Ngemuva komzamo wokubulala uMongameli waseVenezuela uNicolas Maduro, indatshana ku Miami Herald (8/5/18) yabika ukuthi “iqembu lomshoshaphansi elakhiwe amalungu ezempi aseVenezuela ayemelene nombuso kaNicolás Maduro lathi linecala.” A New York Times i-op-ed (8/10/18"Akekho owaziyo ukuthi umbuso kaMaduro uzothatha amashumi eminyaka noma izinsuku." AFP (8/12/18) kubike ukuthi "uTrump ugxeke kabuhlungu umbuso kaMaduro oshiyile."
Igama elithi “umbuso” lisikisela ukuthi uhulumeni osetshenziswa ilebula akahambisani nentando yeningi, ngisho nondlovukayiphikiswa, ngakho-ke kuyaxaka ukuthi leli gama lisetshenziswa odabeni lwaseVenezuela, njengoba uhulumeni wezwe wesobunxele uye wawina ngokuphindaphindiwe ukhetho olukhululekile nolunobulungiswa (Ukubukezwa Kwezincwadi zaseLondon, 6/29/17). Umuntu angaphikisa ngokuthi, uma sikhuluma nje, “umbuso” ungasho nje uhlelo, futhi kwezinye izimo ezithile, ezingavamile, okungenzeka kube yindlela osetshenziswa ngayo. Kodwa ngobubanzi igama elithi “umbuso” lisikisela uhulumeni ongameleli, ocindezelayo, owonakele, ononya—ongenasidingo sokunikeza noma ibuphi ubufakazi balezi zici.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-US ngokwayo ihlangabezana nezinqubo eziningi zokuba “umbuso”: Ingabonwa njengombuso. i-oligarchy esikhundleni sentando yeningi, ubopha abantu at a izinga eliphezulu kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe, inamazinga asabekayo okungalingani futhi iqhumisa elinye izwe njalo ngemizuzu ye-12. Kodwa-ke akukho ukuthambekela okusabalele kokuthi abezindaba bebhizinisi bachaze izwe lase-US ngokuthi "umbuso."
Umsebenzi "wombuso" uwukwakha i-scaffolding yemibono yokuthi i-United States nabalingani bayo bahlasele noma yiliphi izwe elinohulumeni ochazwe ngale ndlela. Ngokwemithombo yezindaba evamile, uhulumeni waseNicaragua okhethwe ngentando yeningi “uwumbuso” (Washington Post, 7/11/18). ICuba nayo “inombuso” (Washington Post, 7/25/18). I-Iraq neLibya yayivame ukuba “nemithetho”—ngaphambi kokuba i-United States isebenzise “ushintsho lombuso.” INorth Korea inayo impela (New York Times, 7/26/18kanjalo neChina (Washington Post, 8/3/18) kanye neRussia (Wall Street Journal, 7/15/18).
Kunini, kwabezindaba, uhulumeni uba “umbuso”? Impendulo, ngobubanzi: Abaholi bezombangazwe bezwe kungenzeka babizwe “ngombuso” uma bengalandeli iziqondiso zase-US, futhi mancane amathuba okuba bahlelwe kanjalo uma bebambisana nombuso.
'Imithetho' eLatin America
Uphenyo olwenziwe nomhlanganisi wezindaba u-Factiva luthola ukuthi eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-20 kusukela iVenezuela iqala ukukhetha uhulumeni we-Chavista, New York Times, Wall Street Journal futhi Washington Post baye basebenzisa inkulumo ethi "umbuso waseVenezuela" izikhathi ezingu-74, "umbuso eVenezuela" izikhathi ezingu-30, "umbuso weChávez" izikhathi ezingu-68, "umbuso kaMaduro" izikhathi ezingu-168 kanye "nombuso eCaracas" izikhathi ezinhlanu. Bonke laba hulumeni bakhethwe ngokwentando yeningi, kodwa bonile ngokuzama ukwakha indlela engalawulwa yi-US.
Cabangela, ngokuphambene, ukusabalala kweHonduras. Izwe alinazo neze izici ezihlobene “nombuso.” Ngomhla zingama-28 kuNhlangulana wezi-2009, ukuketulwa kombuso yi-US kwaketula uhulumeni owakhethwa ngentando yeningi ka-Manuel Zelaya, esikhundleni sawo kwafakwa umbuso ovumelana ne-US. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iHonduras isibe yizwe indawo eyingozi kakhulu izintatheli emazweni aseMelika; abaholi bezabasebenzi futhi izishoshovu zemvelo njalo kubhekwe ukuthi babulawe.
Ngokosesho lwe-Factiva, igama elithi "umbuso waseHonduran" alikaze livele ku- Times, Journal futhi Thumela eminyakeni eyalandela ukuketula umbuso, futhi bebonke basebenzisa inkulumo ethi “umbuso eHonduras” kanye: Washington Post isihloko (3/31/16) mayelana nokubulawa komholi womdabu wase-Honduran u-Berta Cáceres kanye nezinye izazi zemvelo esifundeni, ecashunweni kaprofesa ogxeka ukwesekwa kwe-US kobushiqela baseLatin America.
Nakuba omongameli abathathu baseHonduras ngemva kokuketulwa umbuso baye babusa izwe lapho “ukungajeziswa kokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kuseyinto evamile,” ngokusho kuHuman Rights Watch, laba baholi cishe abakaze bachazwe njengabaphethe “umbuso.” A Thumela umhleli (9/5/09) kwakuhlanganisa ukubonakala kuphela "kombuso kaMicheletti" kunoma yimaphi amaphepha amathathu. "Umbuso we-lobo" ubuyisela iqanda lemiphumela yosesho. I New York Times (2/16/16) useke wasebenzisa "umbuso kaHernández" kanye, kodwa i-Factiva ibonisa ukuthi Thumela futhi Journal ungalokothi. Ukusesha "i-regime in Tegucigalpa" noma "umbuso we-Tegucigalpa" kukhiqize imiphumela engekho.
I-Middle East 'Regimes'
Kusukela impi yaseSyria yaqala ngo-March 15, 2011, "umbuso waseSiriya" usetshenziswe izikhathi ze-5,355, "umbuso we-Assad" izikhathi ze-7,853, "umbuso eSiriya" izikhathi ze-836, "nombuso eDamaseku" izikhathi ze-282 New York Times, Wall Street Journal futhi Washington Post.
Uzakwabo wezomnotho nezempi waseWashington, iSaudi Arabia, ichazwa ngokuthi “inombuso” kaningi kakhulu kuneSyria, naphezu kwezimfanelo zayo ezifana “nombuso”: Uhulumeni wayo ongakhethiwe ucindezela abaphikisayo, okuhlanganisa abameleli babesifazane kanye nedlanzana labo lamaShia, futhi uyawenza. ukubulawa at an isiqeshana esingavamile, okubala labantu abasolwa ngokuphinga, ukuhlubuka kanye ubuqili. ISaudi Arabia yaqeda ukuvukela umbuso eBahrain engumakhelwane ngo-2011, futhi nabalingani bayo base-US nase-UK, yenza impi ecishe ibe yembubhiso eYemen.
Ngaleso sikhathi esihlolisiswe ecaleni laseSyria, igama elithi "umbuso waseSaudi" lisetshenziswe izikhathi ze-145 ngamaphepha afanayo, kuyilapho "umbuso eSaudi Arabia" ubhalisa amahithi amane futhi "umbuso eRiyadh" ungatholakala kanye, Thumela (11/29/17).
Abaholi baseSaudi bangaba nesiqiniseko sokuthi amagama abo mancane amathuba okuthi ahlotshaniswe nokuphatha “umbuso”: I-Factiva ikhombisa ukuthi lezi zincwadi ezintathu azikaze zisebenzise igama elithi “umbuso ka-Abdullah” esikhathini esifanele, kuyilapho “umbuso kaSalman” uvela kanye kuphela, a Thumela umhleli (5/3/15).
Uguquko lwase-Iran lwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngoFebhuwari 11, 1979, futhi isigaba esibusayo saseMelika sibone uhulumeni wase-Iran njengesitha esikhulu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ukusesha kwe-Factiva eminyakeni edlule kuveza izinkomba ze-3,201 "kumbuso wase-Iranian," Times, Journal futhi Thumela, kanye nama-326 "ukubusa e-Iran," 502 "ukubusa eTehran," 258 "umbuso waseKhomeini," 31 "umbuso ka-Ahmadinejad" futhi emihlanu "umbuso kaRouhani."
Icala lomlingani oqinile wase-US u-Israel unikeza i-counterpoint ekhanyayo. Ngisho noma u-Israyeli ebusa ngobudlova phezu kwamaPalestina angu-2.5 eWest Bank futhi egcina izigidi ezi-2 zivinjezelwe eGaza, futhi nakuba amaPalestina ahlala njengezakhamuzi zakwa-Israyeli ebhekene nazo. ukucwaswa kwezikhungo, uhulumeni wakwa-Israel cishe awukaze uchazwe ngokuthi “umbuso” ngendlela ephethe izincazelo ezingezinhle okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla.
A New York Times isihloko (8/2/91) eMpini YaseGulf wasebenzisa inkulumo ethi "umbuso wakwa-Israel onzima" ukuchaza ukuziphatha kuka-Israel ezingxoxweni zesifunda. Ngo-1992, a Washington Post i-op-ed (3/11/92) wabiza iMelika ukuthi yamukele abantu abangamaJuda abavela eSoviet Union esanda kuwa ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi “izingxenye zombuso wakwa-Israel sezikulungele ukubeka [abantu bamaJuda abathuthela kwa-Israyeli besuka e-USSR] engozini,” okubhekiselwa kuyo. umbono wokuthi abantu basePalestine bawusongo kubo. A Wall Street Journal isihloko (7/12/99) wasebenzisa igama elithi "umbuso wakwa-Israel" ngo-1999 ukuchaza ukuphatha kuka-Ehud Barak njengokuthatha izintambo "kumbuso wangaphambili wakwa-Israel" kaBenjamin Netanyahu, kanye nengxenye embusweni. Washington Post (10/1/96) wasebenzisa umusho ngendlela efanayo.
Uma kungenjalo, "umbuso wakwa-Israyeli" uvela ku- New York Times, Wall Street Journal or Washington Post lapho leli binzana lishiwo ngabagxeki bakwa-Israyeli (isb., uMongameli wase-Iran uMahmoud Ahmadinejad ethi, “Labo abacabanga ukuthi bangavuselela isidumbu esinukayo sombuso wakwa-Israel oqhwagayo noma mbumbulu ngokwenza umcimbi wosuku lokuzalwa banephutha elikhulu”—New York Times, 5/12/08), noma iyingxenye yenhlanganisela ebhekisela kwelinye izwe ngaphandle kuka-Israyeli, njengalapho iGibhithe ichazwa ngokuthi “inombuso osekela u-Israyeli,” noma iSyria ibizwa ngokuthi “umbuso omelene no-Israyeli.”
"Umbuso kaSharon" uveza imiphumela emine. Ayikho imiphumela ye-“Olmert regime.” Selokhu uNetanyahu ebuyele emandleni ngo-2009, uFactiva ukhombisa, ukuphela kokusetshenziswa “kombuso weNetanyahu” kunoma yimaphi ala maphepha kwakuyi Washington Post isihloko (3/1/15); kunezimo ezintathu zamagama kula maphepha kusukela emzuliswaneni wakhe wokuqala (1996-99). I New York Times wabiza u-Israyeli ngokuthi “umbuso waseJerusalema” kanye ngo-1981 (3/2/81futhi ngo-1994 (1/6/94). I-“Regime in Tel Aviv” ivela kuphela uma iyingxenye yengcaphuno evela kothile ogxeka u-Israel.
Ukubiza uhulumeni ngokuthi “umbuso” kusikisela ukuntula igunya, okusho ukuthi ukuxoshwa kwawo (nganoma ngaziphi izindlela) kuzofeza izinjongo zobuntu nezentando yeningi; akulona iphutha ukuthi inkulumo ethi “ukushintsha kombuso,” hhayi “ukushintsha kukahulumeni” noma “ukushintsha kokuphatha.” Okubi nakho kuyiqiniso: Igunya “likahulumeni” lifaneleka kakhulu ukubonwa njengelisemthethweni, ngokumelana nalo noma ukuzivikela kulo okuvame ukuvezwa njengobugebengu noma ubuphekula. Ngakho abezindaba bezinkampani basiza ukufundisa abantu ukuthi izitha zesigaba esibusayo sase-US zidinga ukuqedwa, kuyilapho abangani baso befanelwe ukuvikelwa.
UGregory Shupak ufundisa izifundo zemidiya eNyuvesi yaseGuelph-Humber eToronto. Incwadi yakhe, Indaba Engalungile: iPalestine, i-Israel kanye neMedia, ishicilelwe ngabakwa-OR Books.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela