IMPI ezayo phakathi kwe-Chicago Teachers Union (CTU) kanye neMeya yaseChicago u-Rahm Emanuel izoba nomthelela kuzwelonke, futhi izolwelwa ezindabeni zobuhlanga, izinga kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlaloโnoma njengoba uMfundisi Jesse Jackson Sr. ekubeka, " ubandlululo lwezemfundo.
UJackson wasebenzisa lelo binzana emhlanganweni weBhodi Lezemfundo laseChicago wangoFebhuwari 22, lapho iqembu elingakhethiwe livota khona ngazwi linye ukuvala noma "ukuguqula" izikole eziyi-17 [1]โzonke ezindaweni zase-Afrika zaseMelika naseLatino.
Cishe amahora amabili obufakazi obusuka enhliziyweni obuvela kubazali, abafundi kanye nothisha, amalungu ebhodi afana nowayenguMongameli weNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern uHenry Beinen kanye nosozigidi uPenny Pritzker bahlole ama-smartphones abo futhi bangazihluphi ngokufihla indelelo yabo. Kodwa ngaphambili, lapho uJackson ekhuluma, babheka phezulu, amehlo ethe ukuvuleka kunokuvamile.
Isimo sabantu base-Afrika baseMelika ezikoleni zaseChicago, uJackson uthe, sikhumbula leso sase-Little Rock, Ark., Ngo-1957-okubhekisela ohlelweni oluhlukanisiwe lapho umbusi wombuso onobandlululo wenqaba ukwenza noma yini ngakho, ephikisana nesinqumo se-US Supreme. Inkantolo, kwaze kwaba yilapho ephoqwa ukuba enze kanjalo ngamasosha enhlangano. "Kuwuhlobo lokuhlukaniswa uma, ngaphakathi kohlelo olufanayo lwesikole, unesigaba esiphezulu nesesiphansi," kusho uJackson.
Ekhuluma nezintatheli ngemuva kokuphawula kwakhe ebhodini, uJackson uthe: "Akukho ukulingana ukwenza uhlelo lube ngentando yeningi. Akukho muntu lapha olwela izingane futhi [ukuba] zonke zibe nezinto ezifanayo ezinye izingane ezinazo enyakatho yeNorth Avenue. [Ohlangothini olusenyakatho kakhulu lwabamhlophe]. [Kukhona] izikole eziyi-160 ezingenawo umtapo wolwazi, eziyi-140 eningizimu yeNorth Avenue. Ubandlululo lolo."
UJackson uzwakale izingqikithi ezifanayo ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva [2] emhlanganweni wenhlangano yakhe ethi Rainbow/PUSH namalungu e-CTU ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva. "Esikudingayo ibhodi lesikole elikhethiwe," kusho uJackson, ephetha: "Isikhathi sokumasha! Isikhathi sokusindisa izikole zethu! Isikhathi sokusindisa othisha bethu!"
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UKUNGENELELA kukaJackson emhlanganweni wesigungu sesikoleโowokuqala izintatheli ezingamagqala ezaziwukhumbula kusukela maphakathi nawo-1990โkwalandela cishe izinyanga ezintathu zobushoshovu babazali, othisha kanye namaqembu omphakathi ezikoleni okwakuhloswe ngazo ukuvalwa noma ukuguqulwa. Futhi amaqiniso asekela ukuchazwa kukaJackson kwezikole zaseChicago njengokufana nobandlululo. Njengoba umbiko omusha we-CTU uveza [okubili]:
Izikole ze-CPS zisebenza endaweni yokuhlukana okukhulu, okuwumvuthwandaba wamashumi eminyaka wezinqubomgomo zomphakathi zobandlululo namandla emakethe ahlukanise imiphakathi yaseChicago nezindawo ezingomakhelwane. Ngaphakathi kwe-CPS, amaphesenti angu-69 abo bonke abafundi base-Afrika baseMelika (kanye namaphesenti angu-42 amaLatinos) aya ezikoleni "ezihlukene kakhulu" -izikole ezinamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-90 emizimba yabo yabafundi eyakhiwe uhlanga olufanayo. I-Chicago Public Schools isalokhu ingenye yezinhlelo zezikole zasemadolobheni [oku] "amaphesenti ambalwa kuphela esipiliyoni sobandlululo oluphelele."
Ngemuva kokuphawula kwakhe emhlanganweni wesigungu sezikole wangoFebhuwari 22, uMengameli weCTU uKaren Lewis uthe umzabalazo uzoqhubeka nokuvela ezindabeni zobuhlanga nezigaba. โUmzabalazo wokuvalwa kwezikole wumshikashika wokuzungeza umphakathi ohlukene ngokwehlukana, ompofu kakhulu, nokuthi sifunela izingane zethu ezinjani izikole,โ usho kanje.
U-Lewis uphinde waphonsela inselelo umbono wokuthi iqembu elingenzi nzuzo elizophatha izikole eziyisithupha kweziyi-10 "zokuguqula", i-Academy exhumene nepolitiki ye-Urban School Leadership (AUSL), inikeza inqubekelaphambili yezemfundo yangempela. I-AUSLโeqala ukuthatha izintambo ngokuxosha bonke abafundisi besikole futhi ibaphoqe ukuthi baphinde bafake izicelo zabo zemisebenziโithi bathole amaphuzu athuthukile ezivivinyo. Kodwa lokhu kungaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu kuphela, kusho uLewis.
Okudingekayo, kusho uLewis, ukuthi i-CPS ihlinzeke izikole ezidonsa kanzima ngezinsiza ezivame ukutholwa yi-AUSL ebhodini. I-AUSL "ithola uxhaso oluthe xaxa, bathola izinsiza ezengeziwe, banabantu abengeziwe emakilasini, banezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle ezinikezwayo."
Izindikimba ezifanayo zobulungiswa bezemfundo zazwakala ngoMashi 10 Umhlangano wezishoshovu ze-CTU wamalungu enyunyana angama-600 [4], kusho uthisha oyedwa ongafundiwe obambe iqhaza emhlanganweni. โUbuhlanga kanye nekilasi kwakuyizingqinamba ezibalulekile,โ kusho yena. "Bekugxile kulokho okwenzeka ekilasini lethuโikakhulukazi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika nabaseLatinosโkanye nezemfundo.โ
Enkulumweni yomhlangano wonke, iPhini likaMongameli we-CTU uJesse Sharkey uthe inyunyana kumele ilwele abantu abasebenzayo kanye nezingane zabo edolobheni lonke. Ngaphandle kwenyunyana, besingeke sibe nezinga lempilo eligculisayo kothisha bakuleli dolobha,โ kusho uSharkey. "Sinomthwalo wemfanelo kubasebenzi esisebenza nabo kanye nezingane zedolobha laseChicago ukuhola, ukuhlela ukuya endaweni ethile, ukuphumelela nokubumbana ngokumelene namabhange kanye nosopolitiki."
Uthisha osemncane ongafundile wasesikoleni samabanga aphezulu iSouth Side uthe umhlangano unikeze labo abasha ezishoshovu zezinyunyana ukuthambekela abakudingayo. โNgibone sengathi silitholile ngempela ithuba lokufingqa imikhono, sikhulume ngezinye zezinkinga ezisezikoleni zethu bese siqala nokuxoxisana ngokuthi singazilwela kanjani indlela ibhodi nemigomo ye-CPS ecekela phansi ngayo izikole zethu,โ usho kanje. into eqinisekile-ngishiye uqeqesho nginokuzethemba okukhulu."
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UMUMO onqunyiwe wothisha base-Chicagoโkanye nomfelandawonye we-CTU nezinhlangano ezibalulekile zomphakathi wase-Afrika yaseMelika kanye ne-Latinoโakuyekanga ukuqashelwa osopolitiki baseChicago nezikhulu. UJean-Claude Brizard, oyi-CEO ye-Chicago Public Schools (CPS), uzizwe ephoqelekile ukuthi aphendule ngecala "lobandlululo lwezemfundo" ngesikhathi evela esontweni lase-Afrika yaseMelika.
"Amaphesenti angu-XNUMX ezingane zethu ziMnyama futhi zinsundu," kusho uBrizard. "Amaphesenti angu-XNUMX ezinsiza zethu aya ezinganeni ezimnyama nezinsundu. Lokho kungaba kanjani 'ubandlululo lwezemfundo?'" Nokho, uBrizard, waligwema iphuzu likaJackson lokuthi izinsiza zahamba ngendlela engafanele ezikoleni ezikhethiwe lapho abafundi bebala banganakwa kakhulu.
Njengengcweti yaseHaiti yaseMelika kanye nemfundo yemisebenzi, isitayela sikaBrizard siyahluka kuleso sabagebengu bezepolitiki abamandulele njengomphathi wezikole zaseChicago. Kodwa njengeziqu ze- Ikamu lokuqeqeshwa lokuguqulwa kwezikole ze-Broad Institute[5], uBrizard uzibophezele ngokomqondo ekulahlekiseni imfundo yomphakathi njengo-Emanuel.
Enkulumweni yakamuva e-Economic Club yaseChicago [6], uBrizard waze wathi imali ye-CPS kufanele ilandele izingane ezidlulisela ezikoleni ze-parochial. โAkuwenzi umqondo [ukuthi] abazali bethu bakhokhe intela bese bekhokhela [izingane zabo] imali yokufunda ukuze nazo zifunde esikoleni [ezizimele],โ kusho uBrizard, ebeka izizathu ezifanayo nalezo ezishiwo abameli abaqinile bamavawusha esikole. amashumi eminyaka.
Ngakho-ke, inhloko yesifunda sesikole sesithathu ngobukhulu ezweni, esivele idonsa kanzima ngenxa yokwehliswa kwesabelomali futhi sibhekene nokushoda kwesabelomali esifunwa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-712, ikhuthaza ukukhishwa kwemali eyengeziwe ohlelweni lwezikole zikahulumeni, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezisetshenziswa yi-CPS. ezikoleni zama-charter.
Ngenkathi uBrizard esebenza njengenduna ka-Emanuel, izinsiza zezombusazwe zemeya zisabalalisa imali ukuze zizame ukwakha isithombe sokwesekwa okudumile kwezinguquko zesikole. Kepha ubuqili buvezwe lapho izikhulu ze-CTU zilethela abezindaba ukuthi inkampani yokubonisana ihambisana kakhulu no-Emanuel. badlulisela imali kubashumayeli, nabo, bakhokhela ababhikishi [7] ukukhombisa ngokuvuna ukuvalwa kwezikole.
Umbhikisho okhokhelwayo wagqamisa umzamo ka-Emanuel wokudweba i-ajenda ye-CTU njengokubeka izithakazelo zothisha abahahayo ngaphambi kwezingane eziswele. I-CTU ihlehlile ngokuzihlanganisa namaqembu omphakathi nokuxhumanisa impi yayo nobulungiswa bezomnotho kubantu abasebenzayo-umzamo owaqala eminyakeni edlule lapho izikhulu eziphezulu zenyunyana zamanje zihlelwa njengamalungu eCaucus of Rank and File Educators (CORE).
Emasontweni adlule, lo mzamo wesikhathi eside uye wathela izithelo njengoba i-CTU iguqule imigomo yenkulumo-mpikiswano ngezikole nekusasa lazo. Ubushoshovu obuphathelene nezindaba zobulungisa bezemfundo bavela ezindaweni eziningi, kubazali abamnyama nabaLatinowafunda iBrian Piccolo Specialty School [8] emzamweni wokuyigcina ivulekile, kumakadebona wezishoshovu zase-Afrika zaseMelika ezinjengoJitu Brown we-Kenwood Oakland Community Organization (KOCO) eSouth Side yaseChicago.
Njengelungu lomkhandlu wesikole sendawo eDyett High School, esinye sezikole okubhekwe ukuthi sivalwe, uBrown kanye namanye amalungu omphakathi nabazali basebenze nothisha nabaphathi bezikole ukukhulisa amaphuzu ezivivinyo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Kodwa naphezu kwalezo ntuthuko, i-Dyett izoqedwa noma kunjaloโngoba isendaweni eheha abathuthukisi bezindlu, uBrown uthe:
Lezi yizikole zesikhashana njengoba zisaqhubeka nokusikhipha endaweni. Okufanayo kuzo zonke izinguquko ezenziwe yi-CPS kusukela ngo-1995 ukuthi bavalele ngaphandle amazwi abazali nomphakathi.
Siyibophela ku-ajenda ye-gentrification. Sikubophela ku-ajenda yokucwasa ngokwebala. Sibona sengathi amazwi abazali nabantu abathinteke kakhulu awahlonishwa. Esinye isici esivamile kulezi zinguquko ukuthi azisebenzanga. Ngakho-ke abazali bafunda ukuthi uma i-CPS ikhuluma, ikhuluma kabili. Abakhulumi ngesithakazelo sangempela somntwana.
UBrown kanye namanye amalungu e-Dyett Local School Council bazame ukuvimba izenzo ze-CPS enkantolo yezwe, kodwa ijaji lalichitha icala. Yize kunjalo, leli qembu lisazoqhubeka necala elizogqamisa ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zaseChicago, kusho ummeli uThomas Geoghegan. Lo mmeli ongumakadebona uhlanganyele noBrown, abafundi baseDyett kanye nezishoshovu zabazali esithangamini sabezindaba sangoMashi 12 ngaphandle kwebhilidi le-CPS edolobheni laseChicago.
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UKUHLASELWA kwe-CTU akuhlukile, kunjalo. Edolobheni laseNew York, iMeya uMichael Bloomberg baphushele izinhlelo ngenyanga edlule zokuvala izikole ezingama-33 [9], exosha bonke othisha futhi ebaphoqa ukuthi baphinde bafake izicelo zabo zemisebenzi.
I-United Federation of Teachers iwuphikisa lowo mgomo, kodwa inyunyana ayizange izame ukusebenzisa izingxoxo zenkontileka osekunesikhathi eside iphelelwe yisikhathi njengesisekelo kulolu daba. Kunalokho, ikhetha ukulinda kuze kuphele isikhathi seBloomberg ekupheleni kuka-2013 ngaphambi kokwenza isivumelwano. Iziteleka zezinyunyana zomkhakha womphakathi azikho emthethweni esifundazweni saseNew York, ziphakamisa isibalo sanoma yimuphi umzabalazo onjalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezwe, i-United Teachers Los Angeles (UTLA) iphumelele isimemezelo sokumiswa kokwakhiwa kwezikole ezintsha eziqashiwe [10]. Kodwa kunezintambo ezinamathiselwe: Othisha esikoleni ngasinye bazobhekana nengcindezi yokwenza izivumelwano zokuxoxisana ezihlangene ezizoba "ezivumelana nezimo" kunenkontileka evamile-ekugcineni yenze inyunyana buthaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaholi abasha be-UTLA baphinde bavumela ukuthi inkontileka yabo iphelelwe yisikhathi ngenkathi behlaselwa zakamuva ochungechungeni lwezidingo zezinsuku ezengeziwe ezingakhokhiwe ukuze kuncishiswe isibalo sokudilizwa okuhleliwe.
E-Chicago, isiteleka sibukeka singenakugwenywa, uma kubhekwa izimfuno ezinonya zika-Emanuel-owathi, njengesikhulu sabasebenzi e-White House ngaphambi kokuba abe yimeya, waba nesandla ekwenziweni kohlelo lwe-Federal Race to the Top education programme olulengisele u-$4.3 billion ngaphambi kwesabelomali. -izifundazwe eziboshiwe uma ziphusha umthetho owenza buthaka isikhathi sothisha, obeke izinhlelo zokuhlola ezinokhahlo futhi osuse izithiyo ekwakhiweni kwezikole eziqashiwe.
Njengoba owayeyisikhulu esiphezulu sezikole zase-Chicago u-Arne Duncan esebenza njengonobhala wezemfundo ka-Obama, imithelela kazwelonke yalokhu kungqubuzana ngeke icace kangcono.
Ngasohlangothini lwenyunyana okulindelwe amalungu kuphakanyiswe ngabaholi beCTU abathe ngo-2010 uwine ukhetho lwamahhovisi aphezulu enyunyana ku-CORE ngesithembiso sokulwa [11].
Ukwakhiwa kwesiteleka esingaba khona okuyinkimbinkimbi umthetho wezwe, owaziwa nge-SB 7, owaphasiswa ngonyaka odlule obekela umkhawulo ilungelo lothisha baseChicago lokuteleka. [12]. Isithiyo esisodwa: Amaphesenti angama-75 awo wonke amalungu enyunyana kufanele avotele isiteleka ukuze sisebenze. Bese kulandela izidingo ezehlukene zokulamula nokulamula ngaphambi kokuthi kube nesiteleka ngokusemthethweni.
Esinye isithiyo umthetho wombuso we-1995 "wenguquko yezikole" onciphisa ukuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela kumaholo kanye nezinzuzo. Izinkinga ezinjengosayizi wekilasi nokuphepha komsebenzi azikho etafuleni ngokusemthethweniโngaphandle uma inyunyana ingakwazi ukusebenzisa amandla okwanele ukuphoqa isivumelwano ngalezo zinkinga. Okufanayo kuyiqiniso ngohlelo lokuhlola oluhlongozwayoโfuthi olubekwe umthetho wezweโoluzohlanganisa ukusebenza komsebenzi wothisha namaphuzu okuhlolwa kwabafundi.
Bese kuba nosuku olude lwesikole lwase-Chicago, elinye igunya lomthetho wezwe. I-CPS isivele isimemezele ukuthi usuku lwamanje lwamahora amahlanu nemizuzu engama-45 ezikoleni zamabanga aphansi luzoshintshela osukwini lwamahora ayisikhombisa nesigamu onyakeni wesikole ozayoโnanjengoba ibhodi lithi ayikho imali yokufunda. ukukhushulwa kothisha ngemuva kokuhoxisa ukunyuselwa kwamaholo okungamaphesenti amane okwase kuxoxiswane ngakho ngonyaka odlule.
Azikho izifundo ezifakazela ukuthi lolu suku olude kakhulu luzothuthukisa izikolo zokuhlolwa, futhi inani elikhulayo lamaqembu abazali likhomba[13] ukuthi usuku olude kangako ngaphandle kwekharikhulamu ethuthukisiwe luzokhathaza izingane, hhayi ukuzifundisa.
Ngalokhu, i-CTU isikushilo ukuzimisela kwayo [14] ukuba nosuku olude lwesikole uma othisha benxeshezelwa ngendlela efanele, futhi ikharikhulamu ixhaswa ngokugcwele futhi inothiswe ngomculo, ubuciko kanye nemfundo yokuzivocavoca.
Kodwa ukukhushulwa kwamaholo ngobuxhwanguxhwangu okuhlongozwe yi-CPS etafuleni lezingxoxo ngeke kuze kuhambisane nokwehla kwamandla emali, ingasaphathwa eyokukhokhela othisha ngokwanele amahora engeziwe emsebenzini.
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NGOKUNIKEZWA NGALESI sinqumo esiqinile se-CPS, ibhodi lesikole kanye no-Emanuel, i-CTU cishe izoba nezinkinga ezimbalwa ekutholeni amavoti adingekayo ukuze igunyaze isiteleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaxoxisana be-CPS bavumelene nomugqa wesikhathi wenyunyana wezingxoxo kanye nomnqamulajuqu wesiteleka, okuyinkomba yokuthi u-Emanuel akagcini nje ngokulungiselela othisha ukuthi bashaye ulayini, kodwa angase abafune lapho.
Besingabukeka kanjani isiteleka se-CTU? Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva kubonisa ukuthi u-Emanuel cishe uzosebenzisa zonke izindlela zomthetho nezombusazwe ezitholakalayo ukuze azame ukuphula inyunyana.
E-Los Angeles, isifunda sesikole saphendula ezinhlelweni zesiteleka sosuku olulodwa sothisha ngoMeyi 2009 ngokuthola incwadi yesivimbelo sesikhashana sejaji [15] lokho bekuzophuca othisha izincwadi zabo zokufundisa futhi kukhokhise u-$1,000 kubo bonke othisha abatelekile, kanye nenhlawulo ekhubazekile enhlanganweni okungenani engu-$20 wezigidi. Inyunyana yasimisa isiteleka.
Nakuba lo myalelo ononya onjalo wawungeke uvele enkantolo, wawuyinkomba yokuhlaselwa okunonya kwezinyunyana zezinkampani zikahulumeni eminyakeni yamuva nje. Uma uHulumeni waseWisconsin uScott Walker ezizwa eqiniseka ngokwanele ukuphuca izinyunyana zabasebenzi bakahulumeni amalungelo azo okuxoxisana ngokuhlanganyela futhi asuse ukuqoqwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezimali ezikhokhwa yinyunyana, kungenxa yokuthi wayengalandela isibonelo sejaji elimelene nenyunyana eNew York City ngo-2005. ishaye inyunyana yabasebenzi bamabhasi nabangaphansi komhlaba abatelekile [16] ngenhlawulo engu-$2.5 million, kwaqeda ukuqoqwa kwabaqashi kwentela yenyunyana futhi, ngemva kwesikhathi eside isiteleka, waboshwa kafushane umongameli wenyunyana.
I-CPS kanye no-Emanuel bangalindelwa ukuthi baqalise ukuhlasela okufanayo uma i-CTU igadla. Ukukhishwa kwezindaba okubikezelwe kwe-City Hall kuzovela njengezihloko zekhasi lokuqala ku- Chicago Tribune futhi Chicago Sun-Times: "Othisha babamba izingane zasedolobheni" kanye nokuthi "Othisha babeka inkokhelo kuqala, izingane ekugcineni." Izithombe zizokhombisa imigqa emide yabazali bezama ukubhalisa izingane zabo ezikoleni eziqashiwe. Futhi ngeke kube nokushoda kwamajaji alungele ukuyalela othisha ukuthi babuyele emsebenzini, noma babhekane nenhlawulo nokubhadla ejele.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuba okuba nobumbano kwezabasebenzi makhulu kakhulu. Ukuthululwa okubonakale ekuvukeleni kwabasebenzi eWisconsin kanye nenani elikhulu lezinyunyana emibhikishweni ye-Occupy e-New York City nase-US yonkana kukhombisa intukuthelo ekhulayo ngokungalingani kwezigaba kanye nokubuswa kwezepolitiki kwebhizinisi. Lobo bumbano bungaba namandla kunenhlawulo yanoma yiliphi ijaji noma izigwebo zasejele, futhi kuyodingeka kube njalo.
I-Chicago izoba uvivinyo lokuthi ingabe umfutho okhulayo wokugqashula izinyunyana zemboni yomphakathi uzophumelela-noma ukuthi abasebenzi bangadonsa umugqa yini.
Noma kunjalo, abanye abaholi bezinyunyana ababalulekile kungalindelwa ukuthi bazame ukucindezela i-CTU ukuthi yengamele izimfuno zayo. Oyinhloko phakathi kwabo nguMongameli we-American Federation of Teachers uRandi Weingarten, owakhe isu wukwamukela izimfuno zokukhokhelwa kothisha kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezinokhahlo [17] ukuze kugcinwe "ubudlelwane" nezifunda zesikole kanye nosopolitiki. Endaweni, iChicago Federation of Labor, ebhekene nokuhlasela kuka-Emanuel okumelene nezabasebenzi okuvamile, ifune ukugwema ukungqubuzana nemeya ngethemba elifiphele lokuvuselela ubudlelwano obudala bezepolitiki bezisebenzi nomshini weDemocratic Party kanye neHholo Ledolobha.
Kungakho imizamo ye-CTU yokufinyelela kubazali, izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nabantu abasebenzayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokusungula amakomiti obumbano emazingeni aphansi ezungeze izikole, inyunyana isilungiselele isisekelo sokungqubuzana okungenakugwenywa no-Emanuel. Futhi ngokuhola impi yezikole ezixhaswa ngokugcwele, ezisezingeni eliphezulu namathuba alinganayo kubo bonke, i-CTU izifake phakathi komzabalazo obalulekile wamalungelo omphakathi wesikhathi sethu: ukuvikela imfundo yomphakathi.
Wonke amalungu enyunyanaโkanye nawo wonke umuntu omele ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahleโkufanele azilungiselele ukweseka i-CTU kule mpi ebalulekile.
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