"URobert Zoellick, oqokwe ukuba abe umongameli weBhange Lomhlaba, uthe uzokwenza i-Afrika ibe yinto ehamba phambili kuye", kubika i-International Herald Tribune muva nje. "Ngokusobala, kufanele kugxilwe kakhulu e-Afrika", kusho uZoellick engxoxweni. โLokhu akukusha.โ(1)
Lezi zitatimende ziyethusa izwekazi elimpofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengoba amazwi kaZoellick esho, iBhange - kanye nesikhungo esingudadewabo, i-International Monetary Fund - inomlando omkhulu e-Afrika. โI-Afrika ibone ukusetshenziswa okushubile nokuphindelelayo kwezinhlelo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edluleโ, kubika iNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezohwebo Nentuthuko (UNCTAD), ibhekise 'enguqukweni yemakethe yamahhala' ebekwe igama elibi kakhulu emazweni aseNingizimu yomhlaba. โizwe lesithathuโ) yiBhange kanye neSikhwama.(2)
Lokhu โkugxilwe kakhuluโ kube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele, futhi asikho isizathu esisobala sokukholelwa ukuthi ukusunduza okusha kuka-Zoellick kuzogcina kuhluke ngendlela ehlukile. Naphezu kokuzibophezela kwayo 'ekulweni nobumpofu', 'ekwesekeni ukubusa okuhle' kanye 'nokuthuthukisa intuthuko', iBhange Lomhlaba liseyi-Trojan horse esetshenziswa amazwe acebile ukuze afinyelele futhi axhaphaze umnotho waseNingizimu womhlaba. Izinqubomgomo zayo zibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuvaleleni i-Afrika ejele lokungathuthuki kanye nokuncika; ukucekela phansi kwazo kuvezwa ukuthi amazwe acebile aphethe iBhangengodla ayaziba imithetho efanayo ayiphoqayo kwabampofu. Uma kungumgomo oyiqiniso, osimeme wentuthuko yezomnotho, umlando ubonisa ukuthi i-Afrika kufanele ifune ukungenelela okuncane, hhayi okwengeziwe, okuvela eBhange.
Umlando wezomnotho wakamuva wase-Afrika ufiphele kakhulu, kodwa awufani. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemva kokuphela kwawo-1950, lapho igagasi lokuqala lokuqothulwa kwamakoloni lihlasela izwekazi lonke, lalibonakala ngokukhula komnotho okuzinzile kanye nentuthuko encomekayo yezinkomba zezomnotho nezenhlalo ezigidini zama-Afrika. Ohulumeni abaningi bokuqala abazimele baphishekela isu lentuthuko elaziwa ngokuthi i-import-substitution industrialization, eligcizelela ukwesekwa kukahulumeni kwemikhiqizo yasekhaya phezu kwempahla yangaphandle ukuze kudaleke izimo ezivumela ukukhula kwezimboni zasekhaya kanye nokuzuza kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.
Phakathi nalokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'amashumi eminyaka entuthuko', ukukhula komnotho bekungashintshile cishe ku-4% ngonyaka, kuyilapho ukukhiqiza kukhuphuka ngo-7% ngonyaka. Ukubhaliswa kwezemfundo neminyaka yokuphila kwenyuka ngenkathi ukufa kwezinsana nokungakwazi ukufunda kwehla. Phakathi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1960 kanye maphakathi nawo-1970 ngasekupheleni, i-GNP ngomuntu ngamunye e-sub-Saharan Africa ikhule cishe ngama-20%. Ngeminyaka yawo-3, baboleka imali ngokulangazela emibusweni yase-Afrika eyayilangazelele ngokulinganayo kodwa ecindezelekile ephishekela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni - okwathi, ngenxa yalokho, yakhula yaba nezikweletu.
Ithemba elinamandla lentuthuko amashumi eminyaka lashabalala ngokushesha ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970. Ukushaqeka kukawoyela kugcine kudale ukwehla kwamandla omnotho eNyakatho, okudale ukuthi isidingo sezimpahla zase-Afrika zome ngenkathi amanani empahla ehla. Isikhathi sasingesihle kakhulu e-Afrika - ukwehla komnotho kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho isifunda sasikulangazelela kakhulu ukuhola amazwe angaphandle - esaqala ukubona intuthuko yaso esezingeni eliphansi ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kanye nezinga lokuphila licwila ngaphansi kwesisindo sokuwohloka komnotho. Abakweletwayo bamazwe ngamazwe abazimele bayeka ukulangazelela ukuboleka futhi balangazelela ukuqoqa izikweletu zamazwe ampofu. Basizwa kakhulu kulokhu yiWorld Bank kanye ne-International Monetary Fund, okwadingeka ohulumeni abaningi base-Afrika baphendukele kubo ukuze bathole imali eyayidingeka kakhulu. Inkinga ukuthi lezi zimali ezibolekiwe zifike ngenani elikhulu.
Unyaka we-1980 ngokuvamile uthathwa njengesiqalo senkathi "yokulungiswa kwesakhiwo", eyaqala ngawo-1990 futhi, ngokungangabazeki, isaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Lesi sibizo sibhekisa ezinhlelweni iBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF abaphoqe i-Afrika kanye neningi lamazwe aseNingizimu womhlaba ukuthi izenze ukuze ikwazi ukubolekwa imali. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iminyaka yawo-1980 (futhi, kancane kancane, iminyaka yawo-1990) nayo yaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi โishumi leminyaka elalahlekaโ, ngenxa yosizi lwezomnotho olwabekezelelwa iNingizimu yomhlaba wonke - sibonga kakhulu ngezinhlelo Zokulungiswa Kwesakhiwo (SAPs).
Uma sikhuluma nje, inhloso yama-SAP kwakuwukuguqula umnotho waseNingizimu ngemigqa enzima โyemakethe yamahhalaโ. Izinguquko ezigunyaziwe ngokuvamile zazihilela ukuvulwa kweminotho yamazwe ampofu ekuthengisweni kwempahla eNyakatho nokutshalwa kwezimali; ukwenziwa kwangasese kwamabhizinisi kahulumeni; imingcele eqinile ekusetshenzisweni kwemali kukahulumeni ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana; kanye nokuhoxisa ukwesekwa kukahulumeni kwezimboni zasekhaya. IBhange Lomhlaba lathi lezi zinyathelo zizokhuthaza ukukhula komnotho ngokushesha futhi, ngokwandisa, zinciphise ubumpofu.
Izethembiso ezinkulu zeBhange zehlulekile ukwenzeka. Icaphuna izibalo zeBhangengodla uqobo, i-UNCTAD iphawula ukuthi, ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili โyokulungiswa kwesakhiwoโ, isibalo sabantu base-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara abaphila ngobumpofu obuphelele (ngemali engaphansi kwedola elilodwa ngosuku) senyuke sisuka ezigidini ezingama-217 saya ku-291 million. Isilinganiso semali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye yabantu base-Afrika abajwayelekile yehle ngo-10% ngesikhathi esifanayo; ama-20% ampofu kakhulu abone amaholo abo ehla ngokuphindwe kabili inani labantu ngokuvamile. (4)
Ngokusho kwesazi sezomnotho sase-Filipino u-Walden Bello, inhloko ye-Think-tank Focus on the Global South, isilinganiso se-GNP ye-sub-Saharan Africa yehla ngamaphesenti angu-2.2 minyaka yonke ngeminyaka yawo-1980; ngo-1990, imali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye yezwekazi yehle yafinyelela ezingeni layo ngeminyaka yawo-1960. (5) Ngonyaka wezi-2000, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngemva kokufika โkokulungiswa kwesakhiwoโ, i-UN Economic Commission for Africa yabika ukuthi izwekazi โlineholo elibi kakhulu. ukusatshalaliswa emhlabeniโ, ngama-59% abantu basemaphandleni kanye nama-43% abantu abahlala emadolobheni abaphila ngemali engaphansi kwedola elilodwa ngosuku. amazwe ampofu aye ande ububanzi ngokuphindwe kashumi phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka adlule.(6)
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhululeka kwezohwebo okusheshayo - inkambiso eyinhloko yezinqubomgomo zokulungisa izakhiwo - kubize inani elibi kakhulu lezomnotho ezwenikazi. Ucwaningo lwe-Christian Aid lubonise ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zibiza i-sub-Saharan Africa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-272 phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili yokuqala yokulungiswa, cishe inani elifanayo lesifunda esitholwe ngosizo. Ukube bebengaphoqwanga ukuba bahlakaze umthethonqubo wezohwebo, amazwe akulesi sifunda abeyonga imali eyanele ukuze โasule izikweletu zawo futhiโฆ akhokhele zonke izingane ukuba zigonywe futhi ziye esikoleni.โ(8)
Ngokungangabazeki ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezinhlelo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo okwake kwenziwa kwaba yi-Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network (SAPRIN), umkhankaso ohlanganyelwe wezinhlangano zomphakathi zamazwe ngamazwe, iBhange Lomhlaba, kanye nohulumeni bamazwe. Usekelwa yizikhungo ezijwayelekile njenge-European Union, i-UN Development Programme, i-Kellogg Foundations nezinye, umbiko we-SAPRIN mubi njengoba uphelele, okungenzeka ukuthi uchaza ukuthi kungani iBhange lizama ukucindezela lolu hlelo kanye nokutholakele kwalo.(09)
Ibhala imiphumela yama-SAPs eNingizimu ngokuvamile, i-SAPRIN ibhala ukuthi "Imali engenayo inyuke ngokuphawulekayo njengoba amaholo kanye nokuqashwa phakathi kwamaqembu ahola kancane kwehle kakhulu", kuyilapho ubumpofu "buqinisiwe futhi banwetshwa ngokusungulwa kombuso" izimboni eziphethwe. Imithetho eqinile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezimali kukahulumeni eyayifunwa yiBhange Lomhlaba - ingxenye eyayihloselwe ukukhulula izimali zokukhokha izikweletu - yabiza izindleko zezenhlalakahle ezilimaza kakhulu. "Ukunciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi emfundweni nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo kubuyisela abampofu kwesinye isizukulwane sobumpofu", kuyilapho "izimali zabasebenzisi bezemfundo nokunakekelwa kwezempilo ziye zasungulwa phakathi nenkathi lapho ukuhlupheka kwabampofu kuye kwaqina futhi izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle zidingeka kakhulu. โ
Ecaphuna ucwaningo lwe-UN Economic Commission for Africa, owayengusomnotho omkhulu we-IMF uDavison Budhoo uphawula ukuthi "izindleko zezempilo emazweni anezinhlelo ze-IMF-World Bank zehle ngo-50% ngeminyaka yawo-1980, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali emfundweni kwehle ngo-25%", okubonisa umkhuba obanzi. eNingizimu yembulunga yonke.(10) Imiphumela ixoxwa uBello, ocaphuna ucwaningo lwe-UN lwasekupheleni kwawo-1980 olubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kulo lonke izwekazi โzaziwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemithiโ, kuyilapho โizikole zingenazo izincwadi, namanyuvesi. bahlushwa ukuntuleka okuthena amandla komtapo wolwazi nezindawo zaselabhorethri.โ Khonamanjalo, i-WHO ixwayise ngokuthi ikholera iphinde yaqubuka, ibhebhetheka 'ngesivinini esiyingozi' ngenxa yokuwohloka kwamanzi nezinhlelo zokukhuculula indle okubangelwe yinkinga yomnotho.(11)
Imiphumela yayifana eningini lezinhlelo zezempilo zomhlaba ezimpofu. Njengoba "abantu abaningi manje bafuna usizo lwezokwelapha kuphela lapho ukugula kwabo sekuvele kubi kakhulu", i-SAPRIN iphawula, kuye kwaba khona "ukwanda kwenani labantu abafa emakhaya abo ngenxa yezifo ezilaphekayo, ngokuvamile okudala izingozi zempilo yomphakathi ngokusabalalisa izifo. emiphakathini yabo.โ Ukuqinisa ibhande lezimali kanye nokwethulwa noma ukwenyuka kwemali yesikole kubangele izinga lokuyeka ukufunda "emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamantombazane", i-SAPRIN iyaqhubeka.
Lena eminye yemiphumela โyokugxila okukhuluโ kweBhange Lomhlaba e-Afrika, ukusebenzisa isisho sikaZoellick. Nakuba kusobala ukuthi bekungeke kulunge ukubeka usizi lwezwekazi lase-Afrika kuphela emnyango weBhangengodla, kusobala ngokufanayo ukuthi imigomo yeBhangengodla ibe nemiphumela eyinhlekelele kwezomnotho nezenhlalo kwabampofu base-Afrika. Kunokuba bakhuthaze ukukhula komnotho okukhulu, njengoba kwakuthenjisiwe, baye basheshisa izwekazi ukuba lingene osizini futhi baqinise isimo salo sokuthembela ngokwezimali emazweni acebile.
Abanye abahlaziyi bangase baphikise ngokuthi izinsuku ezimbi zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo manje sezingemuva kweBhange kanye neSikhwama. Ngokukhuthazwa ukugqugquzelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokumelene nemiphumela yama-SAP, izikhungo ziphoqeleke ukuba zishintshe indlela; bobabili bathi bakunciphise kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwabo izimo zenqubomgomo yezomnotho ezithile ezinhlelweni zokuboleka kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000.(12) Manje kuthiwa zisetshenziswa kuphela lapho kuhlangatshezwana nezivikelo ezimbili. Okokuqala, izimo kufanele zibe yingxenye yesu lentuthuko ebanzi 'eliphethwe' yizwe elamukelayo; okwesibili, kumele zigxile ekuhlaziyeni umthelela wazo kubantu abampofu.(13) Lokhu kuthiwa kuyingxenye yezikhungo ezigxile kakhulu 'ekuphatheni okuhle' kanye nokunciphisa ubumpofu.
I-Oxfam, i-Christian Aid kanye ne-UNCTAD (14) zonke ziye zazifunda - futhi zachitha ngokuphelele - izicelo zeBhange kanye neSikhwama zokuhoxisa ukusetshenziswa kwemibandela. I-Christian Aid ne-UNCTAD ngayinye ibhale phansi ngokunamathela okuqhubekayo kwezimfuno zesitayela se-SAP emalimboleko, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo โezintshaโ ngokuphelele. I-Oxfam ithi eminyakeni yamuva empeleni ibone ukukhula, hhayi ukwehla, enanini lemibandela ethile yenqubomgomo yezomnotho exhunywe emalimboleko yeBhange neSikhwama.
Mayelana nokuzibophezela kweBhange kanye neSikhwama ekuphatheni kahle nasekunciphiseni ubumpofu, isibonelo saseMali sibonisa ukuthi isikhungo ngasinye empeleni asinasithakazelo kuzo zombili lezi zinhloso, nokuthi okubaluleke kakhulu kusewukunwetshwa kwamandla ezinkampani kanye nomnotho 'wemakethe yamahhala' kuwo wonke amazwe. iNingizimu yomhlaba. Ukukhombisa lokhu, i-Oxfam iqhathanisa inqubomgomo yeBhange Lomhlaba mayelana neMali neSenegal.
Ocwaningweni lwakamuva lweBhange Nesikhwama, iMali, okungelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni, ibekwe endaweni enenkohlakalo encane kunawo wonke Amazwe Ampofu Anezikweletu Kakhulu. ISenegal yona inenkohlakalo futhi inothile kuneMali. Ngakho-ke, uma izikhungo zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe bezizinikele ngokujulile ekunciphiseni ubumpofu kanye nokuphatha okuhle, kuzolandela ukuthi iMali izothola uxhaso oluningi kuneSenegal. Eqinisweni, iMali ithola ingxenye enkulu njengomakhelwane wayo.
Isizathu? IMali yenqabile ukwenza okuyimfihlo imboni yayo kakotini, okuyingxenye yenhlalakahle yezwe nezomnotho. Usizo lwenani lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-72 lubanjwa ezweni (lapho u-90% wabantu uphila ngobumpofu) ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Ngo-2004, iBhangengodla lagodla amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-50 ngenxa yokwenqaba kukahulumeni waseMaliya ukuqeda izinhlelo zokuxhasa amanani abalimi bakakotini, eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa imithelela yokwehla kwentengo ebhebhezelwa ingxenye engencane yoxhaso lwamazwe acebile ezimbonini zabo (bona ngezansi). Lapho i-Bamako ekugcineni igoba futhi ivuma ukudalula abalimi bayo abampofu ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe olungenabulungiswa, amanani ehla ngokushesha ngamaphesenti angu-20 futhi ubumpofu bukhuphuke ngo-4.6%.(15).
Esinye sezimfuneko ezibalulekile zentuthuko yesikhathi eside nesimeme e-Afrika ukwakhiwa kobudlelwano obulinganayo bezomnotho phakathi kwezwekazi nezwe lonke, obulawulwa ngokucophelela ngendlela esekela izidingo zabancishwe amathuba. IBhange kanye neSikhwama zehlulekile ukuletha ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho okwakhayo ezwenikazi. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuncishiswa kwabo okugunyaziwe ekungeneleleni kombuso ezindabeni zezomnotho kuye kwadalula iqoqo lemithetho yokuhweba engenabulungisa ngendlela exakayo evuna izifunda ezicebile. Imiphumela iye yaba, ngokungamangalisi, ibe yinhlekelele.
Izindlela eziningi zokuphuma eziyisisekelo neziyaziwa kakhulu ezivela enhlekeleleni yase-Afrika zingavulwa ngokushesha, uma amazwe acebile kanye nezikhungo zezezimali zomhlaba wonke zinesithakazelo. Embikweni omkhulu wango-2002 omayelana nohlelo lohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, olunesihloko esithi โImithetho Eqinile kanye Nezindinganiso Eziphindwe Kabiliโ, i-Oxfam yabhala ukuthi โUma i-Afrika, i-East Asia, iNingizimu Asia, kanye neLatin America ngayinye ibingakhuphula isabelo sayo sokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe ngephesenti elilodwa, izinzuzo ezingaba umphumela weholo zingakhipha abantu abayizigidi ezingu-128 ebuphofini.โ I-Afrika izongenisa imali eyengeziwe engamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-70 - cishe imali ephindwe kahlanu kunaleyo eyithola ekusizeni nasekukhululeni izikweletu minyaka yonke.(16)
Njengoba i-Afrika isingene ngaphansi kwethonya elikhulu ezikhungweni zezimali zamazwe ngamazwe, nokho-ke, isikhundla sayo emnothweni womhlaba siqhubekile nokuxega. Ngo-1950, izwekazi laba ngaphezu kwe-3% yohwebo lomhlaba; isibalo sakamuva kakhulu singu-1.2%, uma iNingizimu Afrika ikhishelwe ngaphandle.(17) Isabelo se-Afrika sokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe sehla sisuka ku-6% ngo-1980 saya ku-2% ngo-2002; phakathi nenkathi efanayo, isabelo sayo sezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezikhiqizwe emhlabeni wonke zahlala zizinzile ku-1%, kuyilapho inani lazo lakhula ngesigamu kuphela senani lesilinganiso samazwe asathuthuka.(18)
Ukuze kube lula ukuthuthuka kwangempela, ukuthunyelwa kwe-Afrika kwazo zonke izinhlobo kudinga ukuvunyelwa ukufinyelela okunenhlanhla ezimakethe eziseNyakatho yomhlaba wonke, futhi amazwe ase-Afrika kufanele ngesikhathi esifanayo avunyelwe ukwakha imigoqo yokuvikela izimboni zawo ezidonsa kanzima ekuqhudelaneni ngokungafanele ngaphandle. Ohulumeni bamazwe ampofu kufanele futhi bavunyelwe ukusekela abalimi ngokusekela amanani kanye nezinye izinyathelo zokuqapha ukuguquguquka kwemakethe yempahla yomhlaba. Kafushane, i-Afrika (kanye nomhlaba wonke waseNingizimu) kufanele ivunyelwe ukusebenzisa imigomo efanayo naleyo amazwe acebile ayisebenzisa ukuze aqhubekisele phambili intuthuko yawo.(19)
Ngeshwa, ukuphuma kwe-Afrika enhlekeleleni yezomnotho okwamanje kuhlanganiswe nezinqubomgomo eziqinile zokuvikela eNyakatho yomhlaba. Wona la mazwe acebile aphoqa abampofu ukuthi bavule umnotho wawo ngaphandle kokuvikelwa agcina imingcele eqinile evala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe emazweni asathuthuka ezimakethe zawo ezinenzuzo enkulu. "Ohulumeni basenyakatho babekela abantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeni imigoqo yabo yokuhweba", i-Oxfam ibhala kwethi "Rigged Rules and Double Standards". Nakuba i-US ibeka intela encane ka-0-1% ezintweni ezinkulu ezithengwayo ezivela eJalimane, eBrithani, eJapane naseFrance, izintela ezingu-14-15% zibekelwe amazwe ampofu njenge-Bangladesh, i-Cambodia ne-Nepal.(20)
Izikhungo zezezimali zamazwe ngamazwe ziphoqe i-Afrika eseNingizimu ne-Sahara ne-South Asia ukuthi zinciphise amanani azo amanani entengo phakathi, kanye ne-Latin America ne-East Asia ukuba zenze okufanayo ngo-2/3rd. Noma kunjalo, lapho ethumela emazweni acebile, amazwe ampofu asahlangabezana, ngokwesilinganiso, amanani entengo ephakeme ngokuphindwe kane kunamazwe acebile lapho ethumela emazweni ampofu. Lezi zithiyo zibiza iNingizimu yomhlaba wonke amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 ngonyaka - kabili inani eliyitholayo ngosizo. I-Sub-Saharan Africa, isifunda esimpofu kakhulu emhlabeni, sihlupheka ngendlela engalingani.(21)
Amazwe acebile nawo azincoma ngelungelo lokuxhasa kakhulu izimboni zawo zezolimo; kodwa, njengoba isibonelo saseMali (ngenhla) sibonisa ngokucacile, amazwe ampofu ngokuvamile aphucwa ithuba elifanayo yiBhange Lomhlaba. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-US ichithe cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-19 emkhakheni wayo wamapulazi, (22) kuyilapho i-European Union minyaka yonke idla amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-47 - 40% wesabelomali sayo sisonke.(23) Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokuthi amaphesenti amane kuphela abasebenzi be-EU, futhi abangaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa labantu baseMelika, baqashwe kwezolimo.(24) Uma kuqhathaniswa, izimpilo zezigidigidi zabantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeni zincike emalini etholwa ngamapulazi.
Ukuzinikela kwayo 'ekuhwebeni kwamahhala' nakuba kunjalo, abaphathi bakaBush bakhiphe โiphakheji yoxhaso lwamapulazi olukhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni waseMelikaโ ngo-2002, kubika i-Financial Times. (25) Izimali ezintsha bezibiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-83 phakathi neminyaka eyishumi, emele ukwenyuka kwezindleko sekukonke ngama-80%.(26) Iningi lale mali liya kubalimi abacebe kakhulu; amaphesenti ayishumi acebe kakhulu abalimi base-US bathola u-2/3rds wazo zonke izibonelelo, (27) kuyilapho eYurophu, ama-80% aya kwabacebe kakhulu abangama-20%.(28)
Inkinga enkulu ngemixhaso yezolimo ukuthi ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ngokweqile, bese kuba nensalela. Amazwe acebile avame ukulahla isivuno sawo esiningi ngokweqile emnothweni ovulekile waseNingizimu womhlaba, okubangela ukwehla kwentengo yempahla. Njengoba ohulumeni babo bevinjelwa ukuba bangenelele ukuze basize ngezinqubomgomo ezibekwe izinhlangano zezezimali zomhlaba wonke, futhi njengoba ohulumeni baseNyakatho bevame ukukhiphela ngaphandle ukuthunyelwa kwezwe elimpofu emazweni ampofu ezimakethe zabo, abalimi baseNingizimu bazithola bengakwazi ukuncintisana futhi bangene shรญ ebumpofu.
Ukotini, futhi, uyisibonelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-US isebenzise cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ngonyaka ixhasa abalimi bakakotini bethu abangu-5. (25,000) Njengemixhaso yezolimo ngokuvamile, iningi elikhulu liya kwabacebile kakhulu; icaphuna izibalo zoMnyango Wezolimo wase-US, i-UNCTAD iphawula ukuthi abalimi abacebe kakhulu abangu-29% bathola ngaphezu kuka-10% wawo wonke uxhaso lukakotini. ukuqedwa kuzonyusa amanani phakathi kuka-73 no-30%, ngokocwaningo lwakamuva lwe-Oxfam.(30) Ezinye izilinganiso ziqhubekela phambili. I-International Cotton Advisory Committee ilinganisele ukuthi amanani entengo ayengaba phezulu ngo-12% ngo-6-14% ngaphandle kokusekelwa kukahulumeni kwemboni.(30)
Lezi zibonelelo zibanga ukuhlupheka okukhulu kubalimi abaningi base-Afrika abayizigidi ezingama-20 abathembele kukotini ukuze baziphilise. Uma uphila ngedola ngosuku, njengoba kwenza abalimi abaningi base-Afrika, ngisho nokwehla kancane kwentengo kubaluleke kakhulu. Iholo elilahlekile ngenxa yamanani acindezelekile libangela izigidi ezimbalwa zezingane zaseNtshonalanga Afrika ukuba zilambe futhi zingafundi minyaka yonke. Uma ukwehla kwentengo bekuhoxiswa, lezi zingane bezingondliwa futhi zifundiswe, futhi imali engenayo ephakeme โingakhokhela imithi esindisa ukuphila, ukulaliswa esibhedlela, nokubonisana nabantu abane kuya kwabayishumiโ emikhayeni eminingi yaseNtshonalanga Afrika, kubhala i-Oxfam.(10)
Uma kubhekwa umlando weBhange Lomhlaba e-Afrika, kanye nesimo sohlelo lwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe olwakhiwe ngamazwe anothile alulawulayo, โukubeka eqhulwiniโ kukaZoellick nge-Afrika akubonisi kahle kubantu abampofu bezwekazi.
U-Jake R. Hess, umfundi oneziqu e-Brown University, wamukela impendulo ku-JakeRHess(at)gmail.com
Imithombo
(1) UChristopher Swann noJanine Zacharia, โI-Afrika ihamba phambili ngezinto eziza kuqala ku-Zoellickโ, I-International Herald Tribune, Juni 11, 2007.
(2) Ingqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yezohwebo Nentuthuko, โUkuthuthukiswa Komnotho e-Afrika: Ukusuka Ekulungiseni Kuya Ekunciphiseni Ubumpofu: Yini Entsha?โ, 2002. UNicolas Van de Walle, isazi esihamba phambili sase-Afrika, ubhale ukuthi โNgo-1989, ngaphezu kwesigamu amazwe ase-Afrika ayephakathi nezinhlelo zokulungisa izakhiwo ezixhaswe yiBhange, futhi kuwo wonke amazwe angaba ngu-36 esifundeni asayine isamba semalimboleko yezinhlelo zokulungisa ezingu-49, kanye nezinye izikweletu zezinhlelo zokulungisa imikhakha engama-41 neBhange.โ Bheka u-Van de Walle, "I-Afrika kanye Nomnotho Womhlaba", ku-Harbeson no-Rotchild (eds.), i-Afrika ku-World Politics: The African State System in Flux (Westview, 2000), p. 274.
(3) Bheka uFrederick Cooper, Afrika Kusukela ngo-1940: The Past of the Present, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
(4) UNCTAD (2002), ibid.
(5) Walden Bello, Ukunqoba Okumnyama: I-United States ne-Global Poverty, i-Pluto Press (uhlelo lwesibili), 1999.
(6) Ikhomishana ye-UN Economic for Africa, โUkuguqula Umnotho Wase-Afrika: Umbiko Wezomnotho wase-Afrika 2000โ, wezi-2000.
(7) Bheka u-Paul Hofheinz, โUmnotho: Osomnotho BeBhange Lomhlaba Batusa Indlela Ebanzi Yokulwa Nobumpofuโ, I-Wall Street Journal, Septhemba 26, 2000.
(8) I-Christian Aid, โUmnotho Wokwehluleka: Izindleko zangempela zohwebo 'lwamahhala' lwamazwe ampofu", Juni 2005.
(9) SAPRIN, The Policy Roots of Economic Crisis and Poverty: A Multi-Country Participatory Assessment of Structural Adjustment, April 2002. Lo mbiko ushicilelwe njengencwadi yiZed futhi iyatholakala ukuze ilawulwe mahhala ku-inthanethi.
(10) U-Davison Budhoo, โI-IMF/World Bank Wreak Havoc on Third Worldโ, e-Kevin Danaher (ed.), Iminyaka Engu-50 Yanele: Icala Elimelene NeBhange Lomhlaba kanye Nesikhwama Semali Samazwe Ngamazwe, iSouth End Press/Global Exchange, 1994 .
(11) Sawubona, ibid.
(12) Bheka i-Christian Aid, โIbhizinisi njengenjwayelo: IBhange Lomhlaba, i-IMF kanye ne-ajenda yenkululekoโ, September 2005.
(13) I-Oxfam, Ukukhahlela Umkhuba: IBhange Lomhlaba kanye ne-IMF futhi isaluthwe ukunamathisela izimo zenqubomgomo yezomnotho ukuze isizeโ, Novemba 2006.
(14) Nge-Oxfam, bheka inothi no. 12; nge-Chistian Aid, bheka inothi no. 11; kanye ne-UNCTAD, inothi cha. 2.
(15) I-Oxfam, โUkukhahlela Umkhubaโ, ibid.
(16) I-Oxfam, โImithetho Eqinisiwe kanye Namazinga Akabili: Uhwebo, Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke kanye Nokulwa Nobumpofuโ, Mashi 2002.
(17) Cooper, Africa Kusukela ngo-1940, ibid.
(18) I-UNCTAD, โUkuthuthukiswa Komnotho e-Afrika: Ukusebenza Kwezohwebo Nokuncika Kwezimpahlaโ, 2003.
(19) Bheka, isibonelo, u-Ha-Joon Chang, Ukukhahlela Iladi: Isu Lokuthuthukisa Kumbono Womlando (Iculo, 2002).
(20) UGeorge Monbiot, "Izikhathi ezimbi kakhulu", The Guardian (England), September 02, 2003.
(21) I-Oxfam, โImithetho Eqinile kanye Namazinga Akabiliโ, ibid.
(22) U-Elizabeth Becker, "Isigebengu Esisha Ekuhwebeni Kwamahhala: Umlimi eDole", I-New York Times, Agasti 25, 2002.
(23) I-Economist, "i-Europe's farm follies", Disemba 10, 2005.
(24) Amanani athathwe ku-CIA World Factbook. Ngaphambi kokungena kwe-Romanian ne-Bulgarian ku-EU, isibalo sasingaphansi kuka-2% (The Economist, ibid.)
(25) U-Edward Alden no-Deborah McGregor, โIsitshalo semali: Umthethosivivinywa wasepulazini wase-US ucasule amanye amazwe ngokuhlehlisa imizamo yangaphambili yokukhuthaza ukuhweba kwamahhala kwezolimoโ, i-Financial Times, Meyi 10, 2002.
(26) U-David E. Sanger, "Isifundo Sokubuyisela, I-Bush Signs Bill Raising Farm Subsidies", I-New York Times, Meyi 14, 2002.
(27) U-Alden noMcGregor, i-Financial Times, ibid.
(28) I-Economist, ibid.
(29) I-Oxfam, โI-US kumele iguqule uhlelo lomxhaso wezolimoโ, Septhemba 01, 2006.
(30) UNCTAD (2003), ibid.
(31) I-Oxfam, โUkukhokha Intengo: Indlela izinqubomgomo zepulazi zase-US ezilimaza ngayo abalimi bakakotini baseNtshonalanga Afrika โ kanye nokuthi ukuguqulwa komxhaso kungasiza kanjaniโ, Juni 21, 2007.
(32) UNCTAD (2003), ibid.
(33) I-Oxfam, โUkukhokha Intengoโ, ibid.
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