Inhlangano entsha yomhlaba wonke ephikisana ne "globalization," okusho ukuthi,
Esinye isiphakamiso esinjalo “siwukuba “kwandiswe imali esetshenziswa “ekuhleleni” “ukuze kwenyuswe iphesenti labasebenzi abayizinyunyana. Ukwanda okunjalo “kokuminyana” kwezinyunyana kungase kukhulise umthelela wezinyunyana ezikhona, kodwa ngeke kuguqule ukugxambukela kwazo ezigabeni zamalungelo okuphatha nezingashayeki ezikhona cishe kuzo zonke izivumelwano zokuxoxisana ngamaqoqo. Lezi zigaba zomshwana ezimbili zinikeza abaphathi abenza inzuzo enkulu ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile futhi baphuce abasebenzi ikhono lokwenza noma yini ngakho.
Elinye isu eligunyazwe kabanzi "ukhetho lokuhlola amakhadi". Uma ishaywa ibe umthetho, leyo nqubo cishe izokwandisa inani lamayunithi ezingxoxo amelwe izinyunyana ezikhona. Ngeke kwenze lutho ukuguqula isimilo salezo zinhlangano ezisuka phezulu ziye phansi. Impela, uma ingekho imikhankaso yokhetho ethatha isikhathi eside kanye nezingxabano zomphakathi ezinamandla, ukhetho lokuhlolwa kwamakhadi lungabangela izinyunyana ukuthi zibe ngaphansi kwentando yeningi kunalokho eziyikho manje.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi lusikisela ukuthi lapho kungekho mthetho, ukuze zithole ukhetho lokuhlola amakhadi izinyunyana zivame ukwenza izivumelwano eziphawulekayo (abasebenzi abathintekayo abangenalo izwi ngakho) mayelana nokuthi kuzoba yini kwinkontileka ngemva kokuqashelwa kwenyunyana. Isu lesithathu elichazwe kabanzi "idlanzana noma amalungu- inyunyana kuphela". Umqondo uwukuthi umqashi kufanele kudingeke ukuthi axoxisane nanoma yiliphi iqembu labasebenzi elicelayo, ngisho noma labo basebenzi bengebona iningi labasebenzi. Lokhu kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza ngcono ukunyakaza kwabasebenzi ngoba kudinga inyunyana ukufakazela ukubaluleka kwayo ngezenzo, hhayi izithembiso. Nokho, lo mbono unezinkinga ezinkulu. Labo abavuna inyunyana encane bayibona njengesinyathelo esimaphakathi sokusekela iningi kanye nokuqashelwa kwenyunyana njenge-ejenti yezingxoxo ezikhethekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengeminye imibono eminingi yokuguqulwa komthetho wezabasebenzi, kubonakala kudinga ukugunyazwa kwengalo ethile kahulumeni (njengeNgqungquthela noma Ibhodi Likazwelonke Lezobudlelwano Bezabasebenzi) ngaphambi kokuthi kube okwangempela. Okungcono kunanoma yimuphi wale mibono yamasu kungaba ukubuyisela ngamabomu esimisweni esibalulekile senhlangano yabasebenzi: umgomo wobumbano. I-Knights of Labor kanye ne-IWW yaveza lesi simiso sobumbano ngaso sonke isikhathi ngamagama, "ukulimala komunye kuwukulimala kubo bonke." Ukusebenzisa okuthile kwalesi simiso kuyabonakala. Isibonelo, ekugcineni kuzovimbela ukwakhiwa kwezigaba zamaholo ezihlukene zabasebenzi abenza imisebenzi efanayo futhi abahluke kuphela mayelana nezinsuku zabo zokuqashwa. Futhi, kuzodinga ukuthi inhlangano yabasebenzi ifune izixazululo ezizuzisa "bobabili" abasebenzi abafuna ukungena
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubumbana kwezinyunyana okunjalo ngokusebenza, abasebenzi, izazi-mlando zabasebenzi, izikhulu zezinyunyana, nabameli bezabasebenzi kufanele baqinisekise umqondo oyisisekelo wokuthi izimpendulo ezinsizini abasebenzi base-U.S. (nakwezinye izindawo) zizokhula kusukela phansi kuye phezulu. , hhayi ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi. Kudingeka sibuyele ekuhlangenwe nakho kwabasebenzi kuleli zwe ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 ababengakwazi ukuthola usizo ezinyunyaneni zikazwelonke noma kuhulumeni kazwelonke, okwathi, ngakho-ke, baphendukela omunye komunye, benza ngcono izinhlangano zabasebenzi eziyinhloko ukuze zixhumanise imisebenzi yazo. iziteleka ezijwayelekile zendawo. Kunokuba bafune usizo ezinkantolo, bafuna ukususa amajaji emhlane wabo, ngokusebenzisa izinhlinzeko zokulwa nomthetho we-Federal Norris- LaGuardia Act kanye nemithetho emincane yaseNorris-LaGuardia yezifunda eziningi. Umbandela obalulekile wenhlangano entsha yabasebenzi abasuka phansi iye phezulu ukuyeka ukufuna umholi omusha onomlingo wenhlangano ekhona yezinyunyana ozokwenza konke kulunge futhi.
Izihlakaniphi ezihambisana nenhlangano yabasebenzi zinesibopho esikhethekile. Ngo-1995, izazi-mlando ezimbili zezabasebenzi zasakaza i-Open Letter eya kuMongameli Okhethiwe uJohn Sweeney, eyabingelela ukuphakama kuka-Sweeney "njengentuthuko ejabulisa kakhulu empilweni yezombusazwe yesizwe sakithi kusukela ekuphumeleleni kwenhlangano yamalungelo abantu," ihlole ukhetho lwakhe njengoluthembisayo. ] ukuphinda senze indlu yezisebenzi ibe inhlangano yomphakathi esingabuthana kuyo" futhi sathembisa "ukudlala indima yethu ekusizeni ukufeza isithembiso sika-Okthoba."2
Lapho u-Andrew Stern kamuva elahla uSweeney futhi ehola izinyunyana ezinkulu eziningana enhlanganweni entsha, u-Barbara Ehrenreich wamemezela ukuthi "ikusasa lephupho laseMelika" manje "lisezandleni zika-Andrew Stern" "nohlelo olubalulekile lwezinguquko" kanye "nesibindi esinesibindi. umbono wenguquko."3 Lokhu kungenzeka ngaphambi komfelandawonye we-Stern no-Wal-Mart. Lokhu okungenhla kwenza kucace ukuthi kungani kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphinde ubheke u-John L. Lewis, ukwedlulela ngale kukaSaul Alinsky, uMelvyn Dubofsky, uDavid Brody, noRobert Zieger, ngempela ngale kokuvumelana kosomlando wezabasebenzi, mayelana nalesi sibalo sepharadigmatic. Lapha, ucwaningo lukaJim Pope luyisango lokuqonda ukubaluleka komsebenzi wezinga nefayela njengento eyinhloko ekukhuleni kokunyakaza kwabasebenzi.4
Njengoba uPapa esho:
Ngokuya ngendaba evamile, isigaba 7[a] soMthetho Kazwelonke Wokubuyiswa Kwezimboni [wenze nokwenzeka] umkhankaso wokuhlela omuhle owasungula kabusha inyunyana yabasebenzi basezimayini ezindaweni ezithambile zamalahle. Indaba iqala ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1933, lapho uMongameli we-UMW u-John L. Lewis-elindele ukushaywa kwesigaba 7(a)- ebophezela umgcinimafa wonke wenyunyana. . . . Abahleli abayikhulu baphumela ngaphandle ezinkundleni zamalahle . . . ethi “uMengameli” ufuna abavukuzi bajoyine inyunyana. . . [W]emavikini ambalwa okusayinwa kwesigaba 7(a), inyunyana ibhalisela iningi labavukuzi ezindaweni ezithambile zamalahle.
Kule ndaba evamile, uPapa uphawula ngokufanelekile, "abavukuzi bamalahle abavamile ukuvela futhi bateleke-uma bengena endabeni-badlala indima esekelayo," futhi kuthiwa baqondiswa uLewis.
UPapa usitshela ukuthi waqala ucwaningo lwakhe lapho
Isigaba 7(a) "asizange sishukumise ukunyakaza noma simise izimfuno zayo." NgoMeyi 17, 1933, lapho i-NIRA yethulwa kuKhongolose, "ukukhuphuka kwezingubo namalahle kwase kushubile."
Kusukela ekuzihlanganiseni, abavukuzi baqhubekele phambili, ngokusho kukaPapa, ukuze baphoqelele umthetho kusuka ngezansi. ULewis weluleke abavukuzi ukuthi bangateleki ngoba isenzo sangempela sizobe sesingenile
Abashayi, nokho, babheka ukuqopha "hhayi njengendlela yokuxhumana, kodwa njengethuluzi lokuphoqelela."
Abavukuzi abazange baphume naphezu kokwehliswa kwamaholo futhi bathembisa ukwenyuselwa amaholo ngoba uPapa uthi ababekufuna “ukushintsha kwesakhiwo” kanye “nohlelo olusha lwezimboni.” Abatelekile bazihlele ngamakomiti omgodi athathe indawo yophiko olusemthethweni loMW. UPapa uphetha ngokuthi:
Kuwo wonke umzabalazo, uJohn L. Lewis ubeyisinyathelo ngemuva kwezishoshovu zezinyunyana zendawo. Umkhankaso wakhe wokuhlela ohlonishwayo awuzange wethulwe kwaze kwaba yilapho abavukuzi bezikhundla kanye namafayela sebeyivuselele kabusha inyunyana. Lapho esetshaliwe, abagqugquzeli bakhe basebenza ngokuqhubekayo ukuze babukele phansi umnyakazo wesiteleka. . . . Ngakho-ke, ukululama okuvusa amadlingozi kwenyunyana ye-UMW - kamuva eyanconywa nguLewis njengomkhiqizo wokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe kanye nokushaya umthetho kukahulumeni wobumbano - empeleni kwabangelwa inhlangano yentando yeningi yezishoshovu zendawo ephoqelela umbono wazo welungelo lokuhlela.
Akumele sikhiphe i-demythologies hhayi u-John L. Lewis kuphela, kodwa nabo bonke abaholi abanjalo okuhlanganisa u-Philip Murray, u-Walter Reuther, uCesar Chavez, u-Arnold Miller, u-Ed Sadlowksi, u-Ron Carey, u-John Sweeney, no-Andrew Stern, futhi kumele siphinde sicabangele isikhundla nefayela. ukunyakaza njengento engaphezu kwekhokhasi yokukhetha abaholi abasha bezinyunyana abaphethe.
Ukunyakaza kwezikhundla kwasekuqaleni kwawo-1930 kwathatha abantu abazongenela ukhetho, kodwa futhi benqaba ukwamukela izivumelwano zokuxoxisana ezazixoxisana ngaphandle kweminyango evaliwe; baqale iziteleka ezingezinhle, iziteleka ezijwayelekile zendawo, kanye nesiteleka sikazwelonke sendwangu; futhi akazange abaleke ekukhetheni ukuzihlukanisa ukuze aqale izinyunyana ezintsha.
Babekholelwa, ngolimi lwenhlangano emelene nembulunga yonke, ukuthi elinye izwe lingenzeka, futhi ngolimi lukaKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels, babenezwe ababezolinqoba.
Amanothi"
1. Izazi-mlando zivame ukugxeka uSamuel Gompers ngokusekela "ukukhishwa ngaphandle" kwezisebenzi zaseShayina ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngenkathi u-Tom Leedham, njengelungu leqembu le-Teamsters for a Democratic Union kumongameli we-International Brotherhood of Teamsters, egxeka umphikisi wakhe (James Hoffa, Jr.) ngokungenzi okwanele ukugcina abashayeli bamaloli baseMexico bangangeni.
2. Incwadi yasayinwa, phakathi kwabanye, nguStanley Aronowitz, Derrick Bell, Barry Bluestone, Julian Bond, Barbara Ehrenreich, Eric Foner, Betty Friedan, Herbert Gans, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Todd Gitlin, Michael Kazin, Jonathan Kozol , uWilliam Kornblum, uDavid Montgomery, u-Arthur Schlesinger Jr., uMichael Walzer, noCornel West, abaphinde badumise uSweeney ngokuthi "umholi onombono." "Ukunyuka Kwendlu Yezabasebenzi," "Kulezi Zikhathi", Disemba 25, 1995, p. 4.
3. USteve Early, ukubuyekezwa kukaJohn Sweeney, "America Needs a Raise", kanye no-Andrew Stern, "A Country That Works", ku-WorkingUSA: The Journal of Labor and Society", vol. 10, no. 1 (March 2007) : 142.
4. "I
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"UStaughton Lynd "isazi-mlando senhlalo esihamba phambili esinikele impilo yaso ekufundiseni ngesigaba sabasebenzi kanye nokugqugquzela umphakathi kanye nobumbano. Ungumbhali wezincwadi eziningi ezikhuluma ngezisebenzi, isigaba sabasebenzi, nabacindezelwe. Wenza umthetho wokuqashwa njengommeli wezinsizakalo zomthetho ku
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