UJohn Bellamy Foster, uBrett Clark, noRichard York. I-Ecological Rift: Impi Ye-Capitalism Emhlabeni. I-Monthly Review Press, 2010. Amakhasi angama-544.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi usongo olukhulu lwendawo ezungezile olubhekene nesintu. Usongo lungokoqobo kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuthi sinqamule ukungcoliswa kwekhabhoni ngokushesha, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okungalawuleki kuzokhubaza izinkinga ezikhona zezemvelo nezenhlalo, futhi kudale ezintsha ezazo. Kepha akusanele ukumane ubhekisele enkingeni yesimo sezulu. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyingxenye yenhlekelele ebanzi yezemvelo, elethwa uhlelo lwezomnotho oluthembele ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo, ukunqwabelana okungapheli, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu okulokhu kujula.
Ucwaningo lwe-2009 olushicilelwe ku Nature yembula izinga elithile lale nkinga yemvelo. Lolu cwaningo, obeluholwa uJohan Rockstrom waseSweden futhi luhlanganisa nososayensi wesimo sezulu wase-US uJames Hansen, luhlonze "imingcele yamaplanethi" ayisishiyagalolunye ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu emhlabeni. Kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, le mingcele yilena: ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni wonke, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, i-acidification yolwandle, ukushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (izinga lokushabalala), amazinga e-ozone ku-stratosphere, amazinga e-aerosol (noma izinhlayiyana ezincane) emkhathini, kanye ne-nitrogen. kanye nemijikelezo ye-phosphorus elawula ukuvunda komhlabathi (ngakho-ke ukukhiqizwa kokudla). Ucwaningo luthi emithathu yale mingcele ebalulekile yeplanethi - isimo sezulu, umjikelezo we-nitrogen, nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo - kwase kweqiwe. Okunye okune—ukushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, umjikelezo we-phosphorus, i-acidification yolwandle, nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile—kuyizinkinga ezivelayo. Ososayensi bathi le mingcele ibingakaphulwa kodwa ingasheshe isheshe uma kungenziwa lutho. Isimo songqimba lwe-ozone, esilawula imisebe ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni elishaya uMhlaba, kwakuyizindaba ezinhle kuphela. Isivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokuqeda amagesi aqeda i-ozone, njengama- chlorofluorocarbon, sibonakala senza umehluko. Ababhali balolu cwaningo bathi bebengakakwazi okwanele ukukala imingcele yeplanethi yokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kanye namazinga e-aerosol.
Encwadini yabo yango-2010, I-Ecological Rift, US Marxists uJohn Bellamy Foster, uBrett Clark, noRichard York bayaphawula ngalolu cwaningo:
Ukwenziwa kwemephu kwemingcele yamaplanethi ngale ndlela kusinika umuzwa ongcono wosongo lwangempela lwesimiso somhlaba. Nakuba eminyakeni yamuva nje usongo lwemvelo luye lwabonwa abaningi njengombuzo nje wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuvikela iplanethi kudinga ukuba sinake yonke le mingcele yamaplanethi, neminye engakanqunywa.
Inkinga ebalulekile yiqiniso elingenakugwenywa lokuthi uhlelo lwezomnotho olwandayo lubeka imithwalo eyengeziwe ohlelweni lomhlaba olungaguquki kuze kufike ezingeni lokugcwala kweplanethi. . . . Ukuqagela kwebhizinisi njengokujwayelekile kukhomba esimweni lapho indawo yemvelo yomuntu izolingana namandla okuvuselela amaplanethi amabili ngo-2030.
I-capitalism, uhlelo lokukhula noma lokufa, kufanele lushaye indiva imingcele yeplanethi. Kodwa ngeke sikwazi ukukukhokhela - hhayi uma sifuna ukuvikela iplanethi ephephile engasekela impucuko yabantu. Njengoba uFoster, uClark no-York bephetha: “Asikho isixazululo senkinga yomhlaba yezemvelo esingafinyelelwa kuso esingathathi ukweqisa konxiwankulu, njengesimiso somhlaba wama-imperialism, njengento yawo. Sekuyisikhathi sokubuyisela iplanethi kumuntu osimeme. intuthuko."
I-Ecological Rift ikufanele - futhi idinga - ukuba yi-classic emkhakheni wayo. Inqwaba nenqwaba yezincwadi ezintsha, nezinkulungwane eziningi zamaphepha nezindatshana, zishicilelwa ngenkinga yemvelo unyaka ngamunye. Izincwadi eziphathelene nezinkinga zemvelo ezikhulayo Zomhlaba seziphenduke imboni encane yokukhula ngokwayo. Kepha naphezu kobukhulu bale nkinga, ngokumangazayo abambalwa bezemvelo eNyakatho Yomhlaba baphonsela inselelo imibono yabo yangaphambili mayelana nohlelo lwamanje lwezenhlalo nezomnotho, indima eyimbangela eyibambayo ekuqhubekiseni ukubola kwemvelo, kanye nezindlela uhlelo olungaphonselwa inselelo ngayo, lunqobe. , futhi kwashintshwa. UCurtis White usondeze lesi sitayela esiqhubekayo esihlokweni sango-2009 Orion umagazini:
Kunombuzo obalulekile izazi zezemvelo ezingenzi kahle kakhulu ekuwubuzeni, ingasaphathwa eyokuphendula: "Kungani lokhu, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kwenzeka?" . . .
Kodwa njengoba kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwesayensi njengokucabanga kwemvelo mayelana nezinhlelo zemvelo (ikakhulukazi ikhono layo lokulinganisa uguquko nokwenza izibikezelo ngekusasa ngokusekelwe kulezo zilinganiso), iziphetho zayo mayelana nokubandakanyeka komuntu ekonakalisweni kwemvelo zivame ukunciphisa kakhulu futhi ziyimbangela.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Environmentalism kuvame ukuba "mayelana nemithombo". Imithombo yezimboni. Imithombo engaqondile. Imithombo yasemadolobheni. Imithombo ye-smokestack. Imithombo ye-Tailpipe. Ngisho nemithombo yemvelo (njenge-methane ezokhishwa maduze ekuncibilikiseni i-Arctic tundra). Kodwa imvelo ayilungile kakhulu ekubuzeni ukuthi, "Kulungile, kodwa kungani sinayo yonke le mithombo engcolisayo?"
I-Ecological Rift kuyinto ehlukile kulokhu kujwayelekile. Isiqalo sayo siwukuhlola okungagwegwesi kwezinkinga, kodwa igxile ekugxekweni okuqhubekayo kwemibono, izixazululo, neziphakamiso zemvelo ezivamile ezingawubheki umsuka wenkinga futhi ezingaphenyi ngokujulile ukuthi kungani inkinga yezemvelo ifinyelele. amanani anjalo.
Inkinga enkulu kulabo abathintekayo ngokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokunye okungalungile kwezemvelo ukuthola ukuqonda kangcono uhlelo lonxiwankulu, ozuza kakhulu kulo, nokuthi lusebenza kanjani ukucekela phansi imvelo ezinzile. Ababhali bachaza ubunxiwankulu njengohlelo lokuhlukana nokugudluka. Ama-Rifts, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthembela kwawo enzuzweni yesikhashana kanye nasekukhuleni okungapheli kusho ukuthi kufanele aqhubekisele phambili igebe elilokhu likhula phakathi komphakathi wesintu nezimo zemvelo ezidingekayo ukuze kusimame yonke impilo. Amashifu, ngoba uma ebhekene nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo uhlelo luvamise ukuvele aluyise kwenye indawo. Lezi zinguquko zivame ukuba ngokwendawo - izimboni ezinobuthi, ezingcolisayo ziyasuswa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni noma zisuke emazweni acebile ziye eNingizimu yomhlaba. Esinye isibonelo ukuthi ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo endaweni ethile kumane kuqhubekisele phambili imali yokwandisa ukufinyelela kwayo kwenye indawo emhlabeni. Imboni kawoyela, eye yandisa imisebenzi yokumba ogwini emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule (cabanga ngeGulf of Mexico) futhi manje isifuna ukubhola uwoyela oLwandle oluse-Arctic olungakathintwa, iyisibonelo esivelele salolu hlobo lokuguquguquka kwesimo sobunxiwankulu.
Kodwa amashifu nawo angobuchwepheshe. I-capitalism iphendule ngokujwayelekile ezinkingeni zemvelo kanye nokuwohloka kwezinsiza ngezinguquko zobuchwepheshe ezindleleni zokukhiqiza: ukushiswa kwezinkuni esikhundleni sokushiswa kwamalahle, umanyolo wemvelo wokwenza umanyolo wokwenziwa, iphepha lepulasitiki, uwoyela ojwayelekile wama-biofuels, kanye nezimboni zamandla kaphethiloli wezinsalela zenuzi. izitshalo zamandla. Lezi zinguquko zivule izimakethe ezintsha ezinenzuzo kodwa futhi zidale ukungezwani okusha, nokucindezelayo, kwezemvelo. Ababhali bayachaza:
Enye indlela yokubheka lokhu ukubona i-capitalism njengomnotho webhamuza, osebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo namandla okumunca imvelo ngenkathi ususa izindleko emuva eMhlabeni ngokwawo, lokhu kufaka isikweletu esikhulu semvelo.
Uma nje uhlelo luseluncane futhi lungaqhubeka lunwebeka ngaphandle, lesi sikweletu semvelo siyasuswa, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqashelwa kwezindleko ezidaliwe. Lapho uhlelo lwezomnotho luqala ukusondela hhayi nje emingceleni yalo yesifunda kodwa nemingcele yamaplanethi, isikweletu esikhulayo sendawo ezungezile sizoba sibi nakakhulu, sisongela ukuwohloka kwemvelo.
Nokho ukusondela kwalokhu kuphahlazeka ngeke kwenze ababusi besistimu bashintshe indlela. Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kuyingxenye ye-DNA yonxiwankulu.
I-capitalism ayikwazi ukulawula indlela yokusebenzelana nemvelo yayo ngendlela egcina imvelo. Yona kanye imisebenzi yayo yephula imithetho yokubuyisela kanye nokubuyiselwa kwe-metabolic. Ugqozi oluqhubekayo lokuvuselela inqubo yokuqongelela imali kuqinisa umzimba wayo olimazayo wezenhlalo, okubeka izidingo zemali emvelweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphi imiphumela ezinhlelweni zemvelo.
I-Capitalism iyaqhubeka nokudlala isu elifanayo elihlulekile kaningi. Isixazululo senkinga ngayinye yezemvelo sidala izinkinga ezintsha zezemvelo (futhi ngokuvamile azinciphisi ezindala). Enye inkinga ilandela enye ngokulandelana okungapheli kokwehluleka, okubangelwa ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi kohlelo. Uma sizoxazulula izinkinga zethu zemvelo, sidinga ukuya kumnyombo wenkinga: ubudlelwano bomphakathi wemali uqobo.
Abahlaziyi bemvelo namaqembu ajwayelekile ayasiphikisa lesi siphetho. Nakuba bengase bakugxeke kanzima ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, balinganisela iziphakamiso zabo kulokho okungenzeka ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenqubo yonxiwankulu. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kuyathethelelwa ngezizathu ezibambekayo zokuthi inkinga yezemvelo isithuthuke kakhulu kangangokuthi asinaso isikhathi sokushintsha uhlelo, ngakho-ke sidinga ukusebenza ngaphakathi kohlelo olunephutha esinalo. Abanye baye baqinisekiswa impikiswano ye-neoliberal yokuthi i-capitalism ingenziwa ibe luhlaza futhi inikeze imiphumela enengqondo ngokwemvelo - umqondo wokuthi uma izimpahla zemvelo sezinentengo eyanele, ukugcinwa kwemvelo kungenziwa kube nenzuzo futhi imakethe ingaba umsindisi, kunokuba umbhubhisi, iplanethi. Nokho abanye basengavuma izici zongxiwankulu ezimelene nemvelo, kodwa bangase baphelelwe ithemba mayelana namandla okuguqula umphakathi noma bacabange ukuthi noma iyiphi enye inhlalo yomphakathi ingaba yimbi nakakhulu.
Kepha uFoster, uClark, kanye no-York baphikisa ngokuthi le mibono empeleni isiza ukunciphisa ubunzima bale nkinga futhi igwebe abezemvelo ukuthi balandele amasu azohluleka. Bathi:
Izinselelo zemvelo nenhlalo yabantu esibhekana nazo zivame ukuncishiswa njengoba indlela yokusebenzisa imali ngokungangabazeki futhi kubekwa phambili izinguquko ezihlukahlukene (njengokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ngokusebenzisa izinxephezelo zemakethe) ngaphansi kokucatshangwa ukuthi uhlelo lungalungiswa ukuze lubhekane nezidingo zabantu kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo. . Izikhundla ezinjalo ziyehluleka ukuvuma ukuthi ukunqunywa kwesakhiwo semali kuzoqhubekela phambili nakanjani, kusongela ukubukela phansi izimo zempilo, ngaphandle uma kulandelwa uguquko oluhlelekile ukuze kuqedwe ngokuphelele ubudlelwano bemali.
I-Ecological Rift inikeza isikhala esiningi ekugxekweni kwemibono eyahlukene yobungxiwankulu obuluhlaza, ephikisana nezixazululo ezisekelwe ezimakethe zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezinye izinkinga zemvelo ziyizinketho ezisebenza kahle nezingokoqobo ezikhona. Abagqugquzeli bale mibono bathi i-capitalism isesimweni esihle sokuletha intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe futhi ikhulule ubuhlakani obudingekayo ukuze kubuyiselwe imvelo, ikakhulukazi uma ohulumeni besiza ngokuxhasa izimakethe ezintsha eziluhlaza ukuze zibanike inzuzo.
Abanesifiso esikhulu salezi zazi zethiyori "zezemvelo" ziphakamisa ukuthi ubunxiwankulu bungagcina sehlisiwe: okusho ukuthi, buguqulwe busuke ohlelweni olubuswa ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokwenza inzuzo lube uhlelo olusekelwe ekushintshanisweni kwezinsizakalo ezinengqondo zemvelo. Abanye bebethi ubunxiwankulu, obuthembele ekukhuleni njalo nasekuqoqweni kwezimali, bungaguqulwa bube ngumnotho ozinzile - umnotho osumile.
Ababhali baphendula ngokuthi ukwehluleka okukhulu ngale mibono ukuthi abaliqondi, abalibukeli phansi, noma abalinaki iqiniso lokuthi noma iyiphi inselele enkulu enkambweni yobunxiwankulu emelene nemvelo izoba uhlobo lwengxabano enkulu yezigaba, umzabalazo wezenhlalo nezomnotho. amandla ngokumelene nedlanzana elinamandla elizuza kakhulu kusimo esikhona.
UFoster, uClark no-York bathi, "Ithiyori yezemvelo yesimanjemanje iyithiyori ye-functionalist yokuthi ayiboni ukuvela kokuhluzeka kwezemvelo njengokuvela ngokuyinhloko ekungqubuzaneni komphakathi kodwa kunalokho okuvela ekukhanyiselweni kwemvelo ngaphakathi kwezikhungo ezibalulekile emiphakathini. Isimanjemanje semvelo. Ngakho-ke, ama-theorists aphikisa ngokuthi uguquko olukhulu lwezemvelo aludingi ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalo - okungukuthi, izikhungo zesimanje zonxiwankulu zinganqanda inkinga yemvelo yomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kabusha okuyisisekelo kokuhleleka komphakathi, ngokushintsha kancane kancane ekusebenzeni kwayo."
Okugqamile kwe I-Ecological Rift yisahluko sawo esimayelana nabathengi kanye nabathengi. Izazi zemvelo eziphoxeke kakhulu nezishoshovu zivame ukuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu okuphezulu kanye nokumosha kwabantu abavamile abasebenzayo eNyakatho yomhlaba njengenkinga yemvelo edlula zonke. Khonamanjalo, izazi zezemvelo ezingenangqondo kakhulu ziphikisa ngokuthi ukukhetha kwabathengi okukhanyiselwe kuyisixazululo nokuthi ukuziphatha kwabathengi kunamandla okunquma ukuthi imakethe yonxiwankulu isebenza kanjani.
Akungabazeki ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi, kanye nesiko labathengi eliye ladala, kunomthelela omubi kakhulu kwezemvelo. Kepha uFoster, uClark, kanye no-York baxoxa ngokukhuphuka komphakathi wabathengi abaningi esimweni sawo esifanele. Ukuthengwa kwempahla akuyona kakhulu imbangela yokubola kwemvelo kodwa kungolunye uphawu lomfutho wonxiwankulu wokuzikhulisa ngazo zonke izindlela. Futhi ngaphambi kokuthi noma ngubani ajahe ukusola abathengi abagcwele amaphaseji ezitolo ezinkulu noma abagibeli abahlezi esiminyaminyeni sezimoto ngokucindezela ngokunganaki imvelo yeplanethi ekukhohlweni, ababhali bayasicela ukuthi sibhekisise ukuthi ngobani abathengi bangempela bangempela.
Ngempela, iqiniso lekilasi e-United States kanye nokungafani komthelela wemvelo okuwumphumela akushaqisi kakhulu kunalokho okusikiselwa izibalo ezisemthethweni zokusetshenziswa. Ingxenye encane yabantu (cishe amaphesenti ayi-10) ingabanikazi bamaphesenti angama-90 zezimali kanye nezimpahla ezithengiswayo (futhi kanjalo nezimpahla ezikhiqizayo) zezwe, futhi wonke umphakathi uziqashisa ngokuyinhloko kubanikazi. Abantu abacebe kakhulu abangama-400 (ababizwa ngokuthi iForbes 400) e-United States banezinga elihlangene lomcebo elicishe lilingane nelengxenye ephansi yabantu, noma abantu abayizigidi eziyi-150. Iphesenti elilodwa eliphezulu lemizi yase-US ngo-1 yayinesabelo esifanayo (amaphesenti angu-2000) semali engenayo yezwe lase-US njengamaphesenti aphansi angama-20 abantu. Amaqiniso anjalo aholele iqembu labacwaningi be-Citigroup kanye nabeluleki bezokutshalwa kwezimali ukuthi baveze i-United States "njenge-plutonomy", umphakathi oqhutshwa kuzo zonke izici ngabacebile. Kulo mbono, "umthengi omaphakathi" uyibhizinisi elingenanjongo, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kuya ngokuya kubuswa ukusetshenziswa okunethezeka kwabacebile, okubuye kunqume izinqumo zokukhiqiza nokutshala imali.
Futhi kuseduze kokungenanjongo ukuxoxa ngemithelela yezemvelo yokuthengwa kwempahla ngaphandle kokunaka ukukhangisa (okulula ukufinyelela kude, uhlelo olukhohlisayo, noluyimpumelelo olukhulu lwenkulumo-ze olwaklanywa emlandweni womhlaba) kanye namawele alo amabi, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi okuhleliwe.
Lonke uhlelo lokumaketha, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izigidigidi zamaRandi kunxenxwa abantu ukuba bathenge izinto abangenaso isidingo sazo, futhi abangenaso isifiso sokuqala, bekuyodingeka lihlakazwe uma le nto beyizokhiqiza imvelo yangempela yokusetshenziswa. Uhlelo lwanamuhla lokumaketha (manje oluhlanganisa imininingwane enemininingwane kuwo wonke amakhaya ase-US) luwuhlelo oluthuthuke kakhulu lwenkulumo-ze olwake lwabonwa, umkhiqizo wokukhula ekhulwini lamashumi amabili le-monopoly capitalism. Akulona uhlelo lokukhulisa ukukhetha kodwa elokulawula ukuze kuthuthukiswe amazinga akhula njalo okuthengisa ngenzuzo ephezulu. . . . Ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla zekhwalithi ephezulu kwandisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kunciphisa ukuthengiswa (njengoba imikhiqizo ngakho akudingeki ukuthi ishintshwe njalo) futhi lokhu kungqubuzana nemigomo yemali. Umgomo ojwayelekile uwukukhiqiza izinto ezingabizi nezisezingeni eliphansi futhi ezishintshwayo njalo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ugibe lwabathengi luhlangene nogibe lwezikweletu lapho abantu abavamile abasebenzayo becwila kakhulu - okuyingxenye yokukhula esikhathini sethu semali yezimali ezizimele - emizamweni yabo yokulondoloza "izindinganiso zabo zokuphila".
Ingxenye yokugcina ye I-Ecological Rift, enesihloko esithi "Izindlela Zokuphuma", ihlanganisa ukuqagela okuthakazelisayo kokuthi yimaphi amaqembu namandla omphakathi okungaba abenzeli abayinhloko benguquko yezemvelo ababhali abayibizayo.
Kungacatshangwa ukuthi i-ejenti yomlando eyinhloko kanye nomqalisi wenkathi entsha yenguquko yezemvelo kufanele atholakale emhlabeni wesithathu oqonde ngqo emgqeni ozohlaselwa kuqala yizinhlekelele ezizayo. Namuhla i-ecology front line ngokungangabazeki itholakala e-Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta kanye nendawo ephansi evundile ephansi ye-Indian Ocean kanye ne-China Seas - isimo sase-Kerala e-India, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia. Izakhamuzi zalezi zimo, njengasendabeni ye-Marx's proletariat, azilahlekelwa lutho ezinguqukweni ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuze kugwenywe (noma ukuzivumelanisa) nenhlekelele. Eqinisweni, ngokusabalala komhlaba wonke kobudlelwane bomphakathi wobunxiwankulu kanye nesimo sempahla, ithimba labasebenzi bomhlaba kanye noquqaba lwabantu abachayeka kakhulu ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lolwandle - isibonelo, endaweni ephansi yomfula iPearl River kanye nesifunda sezimboni saseGuangdong esivela eShenzhen. ukuya e-Guangzhou - ngezinye izikhathi kuyahambisana. Lokhu-ke, kungase kudale umqoka womhlaba wonke we-proletariat entsha yezemvelo.
Yiqiniso, le ndima ifana nokuqagela okucatshangelwayo, hhayi ukubikezela. Ikhefu lokuqala eliwujuqu nge-capitalism kanye ne-imperialism lingenzeka eLatin America noma eMpumalanga Ephakathi, izifunda ezibuye zibe nomthelela wobukoloniyali kanye ne-imperialism, nazo ezivele ziseqhulwini lwezemvelo. Kodwa ukugcizelela kukaFoster, uClark, kanye no-York "ku-proletariat entsha yezemvelo" kukhombisa inkolelo yabo yokuthi ukukhathazeka ngemvelo kuzoba neqhaza elibalulekile ezinguqukweni ezizayo eziphikisana nohlelo.
Ababhali bayaphikelela, nokho, ukuthi "inhlekelele yeplanethi manje esibambeke kuyo ... idinga ukuvukela komhlaba okweqa yonke imingcele yendawo", kubandakanya nezizwe ezithuthukile zonxiwankulu. Bathi:
Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinguquko zemvelo nezenhlalakahle emhlabeni wesithathu kufanele zihambisane, noma zikhuthaze, ukuvukela kwendawo yonke futhi i-imperialism, ukucekelwa phansi kweplanethi, kanye ne-treadmill yokuqongelela. Ukuqashelwa ukuthi isisindo senhlekelele yemvelo singangokuthi izowela yonke imigqa yezigaba nazo zonke izizwe nezikhundla, iqede isikhathi ngokwaso ngokwephula lokho uMarx akubiza ngokuthi "uchungechunge lwezizukulwane ezilandelanayo", kungaholela ekwenqatshweni okukhulu kwenjini yokubhubhisa. esiphila phezu kwaso, futhi siqalise umbono omusha wobuntu bomhlaba wonke kanye ne-metabolism yomhlaba. Njengenjwayelo, uguquko lwangempela luzovela kulabo abahlukanisiwe kakhulu nezinhlelo ezikhona zamandla nengcebo. Intuthuko enethemba elikhulu emhlabeni wonxiwankulu othuthukile njengamanje ukukhula okumangalisayo kwenhlangano yobulungiswa besimo sezulu esizinze entsheni, eqhamuka njengamandla amakhulu ekugqugquzeleni izenzo eziqondile kanye nokuphonsela inselelo izingxoxo zesimo sezulu zamanje.
Ukuthi "ukuvukelwa komhlaba wonke" okunjalo kobunxiwankulu kungenziwa kanjani angeke kuphendulwe yinoma iyiphi incwadi. Kungatholakala kuphela ngomzabalazo. Futhi ukuhlanganyela emzabalazweni ohloselwe ukuguquguquka kwemvelo, ngokwakho, akusona isiqinisekiso sempumelelo. Kodwa uma izixazululo ezigxile kubantu ezinkingeni zemvelo zibekwe eceleni singaqinisekisa ukuthi onxiwankulu bazobeka ezabo izixazululo ezinobuqaba, izixazululo ezizoba nezindleko ezinkulu kakhulu zomuntu nezemvelo. Lokhu kusho, ngomqondo othile, ukuthi sonke sifulathele udonga. I-Ecological Rift ikwenza kucace ukuthi abasebenzi kanye nabampofu emhlabeni wonke abanayo enye indlela - kufanele silwe.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa kuphela ngokuphana kwabafundi bayo.
Nikela