi ama-Arabhu awaxoshe njengenhloso yawo. ubutha obuphikisana nama-"Semite". Ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa ngokwako kubonisa amandla kanye nokuchema okujulile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-"antisemitism" sekunesikhathi eside kuyisu labalandeli baka-Israyeli lokuphikisa ukugxekwa kuka-Israyeli, lapho kukhulunywa ngokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kanye nezinsolo zokucwasa amaJuda ezazisetshenziswa ukuze kuzwelwe u-Israyeli, okuthiwa aphinde asongelwa izitha ezisongelayo. Kodwa iqiniso ukuthi i-Israel idale izitha ezikhulayo ngokwenqaba ukushiya izindawo ezithathiwe, noma ukuthobela Izivumelwano Zase-Geneva, noma ukumisa ukuhlanzwa kobuzwe okwandayo nokunonya kwabantu bomdabu basePalestine ngokuthanda izifiki ezingamaJuda, abokufika abaningi. evela phesheya. Ngokukhomba ukuphikiswa kweSharon kanye nokuhlanzwa kohlanga lwakwa-Israel โnge-antisemitism,โ izishoshovu ezisekela ukuhlanzwa kohlanga zenze โukuphikisaโ - ngomqondo wazo osontekile nongamukeleki - isibopho sokuziphatha sabo bonke abantu abahloniphekile.
"I-Antisemitism" ibilokhu ihambisana "nobuphekula" kuzikhali zenkulumo-ze "yabangane bakwa-Israyeli," okuqokwe ngokufanele "abasekeli nababhali abangaphansi kokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga bakwa-Israyeli." Abantu basePalestine bangene obishini, kodwa nganoma iyiphi incazelo ezwakalayo ama-Israyeli anayo, futhi ukuchema ekuphathweni kwalaba bobabili bekumangalisa. Umehluko omkhulu wezinga lokufa phakathi neminyaka edlule - okungcono kunamashumi amabili asePalestine kuya kweyodwa kwa-Israeli - kanye nokucwasa okuqinile kobandlululo ekubhidlizweni nasekususweni kwezindlu, ukushaqwa kwemithombo yamanzi, kanye nokukhuphuka kwenhloko yezwe lakwa-Israel lamaphekula asezingeni lomhlaba. okubangela ukufa kwezakhamuzi zasePalestine ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane esiqeshini esisodwa, akuguquli ukuchema okugxilile okujulile. Kuphela abasePalestine bathuthumela; ama-Israyeli aphindisela futhi ayizisulu zokwesaba.
Emuva ngo-1979, lapho ingcindezi yomhlaba wonke eyayifuna u-Israyeli axazulule futhi aqedele โukuhlengwa kwezweโ ngokuhlanjululwa kohlanga yayinzima, i-Jonathan Institute eyayizinze kwa-Israel yahlela umhlangano kwa-Israel owahlanganisa amalungu eqembu laseNtshonalangaโuGeorge Bush, uGeorge. Will, Senators Henry Jackson kanye John Danforth, Paul Johnson, Lord Chalfont, Jacques Soustelle, kanye nabanye abaningi - ukumemezela PLO inhlangano yamaphekula exhunywe eMoscow, futhi bamemezele Israyeli isisulu. Inhlangano yaphinde yahlangana eWashington ngo-1984 kwenye iseshini evusa amadlingozi ukuze iveze amaphuzu afanayo, lapha noNobhala Wezwe uGeorge Shultz, uJeane Kirkpatrick, uSenator Moynihan, uDaniel Schorr noTed Koppel, phakathi kwabanye ababekhona. Lokhu kanye neminye imizamo eminingi yakwa-Israel esemthethweni yemithombo yezindaba yase-US isize ukufaka ilebula yobuphekula ku-PLO futhi kugcinwe ilungelo lika-Israyeli lokuzihlanza ngokobuhlanga ngokusebenzisa (okungaqashelwanga) ubuphekula bombuso.
Iminyaka eminingi e-United States, kwakukhona ukuthambekela ohlangothini lwabasekeli abaqinile bakwa-Israyeli ukuhlanganisa ukugxeka kuka-Israyeli "nokuphikisa." Ukugxeka okunjalo, ngisho nokugxekwa kwezinqubomgomo okungenzeka zingahambelani nezithakazelo zakwa-Israyeli, njengesabelomali esikhulu sezempi, kwakubhekwa - ngolimi lukaStalinist kanye nemodi - njenge-antisemitic "enenjongo" (edume kakhulu, emsebenzini kaNathan noRuth Perlmutter ka-1982 " I-antisemitism yangempela eMelika"). Lokho kuthambekela sekuphawuleka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje, njengoba โabanganeโ sebeya ngokuya beba nolaka ekuhlaseleni abagxeki bakwa-Israyeli, futhi baze bahlasela izikhungo zabezindaba ezisekela u-Israyeli ngokusobala njenge. I-Washington Post, i-New York Times kanye ne-CNN (zonke zivinjezelwe ngemiyalezo enobutha futhi zadukiswa). Ukushayela "abangane" sekufinyelele ekuvaleni ngokuphelele; abanelisekile ngokuthi i-NYT, i-WP kanye ne-CNN sezivele zichemile kakhulu ku-Israel (bona izingcaphuno ezingezansi), zifuna amaqiniso aphazamisayo acindezelwe kanye neminye imibono icishwe ngokuphelele.
Umkhankaso onamandla kakhulu "wabangane" uphinde uhlobane nezidingo zenqubomgomo yezwe lakwa-Israel. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezikhungo zomphakathi wasePalestine, ukuhlukunyezwa okunonya, ukusetshenziswa kwezicishamlilo, isikhathi sokufika ekhaya, kanye nezingxoxo ezivulelekile mayelana "nokudluliswa" okukhulu okungenzeka - okusho ukusheshisa ukuhlanzwa kobuhlanga - ngaphansi kokuqondisa komkhuzi wamaphekula uSharon. Imizamo efanayo yokuvikela le mizamo emibi kunoma yisiphi isithiyo saseNtshonalanga. Ukukhala "ngokuchasana namaJuda" okusha kanye nomkhankaso wokuthulisa noma yikuphi ukugxekwa kulandela futhi ngenxa yalesi sidingo sakwa-Israyeli. Njengoba u-Alexander Cockburn ephawulile, "kunendlela esheshayo yokubona ukuthi u-Israyeli uziphatha kabi kangakanani. Kukhona ukukhuphuka kwe-brisk enanini lama-athikili lapha amaJuda asola kwesokunxele sokungakholelwa kumaJuda."
Ulaka "lwabangane" luhlukile kububanzi balo, ukuqina nokusebenza kahle, futhi luhlanganisa uhlobo lobuphekula obusezingeni eliphansi obuhlasimulisa osopolitiki, abaphathi bezikole, nabezindaba. Kwase kuyisikhathi eside osopolitiki befakwa emgqeni ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabaningi ababenqamule indawo yokwamukela izivakashi esekela u-Israyeli esikhathini esidlule; kusukela emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule, ababili base-Illinois Republicans, uSenator Charles Percy kanye no-Rep. Paul Findley, babehloswe yi-American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) ngo-1984 no-1982 ngokulandelana, futhi bobabili bahlulwa. Ngo-1986, uSenator Jesse Helms wahlaselwa, futhi wasinda ngokulambisa. Kusukela lapho iphethini yakhe yokuvota ibilokhu isekela u-Israyeli ngokungaguquki nangokuzimisela. Ukuhlulwa kalula kwakamuva kwamakhongolose amabili amnyama anezihlalo "eziphephile" abefakwe ohlwini lwabashayiwe - u-Earl Hilliard noCynthia McKinney - kunikeze isifundo esisha kulabo okungenzeka ukuthi bathanda ukubuza uSharon isheke elingenalutho. Ngempela, uKhongolose kanye neSenethi bayaqhubeka nokuxhamazela ngawo wonke amathuba ngamavoti acishe abe ngazwi linye ngokumelene no-Arafat futhi besekela noma yini uSharon, indoda ebangela ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi baseQibya noSabra/Shatila, angase ayifune.
Kube nenani lezigameko zakamuva ezimangazayo ngendawo yokuhlala yabaphathi bekolishi endaweni yokwamukela abantu abahlanza ubuzwe, kanye namacala amaningi emizamo yezishoshovu zokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga ezisekela i-Israel yokunqanda inkulumo-mpikiswano. Phakathi kokuphawuleka kakhulu:
โUDkt. USami Al-Arian waseNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Florida umisiwe emsebenzini wakhe wokufundisa isayensi yekhompiyutha futhi wayiswa enkantolo ngenxa yezitatimende ezisekela iPalestine nezinsolo eziphathelene nezinhlangano zamaphekula, ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-"O'Reilly Factor", izinsongo zezezimali zabaxhasi benyuvesi, kanye necala elibi. umhlangano we-trustee lapho u-Al-Arian engavunyelwe ukuya khona nalapho kungavunyelwe muntu ukuba amkhulumele (leli bhodi labaphathiswa likhethwe ngesandla ngu-Jeb Bush).
- UMongameli waseHarvard uLawrence Summers uhlasele esidlangalaleni umkhankaso wokuchithwa kwamasheya kwa-Israel ethi lo mkhankaso "uyi-antisemitic empeleni, uma kungenjalo inhloso." Lesi sitatimende sihumushe umzamo ocace kakhulu wokujezisa u-Israyeli ngokuhlanzwa kwawo ngokobuhlanga njengokungahambisani namaJuda, futhi waze wabekela inselelo ngokungagunci inhloso yabakhankasi. Ngokunokwenzeka ukuncishiswa koxhaso lwase-US ku-Israel njengesijeziso sokuhlanzwa kohlanga nakho kungaba antisemitic "empeleni." I-Summers ifake ngaphakathi umugqa we-propaganda wabangane bokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga bakwa-Israel.
-Isikhangiso esigcwele ekhasini I-New York Times ka-October 7, 2002, exhaswe iKomiti YamaJuda YaseMelika, futhi inxusa ukuba kuqedwe ukuhlukunyezwa โkwabafundi abangamaJuda,โ yasayinwa omongameli bamakolishi namanyuvesi ase-US angaphezu kuka-300. Abaholi abaningana bekolishi benqabile ukusayina ngaphandle uma isikhangiso selulela ucingo lwadlula "abafundi abangamaJuda," kodwa lesi sicelo sanqatshwa yi-AJC. Lesi sikhangiso esishaqisayo asilungiswanga nje yiqembu elinentshisekelo elenqaba ukwenza isicelo sokuqeda ukuhlukumeza ngokujwayelekile, sikhishwe esikhathini lapho abafundi abangamaJuda kanye nezishoshovu zamaJuda ezilwela ukuhlanzwa kohlanga kwa-Israel bebelokhu belingana kakhulu ngabahlaseli. abahlukunyezwayo kunezisulu zokuhlukunyezwa.
-Emuva kwenkathi kaMcCarthy kanye nokufakwa ohlwini lwabavinjelwe izincwadi ezifana Iziteshi ezibomvu futhi Ukuhlasela yakhelwe ukuqwashisa abaqashi "Ngezibomvu," uDaniel Pipes muva nje uhlele isiza seCampus Watch esibala izifundiswa okusolwa ukuthi zichemile ezivuna abantu basePalestine. UPipes ngokwakhe ungumshisekeli wokuhlanzwa kohlanga owaziwa kakhulu we-pro-Israel, oyisikhulumi esivamile phambi kwamaqembu amaSiyoni aqinile futhi obambe iqhaza ekhasini le-Op-Ed The Wall Street Journal futhi I-New York Post. Lolu hlelo lokufakwa ohlwini lwabamnyama lukaMcCarthyite olunenhlonipho lwamukelwe ezindabeni zezindaba, ngaphandle kokucasuka noma ukugxekwa, nakuba singaqiniseka ukuthi umzamo ofanayo walabo abasekela iPalestine babala amaPipes nabanye abaqinile njengabachemile nabangafaneleki ngokuphelele ezifundweni. isikhundla besizophathwa ngendlela ehlukile.
Kube nezinye izinhlobo eziningi kanye nokubonakaliswa kolaka oluphikisana nemibono yamaqembu asekela u-Israyeli wokuhlanzwa kohlanga. Ekhempasini ngemva kwekhampasi, i-Defamation League (ebizwa ngokuthi, i-Anti-Defamation League) kanye nezinye izinhlaka ziye zakhononda lapho izikhulumi ezisekela i-Palestine zimenywa ukuthi zizokhuluma, ngezizathu zokuchema, ukweqisa, noma ukuntuleka "kokulinganisela." Ngezinye izikhathi baphoqelela ukukhansela, noma ukwengezwa kwezikhulumi zabo abazithandayo, futhi benza izindawo (kanye nabezindaba) baqaphe lapho bedlulisela izimemo kwasekuqaleni. Uma izikhulumi ezimele imibono emelene nokuhlanzwa kohlanga zifika, zivame ukuhlukunyezwa. Isifundiswa sakwa-Israel u-Tanya Reinhart ekhuluma eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania ngoSepthemba 30 wabhekana nokuphazamiseka okuvamile, ukuhlanjalazwa kanye nezinsongo.
Futhi noma ngubani obhala ngokugxeka ngenqubomgomo yakwa-Israel uzohlukumezeka kakhulu njengoba kunjalo. USolwazi Shahid Alam waseNortheastern University, ngemuva kokubhala indatshana ekhuluma ngengcindezelo yakwa-Israel kanye nokucela ukuthi i-Israel idube, ube yisisulu somkhankaso wokugxeka abezindaba, okwalandelwa ukuhlaselwa ngabaduni bamakhompyutha abathumela imiyalezo engamanga "e-email-spoofing" ngaphansi kwegama lakhe. . Mina nawo wonke umuntu engimaziyo sibhala ngale migqa sibhekene nogaxekile, ukukhohliswa nge-imeyili, nokuhlaselwa ngamagciwane.
Abangane bokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga bakwa-Israyeli bebelokhu belwa impi ezindaweni eziningi, futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza. Amandla abo abonakala eqinisweni lokuthi omongameli basekolishi abangaphezu kuka-300 basayina isikhangiso lapho abafundi abangamaJuda kuphela beyizisulu zokuhlukunyezwa. Kuyabonakala futhi ekuchemani okumangalisayo kwabezindaba, vele sebechemile kakhulu ekusekeleni noma yini eyenziwa yi-Israel, kodwa becindezelwa ukuhlasela "kwabangane" abafuna okwengeziwe - ukuze uthole ubufakazi kulokhu kuchema, bheka ucwaningo lwamacala amaningi. iwebhusayithi ye-Palestine Media Watch (), iwebhusayithi ye-FAIR (http://www.fair.org, kanye "Nokuhlanzwa Kwezizwe Okuvunyelwe Kwa-Israyeli," Ingxenye 3, Z Magazine, Juni 2001.
Ngokudabukisayo, impumelelo "yabangane" ibonakala futhi kunqubomgomo yase-US, eye yanikeza uSharon carte blanche ukubhekana nenkinga "yobuphekula" (ukuthengisa) ngobuphekula bakhe be-de facto (i-wholesale) eyenziwa ngezikhali zase-US kanye ne-diplomatic. isivikelo.
Edward S. Herman unguSolwazi Emeritus of Finance e-Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, futhi ubambe iqhaza ku-Z Magazine kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1988 futhi I-ZNet. UHerman ungumbhali wezincwadi eziningi, okuhlanganisa nenani lezifundo zebhizinisi nezabezindaba. Lezi zihlanganisa Ukulawulwa Kwebhizinisi, Amandla Ebhizinisi (1981), imiqulu emibili Umnotho Wezombangazwe Wamalungelo Abantu (1979) kanye Imvume Yokukhiqiza: Umnotho Wezombangazwe WeMedia Media (1988), zombili azibhala ngokubambisana noNoam Chomsky, kanjalo Imboni "Yobuphekula": Ochwepheshe Nezikhungo Ezilolonga Umbono Wethu Ngobushokobezi (1989), ayibhala ngokuhlanganyela noGerry O'Sullivan. U-Herman ngezikhathi ezithile unikela ngekholomu kokuthi Amadada.
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