Nakuba ama-nukes kanye ne-Iraq kube yikona okugxilwe kakhulu emkhankasweni weBush Administration wokucindezela i-Iran, izikhulu zase-US nazo zifuna ukubeka i-Iran njengezwe elihamba phambili ngabaxhasi bobuphekula. Futhi iqhinga lakamuva leTeam Bush elokudlala izinsolo ezineminyaka eyishumi nantathu ubudala zokuthi i-Iran yiyona eyadala ukuqhuma kwebhomu eBuenos Aires okwacekela phansi iJewish Community Center yedolobha, eyaziwa nge-AMIA, kwashona abangamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha kwalimala abangu-300, ngo-1994. izikhulu eziphezulu Zokuphatha utshele the Wall Street Journal NgoJanuwari 15 ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Argentina "kuyisibonelo sokuthi iTehran isebenzise kanjani amanxusa ayo aphesheya kwezilwandle kanye nobudlelwano namaqembu aphikisayo angaphandle, ikakhulukazi i-Hezbollah, ukuhlasela izitha zayo."
Lo mkhankaso wenkulumo-ze uncike kakhulu esinqumweni ngoNovemba odlule se-General Assembly ye-Interpol, eyavotela ukubeka izikhulu ezinhlanu zase-Iranian nomholi we-Hezbollah "ohlwini olubomvu" lwenhlangano yamaphoyisa yamazwe ngamazwe ngezinsolo zokuhlela ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ngoJulayi 1994. Kodwa i Wall Street Journal ibika ukuthi yingcindezi evela kuBush Administration, kanye nezinxusa zakwa-Israel kanye nezase-Argentina, eziqinisekise ivoti le-Interpol. Eqinisweni, ukukhohlisa koBush Administration ecaleni lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Argentina kuhambisana ngokuphelele nomkhuba wabo omude wokusebenzisa ubufakazi obuhlanekezelayo nobenziwayo ukuze bakhe icala ngokumelene nezitha zabo zezwe.
Ngemva kokuchitha izinyanga ezimbalwa ngixoxisana nezikhulu zeNxusa Lase-US eBuenos Aires ezazijwayelene nophenyo lwase-Argentina, inhloko yethimba le-FBI elalisiza kanye nomphenyi ozimele wase-Argentina onolwazi olunzulu ngaleli cala, ngathola ukuthi abukho ubufakazi bangempela obuye batholakala. kufake i-Iran ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zingxoxo kanye nerekhodi ledokhumenti yophenyo, akunakwenzeka ukugwema isiphetho sokuthi icala elibhekene ne-Iran mayelana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-AMIA liye laqhutshwa kusukela ekuqaleni ubutha base-US ngokumelene ne-Iran, hhayi isifiso sokuthola abenzi bobubi bangempela.
'I-Wall of Assumptions'
Inqubomgomo yaseMelika mayelana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu yahlanekezelwa kusukela ekuqaleni isu likaClinton Administration lokuhlukanisa i-Iran, elamukelwa ngo-1993 njengengxenye yokuqondana no-Israyeli ngezingxoxo zokuthula namaPalestina. Ngalo kanye usuku lobugebengu, ngaphambi kokuba kwaziwe noma yini ngokuthi ubani owayenecala, uNobhala Wezwe uWarren Christopher wasola "labo abafuna ukumisa inqubo yokuthula eMpumalanga Ephakathi"-okubhekisela ngokusobala e-Iran.
UWilliam Brencick, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyinduna yesigaba sezombangazwe eNxusa LaseMelika eBuenos Aires kanye noxhumana naye wokuqala weNxusa ophenyweni, ukhumbule engxoxweni nami ngoJuni odlule ukuthi "udonga lokucabanga" luqondise indlela yase-US kuleli cala. Okucatshangelwayo okuyinhloko, uBrencick uthe, ukuthi ukuqhuma kwakuyibhomu lokuzibulala nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwebhomu lokuzibulala kwakuwubufakazi bokuqala bokubandakanyeka kweHezbollah-ngakho-ke i-Iran.
Kodwa inkolelo-mbono yebhomu elizibulele ngokushesha yahlangabezana nezinkinga ezinkulu. Ngemva kwalokhu kuqhuma, uhulumeni weMenem wacela i-United States ukuthi ithumele ithimba elizosiza ophenyweni, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemva kokuqhuma kwamabhomu, ochwepheshe be-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms bafika eBuenos Aires kanye nama-FBI amathathu. . Ngokusho kwengxoxo inhloko yethimba, uchwepheshe weziqhumane we-ATF uCharles Hunter, unikeze ithimba labaphenyi abazimele eliholwa yintatheli yaseMelika uJoe Goldman kanye nentatheli yase-Argentina uJorge Lanata, ngokushesha nje lapho ithimba lifika amaphoyisa ase-federal abeka umbono wokuthi iveni emhlophe yohlobo lwe Renault Trafic yayithwele ibhomu elacekela phansi i-AMIA.
U-Hunter uhlonze ngokushesha ukungezwani okukhulu phakathi kwethisisi yebhomu lemoto kanye nephethini yokuqhuma eqoshwe ezithombeni. Wabhala umbiko emasontweni amabili kamuva ephawula ukuthi ngemva kokuqhuma kwebhomu, okuthengiswayo esitolo ngokushesha ngakwesokunene se-AMIA kwakugcwele phama kumafasitela angaphambili futhi okuthengiswayo kwesinye isitolo kuqhunyiswe emgwaqweni-okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuqhuma kwavela ngaphakathi kunangaphandle. U-Hunter uphinde wathi akaqondi ukuthi ibhilidi elingaphesheya komgwaqo belingamile kanjani ukube ibhomu beliqhume phambi kwe-AMIA, njengoba kuphakanyiswe umbhalo webhomu lemoto.
Ukuntuleka kobufakazi bofakazi bokuzibonela obusekela le thesis kwakumangalisa ngendlela efanayo. Kofakazi ababalelwa ku-200 endaweni yesigameko, oyedwa kuphela owathi wabona imoto yohlobo lweRenault Trafic emhlophe. Abaningana bethula ubufakazi bethi bebebheke lapho kufanele kube khona iTrafic ngesikhathi kwenzeka ukuqhuma babona lutho. UNicolasa Romero, inkosikazi yephoyisa laseBuenos Aires, wayeyilowo fakazi oyedwa. Uthe wabona imoto yomlungu iRenault Trafic iza ekhoneni lapho ayemi khona nodadewabo nendodana yakhe eneminyaka emine. Kodwa udadewabo kaRomero uveze ukuthi imoto ebidlula kubo bekungeyona iTrafic emhlophe kodwa bekuyitekisi emnyama nokuphuzi. Abanye abazibonele babike ukuthi babone itekisi emnyama nokuphuzi imizuzwana ngaphambi kokuqhuma.
Abashushisi base-Argentina baphikisene ngokuthi izingcezu zeTrafic emhlophe efakwe enyameni yezisulu eziningi zokuqhuma zafakazela icala labo ngebhomu lokuzibulala. Kodwa lobo bufakazi behliswa u-Gabriel Levinas, umcwaningi weqembu lezomthetho le-AMIA. U-Levinas uyilungu lomndeni ohamba phambili wamaJuda eBuenos Aires owashicilela umagazini wamalungelo abantu ngesikhathi sobushiqela (imoto kamalume wakhe yasetshenziselwa ukuthumba isigebengu sempi u-Adolf Eichmann futhi samyisa kwa-Israel ukuze siquliswe icala ngo-1982.)
Uthole ukuthi umkhiqizi weTrafic emhlophe wayethunyelelwe izingcezwana zemoto etholwe ngamaphoyisa ukuze ziyocutshungulwa futhi uthole ukuthi azikho izicucu ezake zafakwa ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu. Lokho kwakusho ukuthi lezi zingcezu zezimoto bezingeke zivele ku-Trafic emhlophe amaphoyisa ayeyihlonze njengemoto yebhomu lokuzibulala-njengoba leyo moto kwakwaziwa ukuthi yake yasha ngaphambi kokuba igaywe kabusha futhi ilungiswe.
Nokho naphezu kokuntuleka kobufakazi bofakazi bokuzibonela kanye nobuthakathaka bobufakazi besayensi yezobunhloli, uMnyango Wezwe wayamukela esidlangalaleni indaba yebhomu lokuzibulala ngo-1994 no-1995.
Inkinga Yezisusa
Abaphenyi abazimele nabo sekunesikhathi eside bedidekile ukuthi kungani i-Iran ibizokwenza isenzo ngokumelene namaJuda ase-Argentina ngenkathi abalingani bayo be-Hezbollah bebhekene nomzabalazo wezikhali namasosha akwa-Israel eLebanon. Ekubekweni kwabo amacala ngo-2006 kwezizwe eziningi zase-Iranian ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu, abashushisi base-Argentina bathi i-Iran ihlela ukuhlasela kwe-AMIA ngoba abaphathi bakaCarlos Menem bakhansele kungazelelwe izinkontileka ezimbili zokudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe benuzi e-Iran.
Kodwa empeleni icala linikeza izingcaphuno ezivela emibhalweni eyisihluthulelo ebukela phansi leso siphetho. Ngokombiko wangoFebhuwari 10, 1992, ikhebula lenxusa lase-Argentina e-Iran, umqondisi woMnyango Wezangaphandle waseMelika wase-Iran โwayegcizelele isidingo sokufinyelela isisombululo senkinga [yokudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe benuzi] ezogwema ukulimala kwezinye izinkontileka. ." Ngakho-ke i-Iran yabonisa ngokucacile ithemba layo lokuthola isixazululo okuxoxiswene ngaso esingavuselela izinkontileka ezimisiwe futhi sigcine nezinye izivumelwano ne-Argentina.
NgoMashi 17, 1992, ukuqhuma kwebhomu kwacekela phansi iNxusa lakwa-Israel eBuenos Aires-isigameko abashushisi base-Argentina nabo bathwesa icala i-Iran. Icala, nokho, licaphuna isikhulu esiphezulu se-INVAP, inkampani yenuzi yase-Argentina eyayiphethe iKhomishana Kazwelonke Yamandla E-Atomic, ithi ngo-1992 kwakukhona "ukuxhumana" phakathi kwe-INVAP ne-Atomic Energy Organization yase-Iran "ngokulindela ukuthi isinqumo sikahulumeni kazwelonke sizobuyekezwa, sivumele imisebenzi ekuzinkontileka ukuthi iqalwe kabusha." Isikhulu esifanayo saqinisekisa ukuthi izingxoxo eziphathelene namaphrojekthi amabili akhanseliwe zaqhubeka kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-1995-ngaphambi nangemva kokuqhuma kwe-AMIA. Lezo zambulo ziphakamisa ukuthi isimo sase-Irani esibhekene ne-Argentina ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwamabhomu sasiphambene ncamashi naleso esasishiwo ecaleni.
Isizathu se-Hezbollah sokubandakanyeka ekuqhumeni kwebhomu le-AMIA, ngokusho kwecala, kwakuwukuziphindiselela ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu kwa-Israyeli ekamu lokuqeqesha iHezbollah eBekaa Valley ekuqaleni kuka-1994 kanye nokuthunjwa kuka-Israel umholi wamaShiite uMustapha Dirani ngoMeyi. Lowo mbono wehluleka ukuchaza, nokho, ukuthi kungani iHezbollah ingakhetha ukuziphindiselela kumaJuda ase-Argentina. Bekuvele kusempini namasosha akwa-Israel eLebanon, lapho leli qembu belisebenzisa ukuhlasela kwamabhomu ngomzamo wokucindezela u-Israel ukuthi ayeke ukubusa. I-Hezbollah yayinenketho yesibili elula yokuziphindiselela etholakalayo, okwakuwukwethula amarokhethi e-Katyusha awele umngcele angene endaweni yakwa-Israel.
Yilokho kanye iHezbollah eyakwenza ukuze iziphindiselele ekubulaweni kuka-Israyeli kwezakhamuzi zaseLebanon ezingaba yikhulu edolobheni laseQana ngo-100. Leso sigameko sagqugquzela intukuthelo enkulu ku-Israyeli phakathi kwamaphekula e-Hezbollah kunanoma yisiphi esinye isenzakalo ngawo-1996, ngokusho kuka-Augustus onguchwepheshe we-Hezbollah University yaseBoston. URichard Norton. Uma i-Hezbollah iphendule kulokhu kucasulwa kwama-Israel ngamarokhethi e-Katyusha endaweni yakwa-Israel, akuwenzi umqondo ukuthi ngabe iphendule icala elincane lakwa-Israel ngokuklama ukuhlasela kwamazwe ngamazwe okunezifiso kumaJuda ase-Argentina ngaphandle kokuxhumana nokuhlasela kuka-Israel.
I-Frame-up
Itshe eliyinhloko lecala lase-Argentina kwakunguCarlos Alberto Telleldin, umdayisi wezimoto esezike wasebenza onerekhodi lokusebenzelana okunethunzi nezigebengu namaphoyisaโ kanye nesibongo samaShiite. NgoJulayi 10, 1994, u-Telleldin wathengisa imoto yohlobo lweTrafic emhlophe amaphoyisa ayethi yimoto yokuzibulala kowesilisa amchaza njengonezwi laseMelika Ephakathi. Ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ngemuva kokuqhuma kwebhomu uTelleldin waboshwa esolwa ngokuba nesandla ebugebengwini.
Amaphoyisa athi aholelwe eTelleldin ngenombolo yocingo esenjinini yeveni, etholwe emvithi. Kodwa bekuyoba iphutha elimangalisayo ngabahleli balokho okwakuwukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okuchwepheshile ukuba bashiye inkombandlela ebonakalayo, leyo noma iliphi isela lezimoto elaziyo ukuthi lingacinywa kanjani. Lokho bekufanele kube yinkomba yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlasela kwakungahlelwanga yiHezbollah, ochwepheshe bayo bamabhomu babaziwa kakhulu ngabahlaziyi bezobunhloli base-US ukuthi babehlakaniphe ngokwanele, lapho beqhumisa iNxusa laseMelika eBeirut ngo-1983, ukugwema ukushiya ngemuva noma iyiphi i-forensic. ubufakazi obuzoholela emuva kubo. Bekumele futhi kuqubule imibuzo ngokuthi ngabe lobo bufakazi batshalwa ngamaphoyisa uqobo.
Kuyacaca manje ukuthi inhloso yangempela kahulumeni weMenem yokubopha uTelleldin kwakuwukumfaka iminwe kulabo ababefuna ukubasola ngokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu. NgoJanuwari 1995, u-Telleldin wavakashelwa ibutho lezempi eselathatha umhlalaphansi uKapteni Hector Pedro Vergez, i-ejenti yetoho ye-SIDE, i-ejensi yezobunhloli yase-Argentina, eyamnika u-$1 million kanye nenkululeko yakhe uma ezohlonza oyedwa kwabahlanu baseLebanon ababoshwe eParaguay. Septhemba 2004-amadoda i-CIA yathi angaba ngamaphekula e-Hezbollah-njengomuntu ayemdayisele iveni. Ngemva kokuba u-Telleldin enqabile ukuhambisana nalolu hlelo, ijaji lase-Argentina lathola ukuthi abukho ubufakazi obungababopha labo abasolwa ngokuthi bangamasosha.
Inkantolo yaseBuenos Aires, eyalichitha icala elibhekene noTelleldin ngo-2004, yanquma ukuthi ijaji likahulumeni, uLuisa Riva Aramayo, lahlangana noTelleldin ngo-1995 ukuze baxoxe ngenye indlela - yamkhokhela ukuthi afakaze ukuthi wayedayisele iveni izikhulu eziningana. izibalo emaphoyiseni esifundazwe saseBuenos Aires ayengabambisene nembangi yezombangazwe kaMenem, u-Eduardo Duhalde. NgoJulayi 1996, iJaji uJuan Jose Galeano, owayengamele uphenyo, wanikeza uTelleldin u-$400,000 ukuze afake lawo maphoyisa njengesandla ekuqhunyisweni kwebhomu. (I-videotape eyenziwe ngokuyimfihlo ama-ejenti e-SIDE futhi yasakazwa kuthelevishini ngo-Ephreli 1997 yabonisa uGaleano exoxisana ngokufumbathisa.) Inyanga ngemva kokwenza isipho ku-Telleldin, uGaleano wamangalela izikhulu ezintathu zamaphoyisa aseBuenos Aires ngokubandakanyeka ekuqhumeni kwebhomu, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini bukaTelleldin. .
"Yonke into yase-Iran ibibonakala iwuhlobo lwe-Flimsy"
Engxoxweni edlule ngoMeyi uJames Cheek, iNxusa likaClinton e-Argentina ngesikhathi kuqhuma ibhomu, wangitshela, "Ngokwazi kwami, akuzange kube khona ubufakazi bangempela [bomthwalo wemfanelo wase-Iranian]. Abazange beze nalutho." Ukhumbula ukuthi owayehamba phambili kuleli cala kwakunguManoucher Moatamer owayehlubuke e-Iran, โowayenalo lonke lolu lwazi.โ Kodwa uMoatamer kuvele ukuthi ubeyisikhulu esingagculisekile esisezingeni eliphansi ngaphandle kolwazi ngezinqumo zikahulumeni ayezisho. "Sigcine sinqume ukuthi akakholakala," kukhumbula uCheek. URon Goddard, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyisekela lesikhulu seMishini yase-US eBuenos Aires, ukuqinisekisile ukulandisa kukaCheek. Ukhumbule ukuthi abaphenyi abatholanga lutho oluhlanganisa i-Iran nokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu. "Yonke into yase-Iran ibibukeka iyimbi," kusho uGoddard.
UJames Bernazzani, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyinhloko yehhovisi le-FBI le-Hezbollah, wayalelwa ngo-Okthoba 1997 ukuthi ahlanganise ithimba lochwepheshe elizoya e-Buenos Aires liyomisa icala le-AMIA. UBernazzani, manje oseyinhloko yehhovisi lale nhlangano eNew Orleans, ukhumbule engxoxweni kaNovemba 2006 ukuthi wafika kanjani wathola ukuthi uphenyo lwase-Argentina mayelana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kwe-AMIA abutholanga ubufakazi bangempela bokubandakanyeka kwe-Iran noma i-Hezbollah. Okuwukuphela kwemikhondo ephakamisa ukuxhumana kwe-Iranian ekuqhunyisweni kwebhomu ngaleso sikhathi, ngokusho kukaBernazzani, kwakuyikhasethi yokugada isithandwa sase-Iranian uMohsen Rabbani ethenga iveni elimhlophe leTrafic kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezingcingo ezenziwa emasontweni ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwebhomu.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuqhuma kwamabhomu, iphephandaba lansuku zonke le-Buenos Aires elikhulu kunawo wonke, Clarin, ishicilele indaba, eyaputshuzelwa kuyo yiJaji uGaleano, ukuthi uphiko lwezobunhloli lwase-Argentina lwaluqophe uRabbani ethenga "izinyanga" zeTrafic emhlophe ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwebhomu. Ukufingqwa kwezincwadi ezigunyaza ukuboshwa kukaRabbani nabanye abantu base-Irani abayisithupha ngo-2006 kwaqhubeka kubhekiselwa โemaphepheni angenakuphikiswaโ afakazela ukuthi uRabbani wayevakashele abadayisi bezimoto eyobheka iveni efana naleyo okuthiwa yasetshenziswa ekuqhumeni kwebhomu. Eqinisweni, umbiko wezobunhloli mayelana nokubhekwa kukaRabbani othunyelwe kuGaleano ezinsukwini eziyishumi ngemuva kokuqhuma kwebhomu ubonisa ukuthi usuku uRabbani abheka ngalo iTrafic emhlophe yomthengisi wezimoto kwakunguMeyi 1, 1993-ezinyangeni eziyishumi nanhlanu ngaphambi kokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu futhi kudala ngaphambi kokuba abashushisi base-Argentina bathi i-Iran. inqume ukukhomba i-AMIA.
Lapho bungekho ubufakazi obuphathekayo, i-SIDE yaphendukela "ekuhlaziyweni kwesixhumanisi" kwamarekhodi ocingo ukuze yenze icala elibucayi lecala lase-Iranian. Abahlaziyi be-SIDE baphikisa ngokuthi uchungechunge lwezingcingo ezenziwa phakathi kukaJulayi 1 noJulayi 18, 1994, kumakhalekhukhwini edolobheni lasemngceleni waseBrazil iFoz de Iguazu kumele ngabe lwenziwa "iqembu elisebenzayo" ngokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu-nokuthi ucingo okuthiwa lushayelwe kumakhalekhukhwini kaRabbani lungaxhunywa kuleli qembu. U-Bernazzani we-FBI ungitshele ukuthi umangazwe ukusebenzisa kwe-SIDE ukuhlaziya isixhumanisi ukuze kutholwe umthwalo wemfanelo. โKungaba yingozi kakhulu,โ wangitshela. "Ngokusebenzisa lokho kuhlaziya, ungaxhumanisa ucingo lwami nelika-bin Laden." UBernazzani uthe iziphetho ezifinyelelwe ngabaphenyi base-Argentina โzaziwukuqagelaโ nje futhi wathi yena noma izikhulu zaseWashington azikuthatheli phezulu njengobufakazi obukhomba e-Iran.
Kwathi ngo-2000, kwavela omunye futhi owahlubuka ngendaba entsha yesibopho sase-Iranian. U-Abdolghassem Mesbahi, owathi wake waba yindoda yesithathu kwezobunhloli e-Iran, utshele uGaleano ukuthi isinqumo sokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu i-AMIA senziwe emhlanganweni wezikhulu eziphezulu zase-Iran, okuhlanganisa noMongameli u-Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, ngo-Agasti 14, 1993. Kodwa Ngokushesha i-Mesbahi yachithwa. U-Bernazzani wangitshela ukuthi izikhulu zezobunhloli zaseMelika zazikholelwa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2000, uMesbahi wayesenesikhathi eside elahlekelwe ukufinyelela kwezobunhloli base-Iran, ukuthi "wayempofu, futhi ephukile" futhi ekulungele "ukunikeza ubufakazi kunoma yiliphi izwe kunoma yiliphi icala elithinta i-Iran."
Unolwazi Olungabazayo
U-Bernazzani wavuma kimi ukuthi kuze kube ngu-2003, icala elibhekene ne-Iran lalimane nje "liyizimo." Kodwa uthe impumelelo yafika ngalowo nyaka, lapho kukhonjwa khona ibhomu okuthiwa lizibulele njengo-Ibrahim Hussein Berro, isishoshovu se-Hezbollah yaseLebanon, okwathi, ngokusho komsakazo waseLebanon, wabulawa empini yokulwa namasosha akwa-Israel eningizimu yeLebanon ngoSepthemba. 1984, izinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-AMIA. "Sigculisekile ukuthi sihlonze ibhomu ngokusekelwe ekupheleleni kwemithombo yedatha," kusho uBernazzani, ecaphuna "inhlanganisela yobufakazi obubonakalayo kanye nofakazi." Kepha ukuhlonza kukaBerro, nakho, kwaphawulwa ngobufakazi bokwenziwa nokukhohlisa.
Indaba esemthethweni ukuthi igama lika-Berro ladluliselwa ku-SIDE kanye ne-CIA yimpimpi yaseLebanon ngoJuni 2001. Lo mbiko uthe ube nobungane nomshayeli we-Hezbollah nomsizi wabaholi abaphezulu be-Hezbollah okuthiwa u-Abu Mohamad Yassin, owamtshela ukuthi i-Hezbollah. isishoshovu esibizwa ngokuthi "Brru" kwaba idelakufa. Leyo ndaba iyasolisa ezicini ezimbalwa, okusobala kakhulu ukuthi izinhlangano zezobunhloli cishe azilokothi zidalule igama, noma ngisho isikhundla sangaphambili, somuntu onolwazi lwangempela.
Ubufakazi basenkantolo ka-September 2003 bukaPatricio Pfinnen, isikhulu se-SIDE esiphethe uphenyo lokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-AMIA waze waxoshwa ngoJanuwari 2002, kubeka ukungabaza okukhulu ngokwethembeka kwalompimpi. U-Pfinnen uveze ukuthi ngesikhathi yena nozakwabo bebuyela kumtsheleli neminye imibuzo, "kukhona okungahambanga kahle ngolwazi, noma bebesiqambela amanga." U-Pfinnen uthe iqembu lakhe lagcina liyilahlile imfundiso kaBerro ngoba imithombo yaseLebanon "yehlulekile futhi ibingaqiniseki." Uphethe ngokuthi, "Ngiyakungabaza ukuthi [uBerro] ungumuntu owahlatshwa."
Ngemuva kokuthi uPfinnen exoshiwe emzabalazweni wezobunhloli, i-SIDE ibize uBerro njengozibulele ngebhomu embikweni oyimfihlo. Ngo-March 2003, ngemva nje kokuba lowo mbiko usuqediwe, Ha'aretz ibike ukuthi abakwaMossad abagcinanga ngokuhlonza ibhomu ngokuthi uBerro kodwa babenombhalo wocingo lokuvalelisa kukaBerro eLebanon ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwebhomu, nalapho atshela abazali bakhe ukuthi "uzojoyina" umfowabo, owabulawa endaweni. ukuqhuma kwebhomu eLebanon. Nokho, lapho kukhishwa icala lango-2006, kwacaca ukuthi abukho ubufakazi balokho okushiwoyo.
Ngo-September 2004, inkantolo yaseBuenos Aires yamkhulula u-Telleldin nezikhulu zamaphoyisa ezaziboshiwe eminyakeni edlule, kwathi ngo-August 2005 uMahluleli uGaleano wabekwa icala futhi wasuswa esikhundleni. Kodwa abalandela uGaleano, abashushisi u-Alberto Nisman kanye noMarcelo Martinez Burgos, baqhubekile, benethemba lokuqinisekisa umhlaba ukuthi bangakwazi ukukhomba uBerro njengebhomu. Bavakashela eDetroit, eMichigan, lapho baxoxa khona nabafowabo ababili baseBerro futhi bathola izithombe zikaBerro kubo. Babe sebephendukela kufakazi oyedwa owathi ubone iTrafic emhlophe endaweni yesigameko-Nicolasa Romero.
NgoNovemba 2005, uNisman noBurgos bamemezela ukuthi uRomero uhlonze uBerro ezithombeni zaseDetroit njengomuntu ofanayo ayembonile ngaphambi nje kokuqhuma kwebhomu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Romero, uthe "wayengeke aqiniseke ngokuphelele" ukuthi u-Berro wayeyindoda endaweni yesigameko. Ebufakazini basenkantolo, empeleni, wayethe akamazi u-Berro esethi yokuqala yezithombe ezine ayezibonisiwe noma esesethi yesibili. Ekugcineni wabona "ukufana ebusweni" kwesinye sezithombe ze-Berro, kodwa ngemuva kokuthi ekhonjiswe umdwebo wamaphoyisa osuselwa encazelweni yakhe ngemuva kokuqhuma kwebhomu.
UBernazzani wangitshela ukuthi ithimba le-FBI eBuenos Aires bathole ubufakazi beDNA obekucatshangwa ukuthi buvela kubhomu elizibulele endaweni yobufakazi, futhi uNisman wathatha isampula ye-DNA komunye wabafowabo bakaBerro ngesikhathi evakashele ngoSepthemba 2005. Nokho ngingazi ukuthi uma sesithole ulibofuzo lo mfowethu baqhathanise,โ usho kanje. Kodwa uNisman watshela intatheli ngo-2006 ukuthi amasampula ayenamagciwane. Ngokuphawulekayo, icala lase-Argentina labantu base-Irani alisho lutho ngobufakazi be-DNA.
Naphezu kwecala elibhekene ne-Iran elalingenabo ubufakazi obubambekayo bezobulungiswa noma owazibonela ngawakhe futhi elalithembele kakhulu kubuhlakani obungabazisayo kanye nobufakazi bomuntu owayehlubukile, uNisman noBurgos babhala amacala abo ababebhekene nezikhulu eziyisithupha zase-Iran ngo-2006. Nokho, uhulumeni kaNรฉstor Kirchner wabonisa ukungabaza ngokuqhubekela phambili. ngecala lomthetho. Ngokusho kwe Phambili Iphephandaba, lapho amaqembu amaJuda aseMelika ecindezela unkosikazi kaKirchner, uChristina, mayelana namacala e-UN General Assembly eNew York ngoSepthemba 2006, waveza ukuthi alukho usuku oluqinile lokuthathelwa izinyathelo zokwahlulela ngokumelene ne-Iran. Nokho icala likhishwe ngenyanga elandelayo.
Bobabili abameli abakhulu abamele i-AMIA, uMiguel Bronfman, kanye neJaji uRodolfo Canicoba Corral, kamuva owakhipha izincwadi ezigunyaza ukuboshwa kwabantu base-Irani, batshele i-BBC ngoMeyi odlule ukuthi ingcindezi evela eWashington yaba nesandla esinqumweni esiphuthumayo sokukhipha amacala ngenyanga elandelayo. U-Corral uveze ukuthi akangabazi ukuthi iziphathimandla zase-Argentina zinxuswe ukuthi "zihlanganyele emizamweni yamazwe ngamazwe yokuhlukanisa umbuso eTehran."
Isikhulu esiphezulu se-White House sisanda kubiza icala le-AMIA ngokuthi "incazelo ecace kakhulu yokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuxhaswa kombuso wase-Iran ngobuphekula." Eqinisweni, ukuphikelela kwe-US ekubekeni lobo bugebengu e-Iran ukuze ihlukanise umbuso waseTehran, nakuba babungenabo ubufakazi obusekela lokho kusola, kuyincazelo ephelele yokudalwa okunenhlamba kokumangalelwa kwenkonzo yamandla.
UGareth Porter ungusomlando ophenyayo kanye nentatheli. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi Izingozi Zokubusa: Ukungalingani Kwamandla kanye Nomgwaqo Oya Empini eVietnam (University of California Press, 2005).
Ucwaningo lwalesi sihloko lusekelwe yi-Investigative Fund ye-The Nation Institute.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
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