Sekudlule unyaka kusukela ngashicilela uchungechunge lwezihloko ku-New Yorker ezichaza ukuhlukunyezwa e-Abu Ghraib. Okungenani kube nophenyo olusemthethweni lwezempi olusemthethweni oluyi-10 kusukela ngaleso sikhathi - akukho nolulodwa oluphonsele inselelo umugqa osemthethweni wokuphatha uBush wokuthi kwakungekho nqubomgomo esezingeni eliphezulu evumela noma ebukele ukuhlukunyezwa okunjalo. Imbabala ima njalo nedlanzana lamasosha abhalisele ukugoba avela eNkampanini Yamaphoyisa Ezempi Yama-372 izithombe zayo ezigcwalisa izithombe eziwumfanekiso zika-Abu Ghraib ngokumamatheka okungafanele kanye nokubeka iziboshwa ezidabukisayo.
Kuyiphethini ye-dreary. Imibiko kanye nezinqubo ezilandelayo zeSenethi ngezinye izikhathi ziyagxekwa emakhasini okuhlela. Kunezingcingo zophenyo oluzimele ngempela yiSenethi noma iNdlu. Khona-ke, njengoba izinyanga zidlula kungekho senzo esisemthethweni, udaba luyaphela, kuze kube yilapho isethi elandelayo yezambulo iluvuselela.
Kuningi okungafundwa. Ngazini? Izinto ezimbalwa ziyagqama. Ngiyazi ngomkhuba oqhubekayo wabasebenzi baseMelika ukubamba abasolwa abashokobezi futhi babayise, ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa okusemthethweni okunengqondo, babayise ezikhungweni zokuphenya ngemibuzo eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nakwezinye izindawo. Ngiyazi ngesikhulu sebutho eliyisipesheli esisencane abasebenzi baso ababhekene namacala okuhlukumeza iziboshwa kanye nokuhlukumeza enkantolo eyimfihlo ngemuva kokuba omunye wabo ethumele izithombe ezingcolile nge-imeyili ekhaya. Iphoyisa lafakaza ukuthi, yebo, amadoda akhe akwenzile lokho okuvezwe yizithombe, kodwa wona - kanye nawo wonke umuntu ophethe - baqonda ukuthi ukuphathwa okunjalo kwakuvunywa ngabaphezulu.
Yini enye engiyaziyo? Ngiyazi ukuthi isinqumo senziwa ngaphakathi kwePentagon emasontweni okuqala empi yase-Afghanistan - eyabonakala "inqotshiwe" ngoDisemba 2001 - ukuvalela iziboshwa eziningi ezazinqwabelana nsuku zonke ezikhundleni zesiteji zaseMelika ezweni lonke. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngokusho kwememo, engangiyiphethe, eyayibhekiswe kuDonald Rumsfeld, kwakukhona "abafana basePakistan abangu-800-900 abaneminyaka engu-13-15 ubudala esitokisini". Angikwazanga ukufunda ukuthi abanye noma bonke bakhululiwe, noma abanye basaboshiwe.
Umkhulumeli wePentagon, ngesikhathi ecelwa ukuba aphawule, uthe akanalo ulwazi lokufakazela inombolo emqulwini, nokuthi njengamanje kunezingane ezingaba ngu-100 ezigcinwe e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan; akazange akhulume neziboshwa ezigcinwe kwenye indawo. Uthe bathole ukunakekelwa okukhethekile, kodwa wengeza ngokuthi โiminyaka yobudala ayiyona into enqumayo ekuboshweni ... Njengakubo bonke ababoshiwe, ukukhululwa kwabo kuncike ekunqumeni ukuthi abalona usongo nokuthi abasenalo olunye uhlaka lwezobunhloli. , sithole ukuthi ... ubudala abuwanciphisi amathuba okuba sengozini."
Imibuzo eyi-10 esemthethweni ngo-Abu Ghraib ibuza imibuzo engalungile, okungenani mayelana nokwaba umthwalo omkhulu wokuphatha iziboshwa. Umbuzo ongaphenduliwe ngokwanele yilo: wenzeni umongameli ngemuva kokutshelwa ngo-Abu Ghraib? Kulapha lapho ukulandelana kwezenzakalo kubaluleke kakhulu.
Amasosha omfelandawonye aholwa yi-US adlulele kwabonakala ephumelela ngokushesha ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq ngoMashi 2003, kwathi ekuqaleni kuka-April iBaghdad yayisithathiwe. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezalandela, nokho, ukumelana kwakhula ngokwesilinganiso, ukuphikelela kanye nekhono. Ngo-August 2003 kwaba nolaka. Kuleli qophelo kube nesinqumo sokuqinisa izinkulungwane zeziboshwa e-Iraq, eziningi zazo ezazibanjwe ngezikhathi zokuhlasela okungahleliwe noma ezindaweni okuseshwa kuzo eceleni komgwaqo. UMajor General Geoffrey D Miller, isikhulu sebutho lezempi okwathi njengomphathi eGuantanamo, wabhekana neziboshwa lapho, wavakashela eBaghdad ukuyofundisa amasosha - "Gitmo-ise" uhlelo lwase-Iraq.
Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba 2003 amarizevu emsebenzini wasebusuku e-Abu Ghraib ayeseqale ukuhlukumeza iziboshwa. Bebazi ukuthi amanye amabutho akhethekile aseMelika nawo asebenza ejele. Lawo madoda amasosha aqeqeshwe kakhulu ayegunyazwe ubuholi obuphezulu bePentagon ukuthi benze izinto ezingaphandle kwemithetho evamile yokuzibandakanya. Kwakungekho mfihlo mayelana nezinqubo zokuphenywa ngemibuzo ezazisetshenziswa kulo lonke ekwindla nasekuqaleni kobusika, kanye nokuphikisa okumbalwa. Eqinisweni abamele omunye wosonkontileka abazimele bePentagon e-Abu Ghraib, ababebandakanyeka ekuphenyweni kweziboshwa, batshelwa ukuthi uCondoleezza Rice, owayengumeluleki kamongameli wezokuphepha kuzwelonke ngaleso sikhathi, wayeyitusile imizamo yabo. Akukacaci ukuthi kungani ezokwenza lokho - namanje abukho ubufakazi bokuthi umphakathi wezobunhloli baseMelika uqongelele noma yiluphi ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokusebenza kwamaqembu aphikisayo, asaqhubeka nokushaya amasosha ase-US kanye nama-Iraqis. Imisebenzi yasebusuku e-Abu Ghraib yaphela ngoJanuwari 13 2004, lapho uchwepheshe uJoseph M Darby, omunye wamasosha angama-372, enikeza iziphathimandla zamasosha idiski egcwele izithombe ezingcolile. Ngaleso sikhathi, lezi zigemegeme zase zenzeke cishe izinyanga ezine.
Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu ibutho laqala uphenyo. Kodwa yilokho okungenziwanga okubalulekile. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi uMongameli Bush, lapho ezwa ngokuziphatha okubi e-Abu Ghraib, wabuza noma yimiphi imibuzo enzima kaRumsfeld nabasizi bakhe e-White House; abukho ubufakazi bokuthi bathathe noma yiziphi izinyathelo ezibalulekile, lapho befunda maphakathi noJanuwari mayelana nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuze babuyekeze futhi baguqule inqubomgomo yezempi ngeziboshwa. Ngatshelwa isikhulu esiphezulu sangaphambili sezobunhloli ukuthi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zemibiko yokuqala kwahlelwa uhlelo lwezobulungiswa ukuba luqale ukushushisa abesilisa nabesifazane ababhalisiwe ezithombeni futhi bangabe besaqhubeka nochungechunge lokulawula.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, ngemuva kwemibiko ye-CBS kanye neNew Yorker, uchungechunge lwezingqungquthela zezindaba kanye nezithangami zabezindaba zagcizelela ukudumala kwe-White House ngokuziphatha kwamasosha ambalwa angalungile e-Abu Ghraib kanye nokuphikisana okuphindaphindiwe kukamongameli nokuhlukunyezwa. UMiller wethulwa kabusha embuthweni wabezindaba waseMelika eBaghdad futhi kwachazwa ukuthi ujenene wabelwa ukuba ahlanze isimiso samajele futhi agxilise inhlonipho ngemihlangano yaseGeneva.
Naphezu kuka-Abu Ghraib noGuantanamo - ingasaphathwa e-Iraq kanye nokwehluleka kobuhlakani - kanye nezindima ezihlukahlukene abazibambile kulokho okungahambanga kahle, uRumsfeld wawugcina umsebenzi wakhe; Ilayisi wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba unobhala wezwe; U-Alberto Gonzales, owagunyaza ukuhlukunyezwa kwememos, waba ummeli jikelele; isekela likanobhala wezokuvikela uPaul Wolfowitz uqokwe esikhundleni sikamongameli weBhange Lomhlaba; kanye no-Stephen Cambone, unobhala ongaphansi wezokuvikela kwezobunhloli futhi ongomunye walabo abathinteka kakhulu emigomeni yeziboshwa, wayesengomunye wababeyimfihlo kakhulu bakaRumsfeld. UMongameli Bush, ebuzwa ngokuziphendulela, utshele iWashington Post ngaphambi kokugcotshwa kwakhe kwesibili ukuthi abantu baseMelika banikeze konke ukuziphendulela okudingekayo - ngokumkhetha kabusha. Bayisikhombisa kuphela abesilisa nabesifazane ababhalisiwe abaye babekwa amacala noma bavuma amacala ahlobene no-Abu Ghraib. Alikho iphoyisa elibhekene necala lobugebengu.
Isenzo esinjalo, noma ukungenzi lutho, kunokubaluleka okukhethekile kimi. Eminyakeni yami yokubika, kusukela ngendaba ye-My Lai ngo-1969, ngiye ngazi izindleko zomuntu zemicimbi enjalo - futhi ngikholelwa ukuthi amasosha abamba iqhaza angaba izisulu futhi.
Phakathi kokubikela kwami โโi-New Yorker ku-Abu Ghraib, ngashayelwa ucingo ngowesifazane oseminyakeni ephakathi. Ungitshele ukuthi ilungu lomndeni, owesifazane osemusha, wayephakathi kwamalungu eButho Lamaphoyisa Ezempi Lama-320, okwaxhunywa kulo i-372nd, eyayibuyele e-US ngoMashi. Wabuya esengumuntu ohlukile - edangele, ethukuthele futhi engafuni lutho nomndeni wakhe oseduze. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lona wesifazane osekhulile wakhumbula ukuthi wayeboleke i-computer ephathekayo enomshini wokudlala ama-DVD ukuze ayiyise e-Iraq; kuyo uthole uchungechunge olubanzi lwezithombe zesiboshwa sase-Iraq sinqunu sithuthumela ngenxa yokwesaba phambi kwezinja ezimbili eziklabalasayo. Esinye sezithombe sashicilelwa eNew Yorker futhi sashicilelwa emhlabeni wonke.
Impi, owesifazane osekhulile wangitshela, kwakungeyona impi yentando yeningi nenkululeko ayecabanga ukuthi ilungu lomndeni wakhe elincane lalithunyelwe ukuzolwa. Abanye kumele bazi, esho. Kwakukhona enye into ayefuna ukwabelana nami. Selokhu ebuyile e-Iraq, le ntokazi ibilokhu idweba ama-tattoo amakhulu amnyama umzimba wonke. Ubebonakala ezimisele ngokushintsha isikhumba sakhe.
Kucashunwe ku-The Chain of Command, eshicilelwe ephepheni yiPenguin Press
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela