ILUNGELO lokukhetha ingxenye eyodwa nje yendaba enkulu kakhulu yamalungelo okuzala-ilungelo labesifazane lokulawula imizimba yabo kanye nempilo yokuzala. Nakuba emashumini eminyaka amuva nje impi igxile elungelweni lokuhushula isisu, lokhu kuhlanganisa okungaphezu kwelungelo lokunqamula ukukhulelwa okungafunwa-kodwa futhi nelungelo lokuba nezingane lapho kubhekene nezinhlelo zokuvala inzalo zobandlululo ezaziqondiswe kubantu baseMelika base-Afrika, aboMdabu baseMelika kanye nabantu abakhubazekile. e-U.S. engxenyeni enkulu yekhulu lama-20.
AmaLatinos ayevame ukuphoqeleka ukuthi asayine amafomu emvume ngesiNgisi esikhundleni seSpanishi, futhi ayevame ukuvalwa inzalo ngaphandle kolwazi lwawo. Ngo-1968, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabo bonke abesifazane ePuerto Rico-eseyikoloni lase-US-babulawa inzalo unomphela. Namuhla, izinhlelo zokuvala inzalo ngokucwasa ngokobuhlanga ziyaqhubeka ziqondise kwabesifazane nabesilisa abaNsundu nabaNsundu emazweni ampofu emhlabeni wonke ngegama “lokulawula inani labantu.”
Inkululeko yokuzala imayelana namalungelo okukhipha izisu kwabesifazane abampofu. Ngisho nalapho ukukhipha isisu kungekho emthethweni, abesifazane abacebile bane—futhi bebelokhu benemali kanye nodokotela abazimele ukuze bakhiphe izisu, kuyilapho abesifazane abampofu bebhekene nokukhetha ukukhulelwa okungafunwa kuze kuphele noma babeke izimpilo zabo engozini ngokukhipha izisu okungaphephile, okungekho emthethweni.
Inani elikhulu labesifazane abampofu nabasebenzayo bayafa lapho ukukhishwa kwezisu kungekho emthethweni. Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation, bangu-78,000 XNUMX abesifazane emhlabeni wonke abashona ngokuhushula izisu ngendlela ephephile minyaka yonke.
Futhi e-U.S., ngaphambi kokuba ukukhipha isisu kwenziwe kube semthethweni ngo-1973, inani elikhulu labesifazane labulawa izinkinga zokukhishwa kwezisu. EDolobheni laseNew York, abesifazane abaNsundu benza amaphesenti angu-50 abo bonke abesifazane abashona ngemva kokuhushula izisu okungekho emthethweni, kuyilapho abesifazane basePuerto Rican bengamaphesenti angu-44.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, izifundazwe eziningi ezifanayo ezenqaba uxhaso lweMedicaid lokuhushula izisu kwabesifazane abampofu bezizimisele ngokuphelele ukubavala inzalo, mahhala. Lezi yizizathu zokuthi kungani amalungelo okuzala-ilungelo lokukhetha ukuthi uzoba nezingane futhi nini-kungeyona nje indaba yabesifazane. Kuphinde kube wudaba lwesigaba, udaba lobuhlanga kanye nodaba lobulungiswa bomhlaba.
I-Crusade yezikhulu
IZINHLANGANO ezisohlangothini lwesokudla ezinamagama anjengeMoral Majority azikho ezingeni elingcono lokuziphatha, futhi azikho eduze neningi. Bamele idlanzana elixhaswe kahle kakhulu - "nabangane" ezindaweni eziphakeme, njengeCongress kanye ne-White House.
Ngokuqinisekile, laba abaphiko lwesokudla—kuhlanganise noGeorge W. Bush—bamelana nokuphikisana kwabo nokukhishwa kwezisu ngamagama angcwele atusa “ubungcwele bokuphila” kanye “nobungcwele bomshado.” Kodwa bangabazenzisi. U-Newt Gingrich, isibonelo—umkhulumeli oholayo “wobungcwele bomshado”–manje usengowesithathu.
Impi yabo ingokwezombangazwe, hhayi ezokuziphatha. Ukuziphatha komuntu siqu. Labo abamelene nokukhishwa kwezisu kufanele bakwazi ukulandela onembeza babo—futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bavumele abanye abantu ukuba balandele owabo.
Akekho noyedwa enhlanganweni elwela ukukhetha oke waphakamisa ukuthi noma ngubani omelene nokuhushulwa kwezisu kufanele aphoqwe ukuthi asikhiphe. Nokho umgomo wempi yokulwa nokuhushula izisu uwukuphoqelela—ngomthetho–iqoqo elilondoloza kakhulu lezindinganiso zokuziphatha kubo bonke abanye abantu.
Ukuvuka kweQoniso lobuKristu
ILUNGELO LOBUKRISTU linemvelaphi yalo kuLungelo Elisha lwangeminyaka yawo-1980, elingazange ngisho zenze sengathi lalishukunyiswa inkolo. I-ajenda Yelungelo Elisha kufanele isuse noma iyiphi inganekwane eyayikholelwa ebungcweleni bempilo yomuntu. I-ajenda yayo yayihlanganisa ukwesekwa kwesigwebo sentambo, ukusekelwa kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nokuncishiswa okukhulu kwezindleko zomphakathi zabampofu.
Ummeli wophiko lwesokudla u-Bob Dornan (R-Calif.) waze waxhasa i-Human Life Amendment–ebezokwenqabela ukukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo, ngaphandle kokuhlukile kuzisulu zokudlwengulwa nokulala nesihlobo, noma ngisho noma owesifazane engafa uma ebeletha. Kakhulu ukuhlonipha womuntu Ukuphila.
Ilungelo Elisha lasungulwa ukuze liphikisane nazo zonke izinzuzo ezenziwa izinhlangano zomphakathi zango-1960-hhayi nje inhlangano yabesifazane, kodwa i-Black Power kanye nezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko yezitabane. Ilungelo Elisha ngeminyaka yawo-1980s lahlanganisa abashisekeli benkolo yobuProthestani nababandlululi bakudala.
Akumane kwaqondana ukuthi (manje ongasekho) kugujwa kosuku lokuzalwa luka-Strom Thurmond ka-December 9, 2002, u-Trent Lott–olwa nsuku zonke ukuze enze i-ajenda ye-Christian Right kuCongress–wancoma umkhankaso wokuba ngumongameli ka-Thurmond ka-1948, isizinda sakhe sasiphikisana nokuhlanganiswa. “Siyaziqhenya ngakho,” kusho uLott. "Futhi ukube izwe lonke belilandela ukuhola kwethu, ngabe asizange sibe nazo zonke lezi zinkinga kuyo yonke le minyaka."
Ilungelo Elisha–futhi manje Ilungelo LobuKristu–ukuphikisa ukukhipha isisu umsuka walo kulo mongo. Laba abalwela ilungelo baphikisana nazo zonke izici zamalungelo abantu besifazane, futhi bakholelwa ukuthi amanani akhulayo abesifazane abasebenza - kanye nokuhushula izisu - kubukela phansi umndeni "wendabuko" wenuzi.
Kungase kuphikiswe ngokunengqondo ukuthi “umndeni wendabuko” okahle—umyeni owondlayo kanye nomama wekhaya—abakaze babe khona ngempela, njengoba abesifazane abaningi besigaba sabasebenzi bebelokhu besebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya. Kodwa lokhu okuhle-kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-"Ozzie ne-Harriet" kanye "Yekela ku-Beaver"-kwakuyingxenye eyinhloko yenkathi yokusabela yama-1950s. Futhi yileso kanye inkathi lapho amabutho eLungelo lobuKristu efuna ukubuyela khona.
Ngawo-1980, uphawu lweLungelo Elisha lwalungelona nje ukuphikisana nokuhushula isisu, kodwa futhi ne-Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) eyayizosungula ukulingana komthethosisekelo wabesifazane namadoda. Inhlangano kaPhyllis Schlafly's Stop ERA yakhankasa ngokushisekela i-ERA njengoba iNational Right to Life ikhankasa ngokumelene nokuhushula isisu.
Ngeminyaka yawo-1990, iChristian Right yasekela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “inguquko yezenhlalakahle” kaBill Clinton eyaphonsa izigidi zemindeni empofu, abesifazane nezingane ebuphofini obujulile, futhi yaphoqelela izinhlelo zokuzithiba kwentsha. Namuhla, Ilungelo LobuKristu aligcini nje ngokusekela uBush ekuvinjweni kwemishado yezitabane kanye nokuhlasela kwakhe ekuhushuleni isisu, kodwa nohlelo lwakhe luka-$1.5 billion lokugqugquzela umshado ezindaweni zabaNsundu abampofu–lapho ekholelwa ukuthi umndeni wendabuko usongelwa kakhulu ukungashadi. ubumama.
Umndeni kabani? Izindinganiso zikabani?
KUBALULEKILE ukubuza ukuthi kungani Ilungelo LobuKristu linamathele kangaka kulo mbono oqinile womndeni wendabuko kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-9 kuphela ayo yonke imindeni yase-U.S. Kungani umqondo wabo “wezindinganiso zomndeni” ungashintshi ukuze ubonise izinguquko zangempela ezimpilweni zabantu?
Iningi labesifazane namuhla liyasebenza, futhi ingxenye yayo yonke imishado iphetha ngesehlukaniso. Futhi isidingo sokushada kwezitabane siwumphumela weqiniso lokuthi imibhangqwana eminingi yobulili obufanayo ikhetha ukuhlala ndawonye futhi ikhulise imindeni.
Ilungelo lobuKristu alikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zinguquko ngoba isigaba esibusayo sithembele emndenini wenuzi onobulili obuhlukile—hhayi njengesikhungo “sokuziphatha”, kodwa iyunithi yezomnotho ewumgogodla wobunxiwankulu. Futhi ngenkathi osopolitiki abanjengoBush noLott besebenza njengabakhulumeli beChristian Right, amaDemocrats uBill Clinton noJohn Kerry nabo baphakamisa "izindinganiso zomndeni."
Akubanga ngengozi ukuthi uBill Clinton asayine uMthetho Wokuvikela Umshado wango-1996 futhi wakhuthaza ukuzithiba kwentsha njengomongameli. Wayezama ukushweleza uMkristu. AmaRiphabhulikhi namaDemocrats ngokufanayo amele izintshisekelo zebhizinisi-futhi aphakamise umndeni wenuzi njengesikhungo esiwumgogodla womphakathi wobunxiwankulu.
Ukulondoloza isizinda somndeni wenuzi–futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa wabesifazane phakathi kwawo–kuyinzuzo ebonakalayo ohlelweni. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi basebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya noma cha, ngaphakathi komndeni, abesifazane benza imisebenzi yasendlini, ukupheka, ilondolo kanye nokunakekela izingane-lokho kumahhala, futhi ngenxa yalokho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqhubeka nokuba khona kohlelo lonxiwankulu.
Isiphetho esifile sokhetho
UKUBUYELA EMUVA iwashi wuhlelo lwezepolitiki lwelungelo lobuKristu. Amazwe kulo lonke elase-U.S. aphasise amakhulukhulu emithetho enciphisa ilungelo labesifazane lokukhetha—ebeka izikhathi zokulinda amahora angu-24, edinga ukuthi intsha ithole imvume yabazali bayo ngisho nasemindenini ehlukumezayo futhi yenqaba uxhaso lukahulumeni lokuhushula izisu kwabesifazane abampofu ngisho uma benomdlavuza noma benoshukela.
NgoNovemba, ukuhlaselwa kokuhushulwa kwezisu kwafinyelela ezingeni likahulumeni, lapho iCongress idlulisa ukuvinjelwa kwenqubo yokwandisa kanye nokukhipha isisu (okuyinto abaphiko lwesokudla abayibiza kabi ngamabomu ngokuthi "ukukhipha isisu kokuzalwa okuyingxenye") - ngaphandle kwesigatshana sokuvikela impilo yowesifazane okhulelwe. Futhi iSigele sikaMashi 25 ukuphasiswa komthetho we-Victims of Violence Act kwenza kube yicala lesibili ukulimaza umbungu wowesifazane okhulelwe.
Kodwa kufanele sibuze lo mbuzo: Ngabe Ilungelo LobuKristu libe yimpumelelo kanjani kangaka ekuguquleni isimo sezombangazwe? Impendulo ilula—umkhankaso wokulwa nokuhushula izisu uye waphishekela ngokuqhubekayo isu lezishoshovu elikhuthaza umbono ongamanga wokuthi abesifazane bakhetha ukukhipha isisu “ngezizathu ezizwakalayo,” futhi “ngobugovu” babambezele ukuhushula izisu ukuze bazuze.
Kodwa uma Ilungelo LobuKristu belikhankasa ngokungakhathali ukubukela phansi ilungelo lokukhetha—ukuhlangana ngezinkulungwane nokubhikisha ngaphandle kwemitholampilo yokuhushula izisu—akunakushiwo okufanayo ngenhlangano esekela ukukhetha. Esikhundleni sokuvikela ilungelo labesifazane lokulawula imizimba yabo, abaholi abazikhethelayo baye bachitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sabo nemali bekhankasela amaDemocrats asekela ukukhetha.
Kodwa ngoNovemba, ama-House Democrats angu-63 kanye nama-Senate Democrats angu-11-abaningi kuwo "abangokuzikhethela" -bavotela ukuvinjelwa "kokuzalwa ngokwengxenye" okuqanjwe kabi. Futhi ngoMashi, ama-House Democrats angama-47 ahlangana namaRiphabhlikhi ekuvoteleni uMthetho Wezisulu Zodlame Ezingakazalwa. Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuqothuka kwesu lokhetho le-pro-choice movement.
Sidinga futhi ukubuza ukuthi kungani inhlangano esekela ukukhetha ingazange ibambe uClinton lapho ephula isithembiso sakhe somkhankaso sokuphasisa uMthetho Wenkululeko Yokuzikhethela– nalapho elahla abesifazane abampofu kwezenhlalakahle. UClinton akazange azwakalise ukuphikisa njengoba abenzi bomthetho abaphiko lwesokudla bephasisa imithetho yezwe ezweni lonke egunyaza imvume yabazali noma isaziso, kanye nenqwaba yeminye imikhawulo elungelweni labesifazane lokuzikhethela.
Phakathi nehlandla lokuqala likaClinton njengomongameli, iCongress yaba nerekhodi lokungakhethi kakhulu emlandweni wayo. Nokho uClinton okunake kuphela odabeni lokuhushulwa kwezisu esikhathini sakhe sesibili kwaba ukukhuthaza ukuzithiba ocansini phakathi kwentsha ukuze kwehliswe izinga lokuhushulwa kwezisu lezwe. Ubumongameli bukaClinton bukhombisile ukuthi kungani osopolitiki kungeke kuthenjelwe kubo ekuvikeleni amalungelo okukhipha izisu-kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkulumo zabo zomkhankaso zithini.
Hlobo luni lokunyakaza?
UMA isu lokhetho libhuntshile, hlobo luni lomnyakazo oludingekayo ukuze kuguqulwe izinto? Inhlangano yaphansi yokushada kwezitabane ikhombisa indlela eya phambili.
Ezinyangeni ezedlule, izinkulungwane zezishoshovu zamalungelo ezitabane ezweni lonke ziye zavusa amasu enhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu futhi zenqaba ukuthatha “cha” impendulo lapho zifuna amalayisensi omshado. Kungazelelwe, ilungelo lomshado wobulili obufanayo—okwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule—lingase lifinyeleleke.
Kungaleso sikhathi-ke isimo sezepolitiki esingashintsha ngokushesha lapho inhlangano yaphansi iqala ukulwa. Singakwazi futhi ukufunda isifundo emgudwini wabesifazane weminyaka yawo-1960 kanye ’ 70s–umnyakazo owazuza ilungelo lokukhetha kwasekuqaleni.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uRichard Nixon–owayengamele kwesokudla ophikisana nokuhushula isisu njengoGeorge W. Bush–wayephethe i-White House, kanti iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yayigcwele abantu ababeqokelwe ukubusa. Nokho umbuso wokuqala ukwenza ukuhushula isisu kube semthethweni kwakuyiCalifornia ngo-1970-lapho engekho omunye ngaphandle kukaRonald Reagan owayengumbusi.
Phakathi kuka-1969 no-1973, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabesifazane namadoda abambe amakhulu emibhikisho kulo lonke elase-U.S., okwenza ukuthi abesifazane babe nelungelo lokukhetha isidingo esikhulu senhlangano yenkululeko yabesifazane-kanye namaholo alinganayo, ukunakekelwa kwezingane kanye nokuphela. ukubandlulula. Namuhla, sidinga ubushoshovu ukuze sakhe uhlobo lomnyakazo olungaxhumanisa ilungelo lokukhetha namalungelo agcwele okuzala abo bonke abantu besifazane. Lokhu kungaba umnyakazo ongeke uzinze ngaphandle kokulingana okugcwele.
Abantu bangempela baphila izimpilo ezingavumelani nhlobo nalokho okubizwa ngezimiso zomndeni zeLungelo lobuKristu. Futhi owesifazane oyedwa kwabathathu namuhla ukhipha isisu. Lokho kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi bayamazi othile obemdinga.
Singabantu abaningi, hhayi Ilungelo lobuKristu. Inhlangano ye-pro-choice kufanele ilwe nakho konke okumele i-Christian Right. Umnyakazo onjalo-ovikela ilungelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphandle kokuxolisa-uzothola izigidi zabantu ngasohlangothini lwayo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela